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Latin 1
Grammar CARDS, page 1
How to make cards: all the information is given to you. Simply copy down the information in
the simulated cards below onto your real index cards. The act of writing out the info should
encourage comprehension of that info, or at the very least you have made study cards for tests
and midterms and finals. Eugepae! Note below that the info on the cards below is given
horizontally, the left box = the front of the card, while the right box = the back of the card.
An Example:

[Front Side of Card A]
[Back side of Card A]
o
Who was the 1st Roman emperor?
Augustus Caesar
Ch. #
A. Parts of Speech
Noun

Ch. 1
pronoun
Adjective
Ch. 1/ Ch. 6
Verb
Ch. 1
adverb
Preposition
Ch. 9
1. a word that is a person, place, thing
or idea [EXAMPLES: fireman, school,
window, peace]
2. nouns have special endings in Latin
divided into “declensions”
1. a word that replaces a person or thing
[EXAMPLES: I, you, he, she, it, we,
they, him, her, us, them, etc.]
2. special endings in Latin
1. a word that describes/modifies a noun
in terms of quality or quantity
[EXAMPLES: tall, funny, new, loud,
scary, many, few, 2, 11th, several]
2. adjectives use same Latin endings as
nouns (declensions), with few
exceptions
1. an action word [run, swim, laugh, be]
2. verbs have special endings in Latin,
divided into “conjugations”
1. a word that describes an adjective or
verb. Usually they end in –ly in
English [loudly, quickly, fast, slowly,
then, often, seldom, also, together]
2. Often used to show how or in what
manner an action is done
1. a word that usually indicates
direction or location [in, into, out of,
from, with, through, near, to, toward]
2. In English and Latin, we have
prepositional phrases [in the pool, out
of the garden]
1
Latin 1
Grammar CARDS, page 2
conjunction
interjection
article
Ch. 1
B. Noun (and adjective) terms and endings
Gender
Ch. 6
Subject
Ch. 2
Complement
Ch. 2
Direct object
Ch. 4
Object of Motion Towards (prepositional
phrases)
1. connecting words [and, but, when,
after, while, although, if]
1. words that are used in exclamations to
indicate emotion [Yippee! Hurray! Alas!
Woops! Uh-oh!]
1. words like “the” (definite article) or
“a” / “an” (indefinite article)
2. Latin does NOT have articles
Nouns can be feminine (F), masculine (M),
or neuter (N). When learning the vocabulary
for a noun, also learn its gender.
1. The noun that performs the action of
the verb: Ryan breaks the window.
(Ryan is the subject)
2. Nominative Case endings [Singular:
-a, -us, -er, -or, -x / Plural:-ae, -ī, -ēs]
1. The noun or adjective linked to the
subject with est/sunt (linking verb):
a. Ryan is a Phillie. (Phillie is the noun
complement)
b. The Phillies are happy. (happy is the
adjective complement))
1. The noun that receives the action of
the verb: Ryan breaks the window.
(window is the direct object)
2. Accusative Case endings [-am, -um, em / -ās, -ōs, -ēs]
1. The noun in a prepositional phrase
after an idea of motion towards [into
the woods, through the window, to
the door]
Direct Address
(Vocative Case)
2. this object uses same endings as direct
object (accusative) [-am, -um, -em / Ch. 4
ās, -ōs, -ēs]
1. When you call out to a noun, almost always
a person, and address them by name: “Hey,
Marcus, what are you doing?” Marcus, is being
addressed by name.
2. The ending for direct address (vocative case)
always equals the subject ending, except –us
subject becomes an –e, and –ius subject
becomes an –ī: Marcus --> Marce; Julius-->
Ch. 4 and 8 Juli
2
Latin 1
Grammar CARDS, page 3
Number
Singular or PLURAL
o # applies to nouns, adjectives & verbs
o Singular = one (person)
o Plural = 2 or more
1. a system or pattern of noun (and
adjective) endings
2. there are 5 declensions in Latin
3. a noun belongs to one (and only one)
declension
1. mostly feminine nouns whose subject ends
in –a [examples: aqua, puella, ancilla, piscīna,
epistula, vīlla]
1. masculine nouns
a. –us type [servus, hortus, lupus, Marcus]
b. –er type [puer, ager, caper, etc.]
