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Transcript
Construction of a simple motor Level: Secondary 4 / 6 Project aims: The main purposes of this project are to let students: 1. Learn the working principles of a motor. 2. Demonstrate their understandings by building a simple motor on their own. Learning objectives: 1. 2. 3. Manipulate materials, apparatus and tools for construction. Propose hypotheses and devise methods for testing. Infer from observation and experimental results. Task 1: Students have to design and build a simple electric motor on their own which can operate properly. Task 2: Students are asked to study factors that would affect the rotating speed of the motor. Apparatus/Materials: Any appropriate apparatus and materials proposed by students are welcomed. Typical examples include magnets, batteries, coils, connecting wires, switches and so on. Pre-knowledge: An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical motion. When a current pass through a magnetic field, a force induced will be at perpendicular direction of the current flow and magnetic field according to the left-hand-rule as shown in Figure 1. F B I Figure 1: Direction of force produced when a current passing through a magnetic field B-field N B-field S N Current Figure 2: Rotation caused by magnetic field and current S Current Figure 3: Rotation caused by magnetic field after half a turn and current Therefore when we arrange the magnets and wires as shown in Figure 2, there would be a turning force induced. It forces the wire to rotate at the direction of the arrow in Figure 2. However after a half turn, the turning force would be reversed as shown in Figure 3. So some techniques have to be used to change direction of current flow in coil, or just block the current flow in the next half turn so it can continue rotation under the initial force. Teachers’ note: According to Fleming’s left hand rule, a force would be produced which the direction is perpendicular to the current flow and magnetic field with the relationship, F BIAN sin [1] Its magnitude depends on the strength of the magnet field B, current I, area A of circuit coil cutting magnetic field, number of turns of coil (N) and the angle between magnetic field and current. Maximum force is generated when the magnetic field is parallel to the plane of the loop of coil, i.e. 90 . Actually factors that would affect the rotating speed of the motor are summarized in equation [1]. Since it is difficult to study it in quantitative way, it is acceptable for students to describe it qualitatively. Possible demonstrations: During briefing, sample of self-made motors can be shown to students as a demonstration to stimulate their designs. Below shows a simple electric motor design. Cell Conducting holder, negative end - Conducting holder, positive end + N S Coil Magnet Wire, half of it painted Wire Figure 4: The structure of the motor (Question: When the coil is lain down on the table, shall the top lamination removed to leave the bottom half painted, or the left lamination removed to leave the right half painted?) In Figure 4, when the coil is lain down on the table, the top lamination of the wire has partially removed. It stops the current flow for half a turn so the coil continues to rotate under inertia. Precautions: Be careful of the heat generated in the motor coil and avoid short circuiting. When battery is used as a power supply, the maximum voltage should be kept under 3V. Questions: 1. 2. Is it possible to let the coil be stator and let the magnet stay in the moving part? Explain. If it is possible, design a motor in this way. How can you improve the design of your electric motor such that it can rotate smoothly, longer or faster? Extension: Students can apply their constructed motors to different devices, e.g. to produce a toy car or make a simple fan etc. References: 1. 2. A webpage of many simple motors. Stan and Serge Pozmantir, SIMPLE ELECTRIC MOTORS http://www.simplemotor.com The motor design quoted in figure 4 Ergon Energy, Energy Ed Activities – Experiment: Make an Electric Motor http://www.ergon.com.au/energyed/activities/make_electric_motor.asp?yf=true& platform=PC