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UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA DEPARTMENT O F MASS COMMUNICATION TOPIC: AVIAN INFLUENZA (BIRD FLU): THE IMPLICATION FOR NIGERIA A TERM PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT O F T H E REQUIREMENTS FOR T H E C O U R S E G S 1 0 4 (SOCIAL S C I E N C E S 11) BY OKWUEZE, ADAEZE E . J . 2006/141010 LECTURER: DR. I.S. MADUEME SEPTEMBER, 2 0 0 7 . TITLE PAGE AVIAN INFLUENZA (BIRD FLU): THE IMPLICATION F O R NIGERIA DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my lovely parents, Prof & Mrs. E.E. Okwueze and siblings in whom I regain strength in my everyday life. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to acknowledge the almighty God who has given me strength to carryout this research work without hindrance. My indebted thanks goes to my Uncle Dr. M.I. Okwueze for his financial and moral support to see me through this work. I also wish to thank my friends who in one way or the other gave me support during the period of carrying out this research work, especially Cecilia Odok, Vanessa Kanu, Chinenye Ekwuribe and Edmund Tawijah for urging me on. PREFACE This piece of work talks about the Avian Influenza (Bird Flu), its different types, its implications, causes and educates u s on how to prevent the virus. The study tells u s about its effects on poultry industry and household in Nigeria. We know the symptoms both on Birds and human. This study distinguishes itself from others, because the virus spreads with Jetlike speed through out the world. This study describes the theoretical under-pinning of avian flu like the history and causative agents. It becomes a relevant issue not only for agricultural policy makers but also for animal and human public health policy formulation. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page ... ... Dedication ... Acknowledgement.. . ... Preface ... ... .. , ... ... Table of Contents ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) 1.2 Background of the Study... ... ... ...... ........ ..... 1.3 History and the spread of Avian Flu Disease .................. 2 CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... ..........4 2.1 Causes of Avian Flu to Birds and Human 2.2 The Symptoms and Effects of Avian Flu on Birds and Human..5 2.3 Prevention and Control measures of Avian Flu. ..... ... ... . .. . ...6 CHAPTER THREE: THE IMPLICATION FOR NIGERIA 3.1 Trend of poultry Production in Nigeria and Bird Flu Outbreak...8 3.2 Effects of Avian Flu on Poultry Industry and Household in . Nigeria..,................... ...................,...... ............. ....................9 ................ .......,.................................9 3.2.2 The Demand.. ...................................................... ....... ........... I 0 3.2.1 Economic Implications CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY 4.1 .,.. .., ........ .... ...................................................12 References...................................,..........,..............,.. ....,.. . . ..... 13 Conclusion CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 WHAT IS AVIAN INFLUENZA (BIRD FLU)? Avian influenza is a contagious virus infection disease primarily affecting birds and sometimes mammals such as pigs, tigers and humans. There are about fifteen types that affects the respiratory, digestive and or nervous system of many species as birds such as ducks and domestic chickens. 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Most studies in the past on the socio-economic impact of diseases affecting livestock often limit their analysis to production impact with relatively little about subsequent impacts on health, prices, trade and markets. The recent outbreak of poultry pandemic h a s raised some concern about poultry production, marketing a n d consumption globally. Notable among these is highly pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) also known as bird-fluAvian Flu hasathe potential to develop into a global pandemic that can be as devastating as the black death of the 14 century. The H5NI strain has a unique capacity to cause severe disease, with high mortality, in humans. Illness and death caused by this disease by this disease caused by this disease also have both economic and social costs. Migratory birds and mechanical vectors, such a s contaminated cages and clothing and through the international trade in live poultry spread the infection. The disease can be transmitted to humans through exposure to infected birds or handling of infected carcasses. The outbreak of the virus first reported on the eight of February, 2006 in Nigeria. The virus is now on the list of serious health problem facing many countries in the world, it threatens the economic as well as the society. 