c. –ir type [vir]
2. neuter nouns [saxum, baculum]
-all three genders:
1. feminine nouns [mater, arbor, vox, pax]
2. masculine nouns [pater, clamor, fragor]
3. neuter nouns [iter, onus, corpus, caput]
o if there is an adjective describing a 3rd
declension noun, that may help
identifying the gender of a 3rd decl. noun:
[magna vox --> magna is F, so vox is a
feminine noun] – see page 43.
o feminine
o singular
o subject (nominative)
o 1st Declension
Ch. 3
Declension
Ch. 7
1st Declension (Card 1)
Ch. 7
2nd Declension (Card 1)
Ch. 7
3rd Declension (Card 1)
Ch. 7
-a
(1st declension)
[aqua, puella, ancilla, piscīna, epistula, vīlla]
Ch. 1
-am
o
o
[aquam, puellam, ancillam, piscīnam,
o
epistulam, vīllam]
Ch. 4 o
-ae
o
o
[aquae, puellae, ancillae, piscīnae, epistulae,
o
vīllae]
Ch. 3 o
-ās
o
o
[aquās, puellās, ancillās, piscīnās, epistulās,
o
vīllās]
Ch. 7 o
-us
o
feminine
singular
direct object/motion towards (accusative)
1st Declension
feminine
PLURAL
subject (nominative)
1st Declension
feminine
PLURAL
direct object/motion towards (accusative)
1st Declension
masculine
3
Latin 1
Grammar CARDS, page 4
[servus, lupus, Marcus, hortus]
Ch. 3
-er
[puer, ager]
Ch. 3
-ir
[vir]
Ch. 3
-um
[servum, lupum, puerum, agrum]
Ch. 4
-ī
[servī, puerī, agrī, lupī]
Ch. 3
-ōs
[servōs, puerōs, agrōs, lupōs]
Ch. 7
-em
[vocem, clamorem, matrem, patrem]
Ch. 4
-ēs
[vocēs, clamorēs, matrēs, patrēs]
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Ch. 7 o
What is the sound added to the first word of
the sentence to turn it into a question?
Word Order in Latin
singular
subject (nominative)
2nd Declension
masculine
singular
subject (nominative)
2nd Declension
masculine
singular
subject (nominative)
2nd Declension
masculine
singular
direct object/motion towards (accusative)
2nd Declension
masculine
PLURAL
subject (nominative)
2nd Declension
masculine
PLURAL
direct object/motion towards (accusative)
2nd Declension
either feminine or masculine
singular
direct object/motion towards (accusative)
3rd Declension
either feminine or masculine
PLURAL
(1) subject; (2) direct object/motion
towards [context will help with use]
3rd Declension
-ne
Puellaene veniunt? = Are the girls coming?
Estne canis aut lupus? = Is this a dog or a
Ch. 3 wolf?
o Because of the various endings Latin
words can be positioned in different
places in a sentence.
o Whatever is 1st or last in the sentence is
emphasized.
o Verbs most often are placed at the end of
4
Latin 1
Grammar CARDS, page 5
the sentence.
C. VERB terms and endings:
Transitive verbs
A verb which has a direct object
Ch. 4
Intransitive Verbs
Ch. 4
Linking Verbs
Ch. 2
Helping verbs
Impersonal verbs
Ch. 6
Conjugations
Ch. 10
Infinitive
Ch. 5 & p. 57 & Ch. 10
Complementary Infinitive
1. A verb which does not have a direct object;
often has a prepositional phrase instead
2. Verbs of motion (run, swim, walk, fall) are
used intransitively in Latin
1. the verb “to be” (is, are, am, was, were, will
be, etc.)
2. The verb “to be” links a subject to its
complement: Augustus is the 1st emperor.
(“is” links “Augustus” to “emperor”)
3. Note there is no action!
1. verbs in English, NOT LATIN that “help”
or accompany the main verb, as in “is” in “is
walking”, or “are” in “are speaking”, or “am”
in “am living”, or “was” in “was driving,” etc.
2. DO NOT USE HELPING VERBS IN
LATIN. THE IDEA IS CONVEYED BY THE
ENDINGS.
