Download lecturer: dr. is madueme - University Of Nigeria Nsukka

UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA
DEPARTMENT O F MASS COMMUNICATION
TOPIC:
AVIAN INFLUENZA (BIRD FLU): THE IMPLICATION FOR NIGERIA
A TERM PAPER
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT O F T H E REQUIREMENTS FOR
T H E C O U R S E G S 1 0 4 (SOCIAL S C I E N C E S 11)
BY
OKWUEZE, ADAEZE E . J .
2006/141010
LECTURER: DR. I.S. MADUEME
SEPTEMBER, 2 0 0 7 .
TITLE PAGE
AVIAN INFLUENZA (BIRD FLU): THE IMPLICATION F O R NIGERIA
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated
to my lovely parents, Prof & Mrs. E.E.
Okwueze and siblings in whom I regain strength in my everyday life.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to acknowledge the almighty God who has given me strength
to carryout this research work without hindrance. My indebted thanks
goes to my Uncle Dr. M.I. Okwueze for his financial and moral support
to see me through this work.
I also wish to thank my friends who in one way or the other gave
me support during the period of carrying out this research work,
especially Cecilia Odok, Vanessa Kanu, Chinenye Ekwuribe and Edmund
Tawijah for urging me on.
PREFACE
This piece of work talks about the Avian Influenza (Bird Flu), its
different types, its implications, causes and educates u s on how to
prevent the virus. The study tells u s about its effects on poultry industry
and household in Nigeria. We know the symptoms both on Birds and
human. This study distinguishes itself from others, because the virus
spreads with Jetlike speed through out the world. This study describes
the theoretical under-pinning of avian flu like the history and causative
agents.
It becomes a relevant issue not only for agricultural policy
makers but also for animal and human public health policy formulation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
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Dedication
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Acknowledgement.. .
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Preface
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Table of Contents
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1
What is Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)
1.2
Background of the Study... ... ... ...... ........ .....
1.3
History and the spread of Avian Flu Disease ..................
2
CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
...
..........4
2.1
Causes of Avian Flu to Birds and Human
2.2
The Symptoms and Effects of Avian Flu on Birds and Human..5
2.3
Prevention and Control measures of Avian Flu. ..... ...
... . .. . ...6
CHAPTER THREE: THE IMPLICATION FOR NIGERIA
3.1
Trend of poultry Production in Nigeria and Bird Flu Outbreak...8
3.2
Effects of Avian Flu on Poultry Industry and Household in
.
Nigeria..,................... ...................,...... ............. ....................9
................ .......,.................................9
3.2.2 The Demand.. ...................................................... ....... ........... I 0
3.2.1 Economic Implications
CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY
4.1
.,.. .., ........ .... ...................................................12
References...................................,..........,..............,.. ....,.. . . ..... 13
Conclusion
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 WHAT IS AVIAN INFLUENZA (BIRD FLU)?
Avian influenza is a contagious virus infection disease
primarily affecting birds and sometimes mammals such as pigs,
tigers and humans. There are about fifteen types that affects the
respiratory, digestive and or nervous system of many species as
birds such as ducks and domestic chickens.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Most studies in the past on the socio-economic impact of
diseases affecting livestock often limit their analysis to production
impact with relatively little about subsequent impacts on health,
prices, trade and markets. The recent outbreak of poultry
pandemic h a s raised some concern about poultry production,
marketing a n d consumption globally. Notable among these is
highly pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) also known as bird-fluAvian Flu hasathe potential to develop into a global pandemic that
can be as devastating as the black death of the 14 century. The
H5NI strain has a unique capacity to cause severe disease, with
high mortality, in humans. Illness and death caused by this
disease by this disease caused by this disease also have both
economic and social costs. Migratory birds and mechanical vectors,
such a s contaminated cages and clothing and through the
international trade in live poultry spread the infection. The disease
can be transmitted to humans through exposure to infected birds
or handling of infected carcasses. The outbreak of the virus first
reported on the eight of February, 2006 in Nigeria. The virus is now
on the list of serious health problem facing many countries in the
world, it threatens the economic as well as the society.
1.3 HISTORY AND THE SPREAD OF AVIAN FLU DISEASES
Influenza pandemic are rare but recurring events. Research
has shown that avian flu typically occurred every 10-5- years
throughout recorded history. It has founded a permanent ecological
niche, becoming
entrench among domestic ducks. Avian flu has
been recognized as highly lethal generalized viral disease of poultry
since 190 1. 1; 1955, a specific type of influenza virus was identified
as a c a u ~ a agent
l
of what was then called foul plague. The virus are
usually host specific with more than 100 subtypes that only infect
bird are in rare instances, pigs and cause a wide range of disease
syndromes ranging from severe minds to domestic poultry. The
various type of Avian Influenza virus can broadly be categorized as
either low pathogenicity (LPAI) or high pathogenicity (HPAI),andthis
cause the greatest number of deaths.
Despite the efforts of most researchers, the H5N1 virus the
effort of most researchers, the H5N1 virus keep on spreading
expanding beyond south east Asia and china into central Asia and
Europe. At present the H5N1 virus has become more robust than
1997 strain capable of surviving longer under a board range of
environmental conditions. The virus have become increasingly
pathogenic in poultry and has increased the range of species it can
affect, now including domestic cats.
