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Classification Taxonomy • The branch of biology that classifies organisms into taxa (taxon is singular) The Seven Taxa • • • • • • • Kingdom (most diverse) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (least diverse) • If an organism is in the same family, then they are also in the same order, class, phylum, and kingdom. • For example, a bobcat, a house cat, and a lion are all in the same family (Felidae) Comparing Dogs and Gorillas • • • • • • • • Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Dog Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Canidae Canis familiaris Gorilla Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Gorilla gorilla Red Panda Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Ailuridae Genus: Ailurus Species: A. fulgens Naming Organisms • Organisms are named by their genus name followed by the species • Genus is ALWAYS capitalized and the species is ALWAYS lowercase. • Both names are italicized (or underlined if handwritten) • This system is called binomial nomenclature • When three scientific names are used to specify a subspecies, the system is called trinomial nomenclature • What is the scientific name for the red panda? Who is more closely related? • The scientific name for a red maple tree is Acer rubrum • Quercus rubrum or Acer saccharum • Acer is the genus for maple trees • Quercus is the genus for oak trees Who is the red panda closer related to? • Giant Panda or • Raccoon 6 Kingdoms • Aristotle first classified organisms into 2 kingdoms: Plants and Animals • Microscopes changed the way we classify organisms and eventually they decided to go to a five kingdom system • Recent technology has shown that some bacteria have different gene sequences than any other organism on earth. • This led to the formation of a new kingdom: Archaebacteria • Most scientists use the 6 kingdom system The Six Kingdoms • Archaebacteria- bacteria that live in extreme conditions • Eubacteria- (aka Monera) typical bacteria • Protista- algae, protozoa, slime molds • Fungi- molds, mushrooms, yeasts • Plantae- mosses, ferns, grasses, vegetable plants, trees • Animalia- sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects, fish, frogs, lizards, birds, kangaroos Classification based on Evolutionary Relationships • Scientists look at more than just physical traits: fossil record and molecular data • The evolutionary history of a group of species is called phylogeny • Phylogenies are like family trees • The most common way to make evolutionary trees is cladistics (classification based on common ancestry) • A cladogram is an evolutionary tree Methods of Transportation wings Passengers enclosed motor wheels