1. These verbs are called “impersonal”
because they never have a real person as the
subject, and must be translated with “it”
[necesse est = it is necessary; lucet = it is
shining; licet = it is permitted]
2. These verbs often have a complementary
infinitive
1. There are 4 types of regular verbs divided
into conjugations
2. All verbs use the same pattern of personal
endings; only the vowel will differ between
conjugations
1. the most basic part of a verb from which
we can identify:
a. the conjugation number of a verb (Ch. 10)
b. the base or stem of a verb (page 57)
2. Ending is –re [amāre, vidēre, currere,
dormīre] and is translated by “to” in English.
1. The infinitive which “completes” or
finishes the verbal idea of certain main verbs:
potest, timet, vult, parat.
5
Latin 1
Grammar CARDS, page 6
Ch. 5
Command (Imperative)
Ch. 10
Person (Personal Endings)
Ch. 8
Number
Ch. 3
-ō
Ch. 5 & 8
-s
Ch. 5 & 8
-t
Ch. 2
-mus
Ch. 8
-tis
Ch. 8
-nt
Ch. 2
-re
Ch. 7
drop off the –re
Ch. 10
-te
2. We use the same construction in English:
The girl wants to climb the tree. --> to climb
completes the idea of what the girls wants.
These are verbal command or orders [Run!,
Write! Call me!, Wash your hands!]
The person performing the verb as indicated
by the ending:
1st Person: “I” (sing.) / “we” (plural)
2nd Person: “you” (sing.) / “you”, “y’all” (pl.)
3rd Person: “he”, “she”, “it” (sing.)/ “they” (pl.)
Singular or PLURAL
o # applies to nouns, adjectives & verbs
o Singular = one (person)
o Plural = 2 or more
Translation: “I”
Person: 1st
Number: Singular
Translation: “you”
Person: 2nd
Number: Singular
Translation: “he”, “she”, “it”
Person: 3rd
Number: Singular
Translation: “we”
Person: 1st
Number: PLURAL
Translation: “you”, “y’all”
Person: 2nd
Number: PLURAL
Translation: “they”
Person: 3rd
Number: PLURAL
Translation: “to (verb)”
Person: none
Number: none
[vocāre = to call, vidēre = to see, currere = to
run, dormīre = to sleep]
Singular Commands (Imperative) to one
person
- drop off the –re ending from the infinitve
[vocā = call (!), vidē = see (!), curre = run (!),
dormī = sleep (!)]
Plural Commands (Imperative) to two or
more people
6
Latin 1
Grammar CARDS, page 7
[vocāte = call (!), vidēte = see (!), currite = run
Ch. 10 (!), dormīte = sleep (!)]
Tense
1. the “time” of the action (essentially
present, past and future)
2. There are 6 tenses in Latin: present,
imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, and
Ch. 10 future perfect
Present Tense
Tense for actions occurring now or currently
Ch. 10
What are the 3 ways to translate a verb in the 1. There are 3 ways to translate the Latin
present tense?
present into English:
ambulant = (1) they walk, (2) they are
Example: ambulant
walking, (3) they do walk
Ch. 1
2. Note: in the “they are walking” translation, it is
incorrect to use “sunt” because helping verbs are
not expressed in Latin
1st Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern)
Infinitive: -āre
Ch. 8
1st Person Plural: -āmus
2nd Person Plural: -ātis
3rd Person Plural: -ant
Imperative Plural: -āte
2nd Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern)
1st Person Singular: -ō
2nd Person Singular: -ās
3rd Person Singular: -at
Imperative Singular: -ā
Infinitive: -ēre
Ch. 10
1st Person Singular: -eō
2nd Person Singular: -ēs
3rd Person Singular: -et
Imperative Singular: -ē
Infinitive: -ere
1st Person Plural: -ēmus
2nd Person Plural: -ētis
3rd Person Plural: -ent
Imperative Plural: -ēte
3rd Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern)
Ch. 10
3rd–iō Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern)
Ch. 10
4 Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern)
th
Ch. 10
Conjugation of the irregular verb, sum, esse =
“to be” (Present Tense Pattern)
1st Person Singular: -ō
1st Person Plural: -imus
nd
2 Person Singular: -is 2nd Person Plural: -itis
3rd Person Singular: -it
3rd Person Plural: -unt
Imperative Singular: -e
Imperative Plural: -ite
Infinitive: -ere (1st part of verb is –iō: example, capiō,
capere)
1st Person Singular: -iō* 1st Person Plural: -imus
2nd Person Singular: -is 2nd Person Plural: -itis
3rd Person Singular: -it
3rd Person Plural: -iunt*
Imperative Sing.: -e*
Imperative Plural: -ite
Infinitive: -īre
1st Person Singular: -iō
2nd Person Singular: -īs
3rd Person Singular: -it
Imperative Singular: -ī
Infinitive: esse = to be
1st Person Plural: -īmus
2nd Person Plural: -ītis
3rd Person Plural: -iunt
Imperative Plural: -īte
1st Per Sing: sum = I am
2nd P. Sing: es = you are
3rd P Sing: est=
he/she/it is, there is
1st P Pl: sumus = we are
2nd P Pl: estis = you are
3rd P Pl: sunt = they are
7
Latin 1
Grammar CARDS, page 8
Ch. 8 Imperative Singular: es
What are the four irregular commands?
