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1 1. To explain the Linnaean classification system taxonomists use to identify animals. 2. To examine common phylums and classes used in categorizing animals. 3. To demonstrate the process used in classifying animals. 2 • Is the science concerning the description, identification, naming and classification of animals • Was developed by an 18th century zoologist named Carolus Linnaeus • Is recognized worldwide 3 • Is broken into the following categories: – kingdom – phylum – class – order – family – genus – species 4 • Places an organism in descending, ordered groups which share more specific similarities with the organism than the previous group • Begins by placing an organism in a kingdom, which is the broadest group • Works down the list until it comes to species, the narrowest group, where the animal will be identified • Uses binomial nomenclature to identify organisms 5 • Was invented by Carolus Linnaeus • Is the modern system of naming and classifying organisms • Provides the genus is capitalized while the species is not and both are italicized • Combines the genus and species of an animal to give it a name – man is known as Homo sapiens – domesticated dogs are known as Canis familiaris – domesticated cats are known as Felis catus 6 • Accounts for all organisms which are multicellular, capable of locomotion and provide themselves with nourishment • Is one of five kingdoms, which also include monera, protista, fungi and plantae • Is characterized by the following: – organism with eukaryotic cells – heterotrophic organisms – lack cell walls Nourishment – to supply the food and nutrients which are necessary for life, health 7 and growth • Form many tissues in animals • Are organized into complex structures through the use of internal membranes and cytoskeletons • Lack cell walls in animals, allowing them to adopt a variety of shapes Exoskeleton – a hard outer structure or shell providing protection and support for an 8 organism • Require an organic substance to provide it with carbon necessary for growth and development • Cannot form their own food from light or inorganic substances • Feed off of other organisms or their remains in order to gain the energy needed for life 9 • Group together animals with the same body plan • Rank below kingdom and above class • Classify animals based on their internal organization 10 • Include the following: – mollusca – porifera – cnidaria – platyhelminthes – nematoda – annelida – arthropoda – echinodermata – chordata 11 • Characteristics include the following: – bilateral symmetry – often have a shell – complete digestive system • Includes snails, clams, squids and slugs Bilateral Symmetry – when an object can be divided into identical halves, usually a left and 12 right side • Characteristics include the following: – sessile (non-motile) – lack organs and tissues – least advanced of all animals – invertebrate • Includes all sponges Invertebrate – creatures which do not possess a backbone 13 • Characteristics include the following: – invertebrate – radial symmetry – possess nematocysts (specialized stinging structures) • Includes sea anemones, jellyfish and coral Radial Symmetry – an object which is identical around a centralized axis 14 • Are often called “flatworms” • Characteristics include the following: – bilateral symmetry – invertebrate – soft bodied • Includes flukes and tapeworms 15 • Are often called “roundworms” • Characteristics include the following: – bilateral symmetry – long, slender body – no circulatory system – often parasitic – invertebrate • Includes pinworms and hookworms Parasite – an organism which grows, feeds and is sheltered on or inside another organism and 16 contributes nothing to the survival of its host • Characteristics include the following: – bilateral symmetry – soft bodied – segmented body – invertebrate • Includes earthworms and leeches 17 • Characteristics include the following: – segmented body with jointed legs – exoskeleton – complex nervous system with dorsal brain – open circulatory system with dorsal heart – invertebrate • Includes lobsters, crabs, beetles and cockroaches 18 • Characteristics include the following: – radial symmetry – spiny skin – no circulatory, excretory or respiratory systems – possess a water vascular system – invertebrate • Includes sand dollars, starfish and sea urchins Water Vascular System – hydraulic system in echinoderms which allows for food and waste transportation, locomotion and respiration 19 • Characteristics include the following at some point in development: – notochord – tubular spinal chord – gill slits leading to the pharynx or throat • Includes all vertebrates, such as fish, reptiles and humans Notochord – rod-like cord of cells which forms the main support structure of the body 20 • Include the following: – agnatha – placodermi – chondrichthyes – osteichthyes – amphibia – reptilia – aves – mammalia 21 • Characteristics include the following: – jawless – lack paired appendages – notochord present throughout life – cartilaginous skeleton • Includes lampreys and hagfish 22 • Characteristics include the following: – first jawed vertebrae – armored fish – entirely extinct 23 • Characteristics include the following: – skeleton made of cartilage – asymmetrical tail curving downward – internal fertilization – no lungs or swim bladder • Includes sharks and sting rays Swim Bladder – an air filled structure in many fish which maintains buoyancy or aids in 24 respiration • Characteristics include the following: – bony skeleton – external fertilization – swim bladder – gills • Includes catfish, bass and tilapia 25 • Characteristics include the following: – limited to moist environment – lungs and skin act as respiratory system – three chambered heart • Includes frogs, toads and salamanders 26 • Characteristics include the following: – independent of water – scales – internal fertilization – well developed circulatory system and lungs • Includes snakes, lizards and turtles 27 • Characteristics include the following: – feathers – light weight bones – body systems adapted for flight – beak – four chambered heart • Includes all birds 28 • Characteristics include the following: – hair – milk production by females for offspring – internal fertilization • Includes apes, dogs and humans 29 • Include the following: – artiodactyla: even toed, hoofed animals – perissodactyla: odd toed, hoofed animals – carnivore: meat eaters – insectivore: insect eaters – marsupialia: pouched mammals 30 • Include the following: – primates: humans, monkeys and lemurs – rodentia: beavers, squirrels and mice – cetacea: whales and porpoises – chiroptera: bats – lagomorpha: hares and rabbits 31 • Include the following: – callitrichidae: marmosets – cebidae: new world monkeys – cercopithecidae: baboons and old world monkeys – pongidae: gorillas, orangutans and chimpanzees – hominidae: human beings 32 • Include: – gorilla: gorillas – homo: humans – pan: chimpanzees – pongo: orangutan 33 • Include: – Gorilla beringei: eastern gorilla – Gorilla gorilla: western gorilla 34 • • • • • • • Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Chordata Class – Mammalia Order – Primates Family – Hominidae Genus – Homo Species – sapiens 35 • • • • • • • Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Chordata Class – Mammalia Order – Carnivora Family – Canidae Genus – Canis Species – familiaris 36 • • • • • • • Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Chordata Class – Mammalia Order – Carnivora Family – Felidae Genus – Felis Species – catus 37 Taxonomy •Is the science concerning the description, identification, naming and classification of animals •Is broken into kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species Binomial Nomenclature Kingdom Animalia •Combines the genus and species of an animal to give it a name •Accounts for all organisms which are multicellular, capable of locomotion and provide themselves with nourishment Phylums •Group animals together which posses the same body plan •Classify animals based on their internal organization 38 1. What are the seven categories used in the Linnaean classification system? 2. ________ symmetry is when an object can be divided into identical halves, usually a left and right side. 3. A ________ is a rod-like cord of cells which forms the main support structure of the body. 4. Organisms from the phylum ________ are often called roundworms. 39 5. The lagomorpha order includes rabbits and hares. a. true b. false 6. A characteristic of the aves class is a four chambered heart. a. true b. false 40 7. Crabs are in the phylum arthropoda. a. true b. false 8. A water vascular system is a characteristic of the platyhelminthes. a. true b. false 41 9. What phylum contains the least advanced of all animals? a. porifera b. mollusca c. cnidaria d. annelida 10. Which of the following is correct? a. Homo Sapiens b. Homo sapiens c. homo sapiens d. Homo sapiens 42 Phylum Chordata. (2009). Retrieved May 30, 2009, from Reference.com: http://www.reference.com/ Binomial Nomenclature. (2007). Retrieved May 30, 2009, from Fact Monster: http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0857381.html Carter, J. S. (2004, November 4). Phylum Chordata. Retrieved May 30, 2009, from Biology at Clermont College: http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/chordate.htm Kornfeld, A. (2007). Natural Perspective. Retrieved May 30, 2009, from Natural Perpective: http://www.perspective.com/nature/index.html 43 Production Coordinator: Brandon O’Quinn Production Manager: Dusty Moore Project Coordinator: Meghan Blanek Graphic Designer: Executive Producers: Gordon Davis, Ph.D., Jeff Lansdell Ann Adams © MMIX CEV Multimedia, Ltd. 44