Download Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet

ENGLISH
Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet
Institutt for datateknikk og informasjonsvitenskap
EKSAMEN i fag
Dato
Antall timer
Antall studiepoeng
Tillatte hjelpemidler
Sensurdato
IT2702 Kunstig intelligens (Artificial Intelligence)
Torsdag 8. Desember 2005
4
7½
Ingen
Torsdag 5. januar 2006
Antall sider
4
Faglig kontakt under eksamen: Professor Agnar Aamodt, Institutt for datateknikk og
informasjonsvitenskap, tlf. kontor: 73591838, mobil: 92611144.
All questions and sub-questions have to be answered.
Oppgave 1
a) What is the Turing Test, and how is it related to the concept of Artificial Intelligence?
b) What is a state space? List four important components of a state space, and explain the
role of each of them.
c) Use the predicates animal, dog, cat, owns, animal-lover, kills, and the constants Ole,
Pusur, Fido to translate the following sentences into first order predicate logic form:





Cats are animal.
Pusur is a cat.
Every dog owner is an animal lover.
No animal lover kills an animal.
Either Ole or Pusur kills Fido
Oppgave 2
a) Explain, briefly, the following two terms:
 Heuristics
 Heuristic search
What does it mean that one heuristic is more informed than another?
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b) The figure below shows a search tree. Node A is the start state and nodes J, R, and N are
goal states. Each node is market (in parenthesis behind its letter) with the value of its
heuristic evaluation function. For example: G (20).
For each of the search strategies i) and ii),
 list the nodes in the order that they are examined
 list the nodes along the final path between the start and goal node:
i)
ii)
Hill climbing
A* search
c) Given the game tree below, where A – F represent real numbers. Assume that we want to
perform an alpha-beta search, and that the search is done from left to right.
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Answer the following:
i)
Assign a value to A such that B does not need to be examined.
ii)
Assume that A=5 and B=5. Assign values to C and D such that the sub tree that
contains E and F does not need to be examined.
iii)
Is it possible to assign values to A and B such that the sub tree that
contains C and D does not need to be examined?
Oppgave 3
a) Given a production system. Describe what forward chaining and backward chaining is.
How are these terms related to goal driven and data driven search?
b) A rule-based expert system for trading bonds contains the following rule set:
IF
interest rate declines
THEN bond prices increase
IF
interest rate increases
THEN bond prices decline
IF
interest rate is unchanged
THEN bond prices remain unchanged
IF
the dollar rises
THEN interest rate declines
IF
the dollar falls
THEN interest rate increases
IF
bond prices decline
THEN buy bonds
Assume that the dollar falls. A person wants to know whether she should buy bonds or
not. Should she buy? Write down the problem solving steps.
c) Explain what a fuzzy set is. Give an example.
Explain, further, what a fuzzy rule is, and give an example.
ENGLISH
Oppgave 4
a) In the below three Bayesian networks, A is assumed unknown. That is, the
probability table for node A is not known. Tell, for each of the networks I-III,
whether B and C are dependent or independent of each other. Justify your answer.
A
B
B
B
A
C
I
C
C
A
I
I
II
I
b) What characterizes model-based reasoning, and how is it in principle different from
rule-based and case-based reasoning? Describe the 4 steps of a case-based reasoning
process.
c) What does the “physical symbol systems hypothesis” in AI express? How is it linked
to Artificial Intelligence as a scientific discipline?