Ch. 10
Imperative Plural: este
1. from dīcō, dīcere: dīc! / dīcite! = say!
2. from dūcō, dūcere: dūc! / dūcite! = lead, bring!
3. from faciō, facere: fac! / facite! = make, do!
4. from ferō, ferre: fer! / ferte! = bring, carry!
NEW CARDS as of January, 2008
Vocative Case (card 2)
o
o
For nouns when you address them by name
Examples in italics: (1) “Hey Paul, where is
Ringo?” “Fifi, lie down and take a nap”
o
The Vocative ending is the same as the
nominative ending except for 2nd declension
singular--> so –us in the nominative becomes –
e in the vocative [servus--> serve]; and –ius in
the nominative becomes –ī in the vocative
[fīlius --> fīlī]
Ch. 8
Vocative Case (card 3)
Ch. 8
The Endings of the Vocative Case (card
4)
Vs. the nominative case endings
Nominative
Singular
Vocative
Singular
Nominative
Plural
Vocative
Singular
1st
Declension
2nd
Declension
3rd
Declension
-a
us (er)
varies
-a
e
-ae
-ī
= nom.
sing.
-ēs
-ae
-ī
-ēs
(er)
Ch. 8
o
Prepositional Phrases
o
o
Ch. 9
Ablative translations: “with, by, from,
in”
o
Latin prepositions take either the accusative
case or the ablative case.
Accusative usually shows motion towards
Ablative has about a dozen uses, and each must
be learned as we encounter them
When no preposition helps you translate a
noun in the ablative case, try the following
options:
o “with, by, from, in”
Ch. 9, Abl.
Prepositions that take the Accusative
ad = to, towards; at, near
in (+ acc) = into, onto
per = through
trans = across
8
Latin 1
Grammar CARDS, page 9
prope = near
circum = around
(sub, rarely, when it shows motion towards and
Ch. 9 under)
Prepositions that take the Ablative
in (+ abl.) = in, on
sub = under
cum = with
ex (ē) = out of, from
ab (ā) = away from; by (a person)
Ch. 9, Abl. dē = down from, down
o
ex vs. ē
o
&
When the next word begins with a consonant,
ex becomes ē...Observe: ex aquā, but ē cubiculō
Likewise, ab becomes ā, when the next word
begins with a consonant: ab aquā, but ā
cubiculō
ab vs. ā
Ch. 9, Abl.
o
cum + personal pronouns
Ch. 9, Abl.
some personal pronouns are attached to the
fron of cum. Observe:
mēcum = with me
nōbīscum = with us
tēcum = with you
vōbīscum = with you
(pl.), with y’all
o
Motion Away From or
Place From Which
o
Ch. 9, Abl.
o
Place Where
o
o
o
Ch. 9, Abl.
o
Accompaniment = “with”
o
o
The noun that indicates location is put into the
ablative case – this use is called Place Where
Prepositions are in & sub :
in aquā natāmus = We are swimming in the
water.
sub arbore dormīmus = We are sleeping under a
tree.
Accompaniment means someone or something
is “with” the subject
The preposition is cum + ablative
Cum amīcīs ambulāmus. = “We are walking
with friends.”
Ch. 9, Abl.
What’s in Ch. 10?