1.3 HISTORY AND THE SPREAD OF AVIAN FLU DISEASES Influenza pandemic are rare but recurring events. Research has shown that avian flu typically occurred every 10-5- years throughout recorded history. It has founded a permanent ecological niche, becoming entrench among domestic ducks. Avian flu has been recognized as highly lethal generalized viral disease of poultry since 190 1. 1; 1955, a specific type of influenza virus was identified as a c a u ~ a agent l of what was then called foul plague. The virus are usually host specific with more than 100 subtypes that only infect bird are in rare instances, pigs and cause a wide range of disease syndromes ranging from severe minds to domestic poultry. The various type of Avian Influenza virus can broadly be categorized as either low pathogenicity (LPAI) or high pathogenicity (HPAI),andthis cause the greatest number of deaths. Despite the efforts of most researchers, the H5N1 virus the effort of most researchers, the H5N1 virus keep on spreading expanding beyond south east Asia and china into central Asia and Europe. At present the H5N1 virus has become more robust than 1997 strain capable of surviving longer under a board range of environmental conditions. The virus have become increasingly pathogenic in poultry and has increased the range of species it can affect, now including domestic cats. CHAPTER TWO THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 CAUSES OF AVIAN FLU TO BIRD AND HUMAN Only domestic poultry have known to have played role in the transmission circle of the virus from animals to humans. Wild birds are the primary natural research for influenza and are often the vector that introduces new outbreak into domestic flocks. Once present in domestic flocks human activity becomes a risk for the further transmission. Human get Avian virus infection through direct contact with bird feaces and respiratory secretion, droplet and by mechanical transfer through contact with contaminated vomits (surfaces such a s clothing, footwear, farm and transportation equipment, cages, tools other materials and vehicles) but not through eating of cooked chicken. When a bird is infected with avian flu, its sheds the flu virus into its feaces, Saliva and mucous and other birds becomes infected by eating 0.r inhaling the virus. Wild water foul can initiate H5N1 outbreaks in domestic poultry through contamination of their food and drinking water supplies. 2.2 THE SYMPTOMS AND EFFECT OF AVIAN FLU ON BIRDS * AND HUMAN The signs of avian influenza are extremely variable. The virus in most cases is carried by some birds without displaying any symptoms of the disease and can spread over great distances while remaining healthy. However, the clinical signs of birds affected with all forms of A1 may show one or more of the following: Sudden death of the birds, affected without clinical sign on the first day especially those that are effected with the highly pathogenic avian influenza, characterized by very high and rapid mortality, with rates approaching 100 percent, lack of energy and appetite, decrease egg production, soft shell of misshapen eggs, ruffled fathers, swollen heads, cyanosis of the combs or wattles and possibly nerologic signs and diarrhea. Purple discoloration of the wattles combs and legs, nasal discharge, coughing, sneezing, lack b of coordination and other symptoms. The symptoms of avian influenza in humans on the other hand range from fever, cough, soar throat and muscle ache to eye infections (conjunctivitis), pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, + - viral pneumonia and other sever and life threatening complication. 2.3 PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES OF AVIAN FLU Some avian influenza virus is highly contagious and easily spread, the most common method of control is the culling (depopulation or killing) of the infected flocks. Another method is quarantine of affected areas until the disease is no longer present. While vaccination is possible and has been tested on a small scale, it is not widely considered a viable control method. After the contamination flock is depopulated, buildings and equipment are rigorously disinfected before new birds are allowed, a process that takes at least several weeks. The virus can also be killed by common disinfectants or heat. For instance, heat of 170oF, has been recommended for chicken, turkey, dark meat, 180oF, Ground chicken, Turkey: l65Of, Eggs: l600F. While the best method to prevent or limit thee impact of H5N1 outbreaks on public health is to promptly contain and control theses outbreak in poultry, conduct efficient surveillance and report potentially infected poultry flocks to the right authority. There is need to implement biosecurity measures that reduces human