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SHORT COMMUNICATION Mapping of Ribosomal Protein $3 and Internally Nested snoRNA U15A Gene to Human Chromosome 11q13.3-q13.5 ROBERTO D. POLAKIEWICZ,*'t'1 DAVID J. MUNROE,t'~ S. N. JANI SALT,§ KAZIMIERZT. TYCOWSKI,¶ NORMA J. NOWAK,§ THOMAS B. SHOWS,§ DAVID E. HOUSMAN,t'$ AND DAVID C. PAGE*'t *Howard Hughes Research Laboratories at Whitehead Institute, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142; t Department of Biology and ~Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; §Department of Human Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, New York State Department of Health, Buffalo, New York 14263; and ¶Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536-0812 Received July 6, 1994; revised September 26, 1994 T h e m a m m a l i a n r i b o s o m e is a m a s s i v e s t r u c t u r e c o m p o s e d o f 4 R N A s p e c i e s a n d a b o u t 80 d i f f e r e n t p r o t e i n s . O n e o f t h e s e r i b o s o m a l p r o t e i n s , $3, app e a r s to f u n c t i o n n o t o n l y in t r a n s l a t i o n b u t a l s o as a n e n d o n u c l e a s e in r e p a i r o f U V - i n d u c e d D N A d a m a g e . M o r e o v e r , t h e first i n t r o n o f h u m a n R P S 3 t r a n s c r i p t s is p r o c e s s e d to g e n e r a t e U15A, a s m a l l n u c l e o l a r RNA. We l o c a l i z e d t h e n e s t e d R P S 3 / U 1 5 A g e n e s to t h e i m m e d i a t e v i c i n i t y o f D l l S 3 5 6 a n d D l l S 5 3 3 o n h u m a n c h r o m o s o m e 1 1 q 1 3 . 3 - q 1 3 . 5 usi n g a c o m b i n a t i o n o f s o m a t i c cell h y b r i d a n a l y s i s , f l u o r e s c e n c e i n s i t u h y b r i d i z a t i o n , a n d YAC/STS c o n t e n t m a p p i n g . T h e s e f i n d i n g s a d d to t h e evidence that genes encoding ribosomal proteins are s c a t t e r e d a b o u t t h e h u m a n g e n o m e . © 1995 Academic Press, Inc. In mammals, each ribosomal protein is typically encoded by a single gene, from which a number of silent, processed pseudogenes have been generated (4). These pseudogenes complicate the mapping of ribosomal protein genes to chromosomes, and this explains, at least in part, why only 16 of the 80 or more ribosomal protein genes have been chromosomally assigned (Refs. 1, 5 - 7 , 9, 10, 13, 16, 21). The 16 genes that have been assigned map to 12 different chromosomes, suggesting that ribosomal protein genes, unlike ribosomal RNA genes, are dispersed throughout the genome. The RPS3 gene, not previously mapped, is of particular interest. First, the protein that it encodes has two apparently distinct functions: (i) as a ribosomal protein, RPS3 contributes to the domain where translation is initiated (2), and (ii) as an endonuclease, RPS3 apparently participates in repair of UV damage (22; S. Linn, unpublished observations). Second, U15A, a small nucleolar RNA ("snoRNA"), is processed from the first intron of the RPS3 tran1 To whom correspondence should be addressed at the W h i t e h e a d Institute. Telephone: (617) 258-8420. Fax: (617) 258-5578. script (20). The function of snoRNA U15A is not well understood, but it may act in ribosomal RNA processing (19). Third, the nested RPS3 and U15A genes are overexpressed in colorectal carcinomas (14). We have recently sequenced part of the RPS3/ U15A transcription unit (20). This facilitated chromosomal mapping by allowing us to design an intron-specific PCR assay that would not recognize pseudogenes derived from processed RPS3 transcripts. To assign RPS3/U15A to a h u m a n chromosome, we