Ideas of Motion Away (Place From Which) are
Ablative
These prepositions of Place From Which are
always followed by a noun in the Ablative
ex (ē) = out of, from
ab (ā) = away from; by (a person)
dē = down from, down
o
Accusative + Infinitive: Complementary
Infinitive
9
Latin 1
Grammar CARDS, page 10
o
o
o
o
Ch. 10 o
The 4 Verb Conjugations
The Present Tense
The Present Imperative
The 4 irregular imperatives
Negative Commands
Complementary Infinitive
1. The infinitive which “completes” or finishes the
verbal idea of certain main verbs: potest, timet,
vult, parat, iubet, docet.
2. We use the same construction in English:
The girl wants to climb the tree. --> to climb
Ch. 10 & Ch. 5 completes the idea of what the girls wants.
o
Accusative + Infinitive
o
o
Ch. 10
o
Verb Conjugations
o
Ch. 10
1st Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern)
Some verbs are followed by the accusative +
infinitive:
iubeo: Davus iubet servōs labōrāre = Davus
orders the slaves to work.
doceō: Mater docet fīliam culinam purgāre. =
The mother teaches her daughter (how) to
clean the kitchen.
Most verbs belong to one of 4 groups or
conjugations
You can identify the conjugation of a verb by
looking at its infinitive
Infinitive: -āre
1st Person Singular: -ō
2nd Person Singular: -ās
3rd Person Singular: -at
Imperative Singular: -ā
“-āre type”
1st Person Plural: -āmus
2nd Person Plural: -ātis
3rd Person Plural: -ant
Imperative Plural: -āte
Ch. 10
2 Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern)
nd
“-ēre type” --- “the strong e”
Ch. 10
3 Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern)
rd
Infinitive: -ēre
1st Person Singular: -eō
2nd Person Singular: -ēs
3rd Person Singular: -et
Imperative Singular: -ē
Infinitive: -ere
1st Person Singular: -ō
“-ere type” --- “the weak e” --> usually
2nd Person Singular: -is
3rd Person Singular: -it
changes to an “i”
Ch. 10 Imperative Singular: -e
3rd–iō Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern)
“-ere type” --- “the weak e” --> usually
changes to an “i”
1st Person Plural: -ēmus
2nd Person Plural: -ētis
3rd Person Plural: -ent
Imperative Plural: -ēte
1st Person Plural: -imus
2nd Person Plural: -itis
3rd Person Plural: -unt
Imperative Plural: -ite
Infinitive: -ere (1st part of verb is –iō: example, capiō,
capere)
1st Person Singular: -iō*
1st Person Plural: -imus
nd
2 Person Singular: -is
2nd Person Plural: -itis
rd
3 Person Singular: -it
3rd Person Plural: -iunt*
10
Latin 1
Grammar CARDS, page 11
Ch. 10 Imperative Sing.: -e*
Imperative Plural: -ite
Infinitive: -īre
4th Conjugation (Present Tense Pattern)
1st Person Singular: -iō
2nd Person Singular: -īs
3rd Person Singular: -it
Imperative Singular: -ī
“-īre type”
Ch. 10
1st Person Plural: -īmus
2nd Person Plural: -ītis
3rd Person Plural: -iunt
Imperative Plural: -īte
Infinitive: esse = to be
Conjugation of the irregular verb, sum,
esse = “to be” (Present Tense Pattern)
1st Per Sing: sum = I am
2nd P. Sing: es = you are
3rd P Sing: est= he/she/it
is, there is
Imperative Singular: es
Ch. 8
1st P Pl: sumus = we are
2nd P Pl: estis = you are
3rd P Pl: sunt = they are
Imperative Plural: este
1. from dīcō, dīcere: dīc! / dīcite! = say!
2. from dūcō, dūcere: dūc! / dūcite! = lead, bring!
3. from faciō, facere: fac! / facite! = make, do!
4. from ferō, ferre: fer! / ferte! = bring, carry!
What are the four irregular commands?
Ch. 10
Present Tense
Tense for actions occurring now or currently, or
simple statements of fact
Ch. 10
What are the 3 ways to translate a verb in
the present tense?