exposure to potentially infective births, debris such as litter, feather dust and husbandry equipment. CHAPTER THREE THE IMPLICATION FOR NIGERIA 3.1 TREND OF POULTRY PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA AND BIRD FLU OUTBREAKS. Nigeria has an estimated poultry production of around 140 million birds, largely concentrated in the south eastern part of the country. About 6O0/0 of Nigerian poultry production takes place in small backyard farms scattered throughout the rural areas. Large scale commercial farming of poultry occurs mainly in the northern state of Nigeria where outbreaks have been confirmed. Research findings shows that the Nigerian poultry meat production have started growing in the last few years. It grew from 0.08 million tones in 200 1 to 0.01 1 million tons in 2004, while its percentage contribution to livestock GDP also increased from 4.2 percent in 2001 and 2004 respectively. But, Nigeria became one of the thirteen countries that reported their first their cases of H5NI infection in birds in 2006 with sehous effects on the poultry industry. Nigeria's outbreak of highly pathogenic HSNI avian influenza was initially conformed at a single farm on 8 February before spreading to several parts of the country. By the end of February, local laboratory tests has detected the virus in seven contagious states in the northern and central parts of the country and in the Federal capital territory of Abuja. The outbreaks were detected on more than 130 farms in eleven of the 37 states with over 45,000 birds reported to have either died or destroyed. This means that avian flu disease has no geographical boundary. 3.2 EFFECTS OF AVIAN FLU ON POULTRY INDUSTRY AND HOUSEHOLD IN NIGERIA. There are only limited works on the social and economic impact of avian flu in the affected countries of the world. However, this studies investigates the extent of damages or benefits of the outbreaks on both poultry industry as well as the consuming households in Nigeria. 3.2.1 ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS The human and economic cost of avian flu in Nigeria are b fought with uncertainty because they have been no or few economic studies on the impact of avian flu depend on three things: whom does the virus affect, the measures taken to control it, and the under impact on confidence. Direct economic costs include losses of poultry due to the disease and to control measures such as culling birds, with impact extending not only to farmers but extending to upstream and down stream sectors such as poultry traders, feed mills, breeding farms etc. Outbreak of avian influenza in poultry are of great concern for the agricultural sector with considerable economic consequences. The flu brought an abrupt surge in illness and death of more than 450,000 birds in Nigeria, the outbreak also overwhelmed the Nigerian Health Services with a called international assistance which showed some economic implication. 3.2.2 THE DEMAND SIDE Many small scale operators in kwara stat are involved in poultry production and marketing before the outbreak of avian flu in Nigeria. The large commercial producers specializing in poultry mainly supply domestic markets. Avian flu outbreak in Nigeria was 6 found to have affected those small as production. They suffer from temporary well as large scale loss of consumer confidence that have shiffed their preference for other types of protein. About 80% of the sample consuming households of poultry regularly demanding for poultry before avian flu outbreak in Nigeria, have now changed their demand pattern to a decrease or total shift for other products. CHAPTER FOUR SUMMARY " 4.1 CONCLUSION The result of the analysis showed that avian flu outbreaks and spread in Nigeria have cost serious threat not only to the poultry industry but also to food security and the livelihoods of both the rural and urban communities. The study revealed that there a fall in consumers' and producers' confidence in poultry. About 75% of poultry farmers were also found to have stopped ordering for new birds to their farms preparing to lave poultry business for other jobs the movement they disposed the birds on their farms. There was a shiff of consumption of beef, pork, fish and animal skin as substitute with a decrease in the Gross Domestic Product from agriculture, increase in unemployment rate, 'worsen health, poverty and malnutrition levels. REFERENCES Alkolin, Robert (1974).The Avian Influenza. Hamondsworth, - . Middlesex:Pengium books. Carlington, John (2006)Bird Flu: A Case Study in Nigeria Nucik Publishers Lagos. Willis, John (1987)Theoretical Framework on Avian Influenza Cardiff University of Wales Press. Yainslie, Rosalynde (1974) Socio-economic analysis of the impact of Avian Influenza. New York: Walker & Co.