used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify h u m a n - r o d e n t somatic cell hybrid DNAs with primers corresponding to the second intron of RPS3. This PCR assay is specific to h u m a n genomic DNA; the expected 263-bp product is observed with h u m a n but not mouse or h a m s t e r DNA as template (Fig. 1A). Results of screening a panel of multichromosome hybrids indicated that the nested RPS3/U15A genes reside on h u m a n chromosome 11 (Figs. 1A and 1B). We screened a second panel of monochromosomal hybrid DNAs to verify this result. As expected, the only hybrid positive for RPS3/U15A was that which retained h u m a n chromosome 11 (Fig. 1C). To confirm and refine this localization, we assayed cell hybrids retaining portions of h u m a n chromosome 11 and hybridized an RPS3/U15A-containing YAC clone to h u m a n metaphase chromosomes in situ. PCR analysis of subchromosomal hybrids (8, 17) (Fig. 2) allowed us to localize RPS3/U15A to 1 l q 1 3 - q 2 3 (Fig. 2). PCR screening of a chromosome 11-specific YAC library (15) enabled us to identify a single RPS3/U15A-containing clone, YAC yRP9A2. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis localized yRP9A2 to l lq13 with negligible background elsewhere in the genome (Fig. 3A). Testing of yRP9A2 for the presence of other llq13 loci revealed that it contains D l l S 5 3 3 and D l l S 3 5 6 (Fig. 3B), previously mapped to l l q 1 3 . 3 - q 1 3 . 4 and 11q13.4q13.5, respectively (18). These results are entirely consistent with the somatic cell hybrid and in situ hybridization studies (Fig. 3C). We conclude that 577 GENOMICS 25, 577--580 (1995) 0888-7543/95 $6.00 Copyright © 1995 by Academic Press, Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. A =Ez=~ , - o = o ~ , ¢ = ~ © h . o o = ° g ° ~ © ~ ' . - = E , - , ,-- . - -- 263 B 1 bp g_ ~. 4 ~_ ~. Z ~. .9_ 1~! _l .l.g .1~ .l~ 1.~. 1~ .1.7. 1.Q. 1~ g.Q g / g2 X Y # of Concordant Hybrids +/+ 0 49 Total 9 1 8 9 2 5 7 5 6 11 4 6 10 5 5 10 4 5 9 6 5 11 0 11 11 1 5 6 6 5 I1 6 17 11 2 6 8 5 5 10 5 5 10 0 9 9 6 3 9 2 6 8 3 5 7 6 10 11 4 7 11 4 7 11 2 10 12 2 9 11 # of Discordant Hybrids +1'-/+ Total 4 4 8 3 7 10 1 6 7 2 6 8 1 7 8 1 7 8 0 7 7 6 1 7 4 7 11 0 4 6 10 1 8 9 1 7 8 6 3 9 0 9 9 4 6 10 2 5 7 2 5 7 2 5 7 4 2 6 4 3 7 6 4 10 1 1 5 6 1 6 7 C - 263bp FIG, 1. Mapping of RPS3/U15A to human chromosome 11 by PCR analysis of human-rodent somatic cell hybrid DNAs. (A) Eighteen human-rodent hybrids containing multiple human chromosomes (NIGMS panel 1). "Marker" lane contains ~bX174RF DNA digested with HaeIII. Thirty PCR cycles (1 min at 94°C, 1 min at 61°C, 1 rain at 72°C) were carried out on 50 ng of genomic DNAs with primers (5'CATGGTCCCACCTATTCC-3' and 5'-GGGGGAAAAGTGACAATTCA-3 ') specific to the second intron of RPS3 (20). Reaction products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis in the presence of ethidium bromide. (B) Tabulation, by human chromosome, of number of concordant and discordant hybrids from A. Symbols before slash denote presence (+) or absence ( - ) of 263-bp PCR product, and symbols after slash denote presence (+) or absence ( - ) of chromosome. (C) Twenty-four hybrids containing single human chromosomes (NIGMS panel 2). v- --263 bp FIG. 2. Mapping of RPS3/U15A to ll q 1 3 - q 2 3 by PCR analysis of human-rodent somatic cell hybrid DNAs containing portions of human chromosome 11. PCR was carried out as in Fig. I with genomic DNA from the following hybrids (8, 17) as template: J1 (retaining an intact human chromosome 11), PBR-3 (retaining a human 11;12 translocation product carrying 11pter-q23.3), PBR-6 (retaining llq23.3-qter; the reciprocal of PBR-3), TKR-2 (retaining an 11;2 translocation product carrying l l p t e r - q l 3 ) , TKR-33 (retaining l l q l 3 - q t e r ; the reciprocal ofTKR-2), 15R1A (retaining l l p t e r - q l l ) , J l - l l (retaining l l p t e r - q l 2 ) , and EXR-5CSAZ (retaining an X ; l l translocation product carrying l l q l 3 - q t e r ) . the R P S 3 / U 1 5 A t r a n s c r i p t i o n unit is located in l l q 1 3 . 