1. There are 3 ways to translate the Latin
present into English:
ambulant = (1) they walk, (2) they are walking,
(3) they do walk
Example: ambulant
2. Note: in the “they are walking” translation, it is
incorrect to use “sunt” because helping verbs are not
expressed in Latin
Ch. 10
o
The imperative (card 1)
o
o
The imperative is a command: Walk! =
Ambulā/ Ambulāte
The singular imperative is formed by dropping
the –re from the infinitive (this is also the stem)
The plural imperative ending is –te
Ch. 10, page 74
The imperative (card 2)
-endings per conjugation
Ch. 10, page 74
1st
Conj.
Infinitive
-āre
Imperative -ā
Singular
Imperative -āte
Plural
Negative Commands
o
How do you say “Don’t run!”
o
o
o
2nd
Conj.
-ēre
-ē
3rd
Conj.
-ere
-e
3rd-io
Conj.
-ere
-e
4th
Conj.
-īre
-ī
-ēte
-ite
-ite
-īte
For a negative command, use nōlī (singular) /
nōlīte (plural) + the infinitve:
Nōlī currere = Don’t run! (to 1 person)
Nōlīte currere = Don’t run! (to 2+ persons)
Nōlī rīdēre = Don’t laugh! (singular)
11
Latin 1
Grammar CARDS, page 12
Ch. 10, page 74 o
o
o
o
What is in Ch. 11?
o
o
Ch. 11 o
o
The Genitive Case
o
o
Ch. 11
Nōlīte rīdēre = Don’t run! (plural)
The Genitive Case (Function + Endings)
The Dative Case (Function + Endings)
The complete chart of endings for the first 3
declensions
Vocabulary lists / dictionary entries
Family Tree
Genitive Singular vs. Nominative Plural (p. 84)
The function of the genitive case is to show
possession or for one noun to modify another
noun (“of”)
The owner or “possessor” goes into the genitive
case
In English, translate the genitive with “of” or
“-’s” or in the plural “-s’”: of the girl, the girl’s,
or plural: of the girls, the girls’
The Genitive Case: the endings
Recite the first 3 declensions out loud!
Ch. 11
2 reasons why the genitive singular is
always given in a dictionary entry for a
noun
Gen.
Sing.
Gen.
Plural
o
o
Ch. 11
Genitive with plēnus, a, um
2nd
Decl.
-ī
3rd
Decl.
-is
4th
Decl.
-ūs
5th
Decl.
-ēī
-ārum
-ōrum
-um
-uum
-ērum
1. Stem or base of a noun is found by dropping
of the genitive singular ending of the noun. The
other case endings are then added to this base.
2. Declension # can be identified by knowing
the genitive singular: every 1st decl. noun ends
in –ae in the gen. sing; every 2nd decl. noun
ends in –ī in the gen. sing; every 3rd decl. noun
ends in –is in the gen. sing; etc.
o The genitive is used with ideas of filling:
Hortus est plēnus flōrum et arborum = The garden
Ch. 11 is full of flowers and trees.
o
The Dative Case (card 1)
o
o
Ch. 11
The Dative Case (card 2)
1st
Decl.
-ae
o
Function of the dative case: the endings for the
indirect object
The indirect object is the noun, usually a
person, that receives the direct object of a verb
of giving, showing, telling or trusting
In English, translate the dative sometimes with
“to” and sometimes with “for”
Note the 2 possible translations
Dominus pecuniam Davō donat. = (1) The master
12
Latin 1
Grammar CARDS, page 13
gives the money to Davus, or (2) The master gives
Davus the money.
o Davus is dative b/c he is the person receiving
Ch. 11
the money
The Dative Case (card 3) – the endings
Recite the first 3 declensions out loud!
Ch. 11
The Dative Case (4)
Dat.
Sing.
Dat.
Plural
1st
Decl.
-ae
2nd
Decl.
-ō
3rd
Decl.
-ī
4th
Decl.
-uī
5th
Decl.
-ēī
-īs
-īs
-ibus
-ibus
-ēbus
o
Sometimes, the idea of “to” of “for” a person is
needed with certain verbs:
Necesse est Cornēliae et Marcō ex hortō discēdere =
It is necessary for Cornelia and Marcus to leave the
Ch. 11 garden.
o
We have seen 3 different uses of “to” in English
Careful of the word “to” in English!
with quite different ideas in Latin
1. The Infinitive: the ending –re on a verb should
be translated as “to”: vidēre = to see
2. Motion Towards: The preposition ad usually
means “to”, but always with the idea of motion
towards & in + the accusative = “into”
3. Dative Case: one of the special translations of the
Ch. 11 Dative case is “to” [no Latin preposition!]