3 - q 1 3 . 5 , near D l l S 5 3 3 and D11S356. Three o t h e r r i b o s o m a l p r o t e i n genes have been m a p p e d to h u m a n c h r o m o s o m e 11, b u t no two genes a p p e a r to be in close proximity: R P S 1 7 m a p s to l l p l 3 - p t e r (6). R P S 2 5 m a p s to 11q23.3 (9). RPS30, while m a p p i n g to l l q 1 3 (10), the same b a n d as RPS3, is not p r e s e n t on YAC y R P 9 A 2 (not shown). Thus, t h e rule t h a t r i b o s o m a l p r o t e i n genes are s c a t t e r e d a b o u t the h u m a n genome (3) c o n t i n u e s to hold. B a n d 1 l q 1 3 is a f r e q u e n t site of s t r u c t u r a l abnormality, amplification, or loss of h e t e r o z y g o s i t y in c e r t a i n h u m a n cancers, including m u l t i p l e endocrine n e o p l a s i a t y p e 1, b r e a s t and s q u a m o u s cell carcinomas, a n d B-cell n e o p l a s m s (11). We do not k n o w w h e t h e r R P S 3 or U 1 5 A p l a y s a n y role in the d e v e l o p m e n t of such n e o p l a s m s , b u t we note t h a t the genes are o v e r e x p r e s s e d in colorectal carcinom a s (14) and t h a t the 3;21 t r a n s l o c a t i o n s o b s e r v e d 579 SHORT COMMUNICATION C A J B ,•zP Ii ~I~RPS3/U15A -500~ - 263 ~o -183~ FIG. 3. (A) Mapping of RPS3/U15A to 11q13 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) ofYAC yRP9A2 to human metaphase chromosomes. FISH was performed basically as described (8, 15), using the digoxygenin-labeled"IRE-bubble" PCR product (12) from YAC yRP9A2. Arrows indicate fluorescent hybridization signals on DAPI-banded chromosomes. (B) Presence of three STSs (DllS533, DllS356, and RPS3/ U15A) in YAC yRP9A2 demonstrated by PCR. Primers for DllS533 and DllS356, as described by Smith et al. (18). (C) Idiogram of chromosome 11 summarizing localization of RPS3/U15A by subchromosomal hybrid analysis, FISH, and YAC/STS content mapping. in myelodysplasia disrupt another ribosomal protein gene, RPL22 (13). Given RPS3's role in DNA repair (22; S. Linn, unpublished observations), it would be of great interest to know whether any heritable disorders of DNA repair map to l l q 1 3 . 6. 7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We gratefully acknowledge Joan Steitz's role in helping to initiate the mapping of RPS3/U15A, Roger Eddy's excellent technical assistance, and Renee Reijo's and Naoya Kenmochi's comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the National Institutes of Health (CA087775 to D.J.M., HG00333 to T.B.S., and HG0029 to D.E.H.). R.D.P. was the recipient of a Human Frontier Science Program postdoctoral fellowship. 8. 9. REFERENCES 10. 1. Antoine, M., and Fried, M. (1992). The organization of the intron-containing human $6 ribosomal protein (rpS6) gene and determination of its location at chromosome 9p21. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1: 565-570. 2. Bommer, U. A., Lutsch, G., Stahl, J., and Bielka, H. (1991). Eukaryotic initiation factors elF-2 and elF-3: Interactions, structure and localization in ribosomal initiation complexes. Biochimie 73: 1007-1009. 3. D'Eustachio, P., Meyuhas, O., Ruddle, F., and Perry, R. P. (1981). 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