The most common Functions of all
Latin Cases
Ch. 11
Special Translations for each Latin case
Ch. 11
CASE
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Basic FUNCTION(S)
1. Subject, 2. Complement
Possession
Indirect Object
1. Direct Object, 2. Motion
Towards
Ablative
1. Place From Which (Motion
Away From), 2. Place Where,
3. Accompaniment
Vocative
Direct Address
CASE
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative
Special Translations
---------of, ’s, s’
(to/for)
--------with, from, by, in (WFBI)
--------- / [O...!, Hey...!]
13
Latin 1
Grammar CARDS, page 14
The Complete patterns of noun
declensions for the 1st 3 declensions
SINGULAR
1st
Declension
Nominative -a
3rd
Declension
-us/-ius/
varies
-er/-ir
[SINGULAR ONLY]
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative
-ae
-ae
-am
-ā
-a
-ī
-ō
-um
-ō
-e/-ī/
-er/-ir
-is
-ī
-em
-e
PLURAL
1st
Declension
2nd
Declension
3rd
Declension
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative
-ae
-ārum
-īs
-ās
-īs
-ae
-ī
-ōrum
- īs
-ōs
- īs
-ī
-ēs
-um
-ibus
-ēs
-ibus
-ēs
Ch. 11
The Complete patterns of noun
declensions for the 1st 3 declensions
[PLURAL ONLY]
Ch. 11
Sample 1st Declension Noun Singular
SINGULAR
2nd
Declension
= nominative singular
Sample 1st Declension Noun Plural
LATIN
English
PLURAL
Nominative rānae
the frogs
(1) of the frogs, (2) the
Genitive
rānārum
LATIN
ENGLISH
Nominative rāna
Genitive
rānae
the frog
Dative
rānae
rānam
rānā
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
rānīs
rānās
rānīs
(to/for) the frogs
the frogs
Accusative
Ablative
(to/for) the
frog
the frog
with/from/by/
in the frog
Vocative
rānae
(Hey) frogs (!)
Vocative
rāna
(1) of the frog,
(2) the frog’s
with/from/by/
in the frogs
(Hey) frog (!)
Ch. 11
Sample 2nd Declension Noun Singular
SINGULAR
frogs’
Sample 2nd Declension Noun Plural
LATIN
English
PLURAL
Nominative lupī
the wolves
(1) of the wolves, (2) the
Genitive
lupōrum
LATIN
ENGLISH
Nominative lupus
Genitive
lupī
the wolf
Dative
lupō
lupum
lupō
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
lupīs
lupōs
lupīs
(to/for) the wolves
the wolves
Accusative
Ablative
(to/for) the
wolf
the wolf
Vocative
lupī
(Hey) wolves (!)
Vocative
lupe
with/from/by/
in the wolf
(Hey) wolf (!)
(1) of the wolf,
(2) the wolf’s
wolves’
with/from/by/
in the wolves
Ch. 11
Sample 2nd Declension Noun Singular
SINGULAR
LATIN
ENGLISH
Sample 2nd Declension Noun Plural
LATIN
English
PLURAL
14
Latin 1
Grammar CARDS, page 15
Nominative ager
Genitive
agrī
the field
Dative
agrō
Accusative
Ablative
agrum
agrō
Vocative
ager
Nominative agrī
Genitive
agrōrum
the fields
(to/for) the
field
the field
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
agrīs
agrōs
agrīs
(to/for) the fields
the fields
with/from/by/
in the field
(Hey) field (!)
Vocative
agrī
(Hey) fields (!)
(1) of the field,
(2) the field’s
(1) of the fields, (2) the
fields’
with/from/by/
in the fields
Ch. 11
Sample 3 Declension Noun Singular
rd
SINGULAR
LATIN
Nominative nox
Genitive
noctis
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative
ENGLISH
the night
(1) of the night,
(2) the night’s
noctī
(to/for) the
night
noctem the night
with/from/by/
nocte
nox
in the night
(O) night (!)
Sample 3rd Declension Noun Plural
LATIN
English
PLURAL
Nominative noctēs
the nights
(1) of the nights, (2) the
Genitive
noctum
nights’
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
noctibus
noctēs
noctibus
(to/for) the nights
the nights
Vocative
noctēs
(Hey) nights (!)
with/from/by/
in the nights
Ch. 11
o
Genitive Singular vs. Nominative
Plural
o
Ch. 11, page 84 o
o
What is in Chapter 12?
Ch. 12
In the 1st and 2nd declensions, the endings of the
genitive singular are the same as the endings of
the nominative plural!
If unsure, try translating both ways to see what
sounds better.
Context should tell you how to translate it
More uses of the Ablative:
1. Ablative of Time When (at, on, in)
2. Ablative of Time Within Which
(within, in)
3. Ablative of Means/Instrument
(with, by)
4. Ablative of Manner (with, in, by)
The Ablative Case – review of endings
Recite the first 3 declensions out loud!
Ch. 11
Review of how to translate a noun in
the ablative case:
Abl.
Sing.
Abl.
Plural
o
1st
Decl.
-ā
2nd
Decl.
-ō
3rd
Decl.
-e
4th
Decl.
-ū
5th
Decl.
-ē
-īs
-īs
-ibus
-ibus
-ēbus
Try WFBI = with / from / by / in
15
Latin 1
Grammar CARDS, page 16
Ch. 12
Which Ablatives did we learn before
Ch. 12?
1. Ablative of Place From Which/Motion
Away From (ex, ab, de)
2. Ablative of Place Where (in, sub)
3. Accompaniment (cum)
Ch. 12
o
Ablative of Time When
o
o
Ch. 12
o
o
Ablative of Time Within Which
o
o
Ch. 12 o
The Ablative of Means
o
Ablative of Means vs. Accompaniment
o
When you want to say exactly when something
happens, put the Latin word for the time
(night, month, hour, year, etc.) in the ablative
case without a preposition. Examples:
Nocte = at night; tertiō diē = on the 3rd day;
decimā horā = at the 10th hour; aestate = in
summer; diē Veneris = on Friday
Never a preposition in Latin, but you must
supply “at” or “on” or “in” in English
This is usually singular
When you want to say that something happens
within a space of time, put the Latin word for
the time (night, month, hour, year, etc.) in the
ablative case without a preposition. Examples:
Nocte = during the night; tribus diēbus = in 3
days; decem horīs = (with)in 10 hours; aestate =
in summer; quinque annīs = (with)in 5 years
Never a preposition in Latin, but you must
supply “in” or “within” or “during” in English
This is usually plural
Whenever an action is done “with” or “by” or
“by means of” a thing/instrument, that
Also called the Ablative of Instrument
thing/instrument is put into the ablative
WITHOUT A LATIN PREPOSITION:
o supply “with”, “by” or “by means of” in English
baculō = with a stick; manibus = with their hands;
Ch. 12 aquā = with water; rastrō = with a rake
Careful with the word “with”
o
o
The Ablative of Manner
Ch. 12
He is walking with a stick. [This is ablative of
means if he is walking only by means of the
stick; it is accompaniment if the stick is merely
being held]
Accompaniment requires the Latin preposition
cum
Ablative of Manner is similar to means in that
manner explains how something is done, but
means involves a physical object, and manner
involves an abstract idea:
16
Latin 1
Grammar CARDS, page 17
o
o
The “sandwich” position of cum in the
Ablative of manner
o
Ch. 12
use the Latin preposition cum [it may drop out
if an adjective describes the manner noun]
cum celeritāte = with speed, cum studiō = with
eagerness; summā cum laude = with the highest
praise; magnā vōce = in a loud voice
When an adjective describes the manner noun,
either put cum in the middle or drop it out
altogether:
1. cum studiō = with eagerness
2. magnō cum studiō = with great eagerness
3. magnō studiō = with great eagerness
o
Ablative of Manner--> Adverbs
You can often translate ablative of manners as
adverbs:
1. cum studiō = with eagerness = eagerly
2. magnō cum studiō = with great eagerness = very
eagerly
3. magnā vōce = in a loud voice = loudly
Ch. 12
o
Ch. 12
17