CHAPTER TWO
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 CAUSES OF AVIAN FLU TO BIRD AND HUMAN
Only domestic poultry have known to have played role in the
transmission circle of the virus from animals to humans. Wild birds
are the primary natural research for influenza and are often the
vector that introduces new outbreak into domestic flocks. Once
present in domestic flocks human activity becomes a risk for the
further transmission.
Human get Avian virus infection through direct contact with
bird feaces and respiratory secretion, droplet and by mechanical
transfer through contact with contaminated vomits (surfaces such
a s clothing, footwear, farm and transportation equipment, cages,
tools other materials and vehicles) but not through eating of cooked
chicken.
When a bird is infected with avian flu, its sheds the flu virus
into its feaces, Saliva and mucous and other birds becomes infected
by eating 0.r inhaling the virus. Wild water foul can initiate H5N1
outbreaks in domestic poultry through contamination of their food
and drinking water supplies.
2.2 THE SYMPTOMS AND EFFECT OF AVIAN FLU ON BIRDS
*
AND HUMAN
The signs of avian influenza are extremely variable. The virus
in most cases is carried by some birds without displaying any
symptoms of the disease and can spread over great distances while
remaining healthy. However, the clinical signs of birds affected with
all forms of A1 may show one or more of the following: Sudden
death of the birds, affected without clinical sign on the first day
especially those that are effected with the highly pathogenic avian
influenza, characterized by very high and rapid mortality, with
rates approaching 100 percent, lack of energy and appetite,
decrease egg production, soft shell of misshapen eggs, ruffled
fathers, swollen heads, cyanosis of the combs or wattles and
possibly nerologic signs and diarrhea. Purple discoloration of the
wattles combs and legs, nasal discharge, coughing, sneezing, lack
b
of coordination and other symptoms.
The symptoms of avian influenza in humans on
the other
hand range from fever, cough, soar throat and muscle ache to eye
infections (conjunctivitis), pneumonia, acute respiratory distress,
+
-
viral pneumonia and other sever and life threatening complication.
2.3 PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES OF AVIAN FLU
Some avian influenza virus is highly contagious and easily
spread, the most common method of control is the culling
(depopulation or killing) of the infected flocks. Another method is
quarantine of affected areas until the disease is no longer present.
While vaccination is possible and has been tested on a small scale,
it is not widely considered a viable control method. After the
contamination flock is depopulated, buildings and equipment are
rigorously disinfected before new birds are allowed, a process that
takes at least several weeks. The virus can also be killed by
common disinfectants or heat. For instance, heat of
170oF, has
been recommended for chicken, turkey, dark meat, 180oF, Ground
chicken, Turkey: l65Of, Eggs: l600F.
While the best method to prevent or limit thee impact of H5N1
outbreaks on public health is to promptly contain and control
theses outbreak in poultry, conduct efficient surveillance and
report potentially infected poultry flocks to the right authority.
There is need to implement biosecurity measures that reduces
human exposure to potentially infective births, debris such as
litter, feather dust and husbandry equipment.
CHAPTER THREE
THE IMPLICATION FOR NIGERIA
3.1 TREND OF POULTRY PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA AND BIRD
FLU OUTBREAKS.
Nigeria has an estimated poultry production of around 140
million birds, largely concentrated in the south eastern part of the
country. About 6O0/0 of Nigerian poultry production takes place in
small backyard farms scattered throughout the rural areas. Large
scale commercial farming of poultry occurs mainly in the northern
state of Nigeria where outbreaks have been confirmed. Research
findings shows that the Nigerian poultry meat
production have
started growing in the last few years. It grew from 0.08 million
tones in 200 1 to 0.01 1 million tons in 2004, while its percentage
contribution to livestock GDP also increased from 4.2 percent in
2001 and 2004 respectively.
But, Nigeria became one of the thirteen countries that
reported their first their cases of H5NI infection in birds in 2006
with sehous effects on the poultry industry. Nigeria's outbreak of
highly pathogenic HSNI avian influenza was initially conformed at a
single farm on 8 February before spreading to several parts of the
country. By the end of February, local laboratory tests has detected
the virus in seven contagious states in the northern and central
parts of the country and in the Federal capital territory of Abuja.
The outbreaks were detected on more than 130 farms in eleven of
the 37 states with over 45,000 birds reported to have either died or
destroyed. This means that avian flu disease has no geographical
boundary.
3.2 EFFECTS OF AVIAN FLU ON POULTRY INDUSTRY AND
HOUSEHOLD IN NIGERIA.
There are only limited works on the social and economic
impact of avian flu in the affected countries of the world. However,
this studies investigates the extent of damages or benefits of the
outbreaks on both poultry industry as well as the consuming
households in Nigeria.
3.2.1 ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
The human and economic cost of avian flu in Nigeria are
b
fought with uncertainty because they have been no or few economic
studies on the impact of avian flu depend on three things: whom
does the virus affect, the measures taken to control it, and the
under impact on confidence. Direct economic costs include losses
of poultry due to the disease and to
control measures such as
culling birds, with impact extending not only to farmers but
extending to upstream and down stream sectors such as poultry
traders, feed mills, breeding farms etc. Outbreak of avian influenza
in poultry are of great concern for the agricultural sector with
considerable
economic consequences. The flu brought an abrupt
surge in illness and death of more than 450,000 birds in Nigeria,
the outbreak also overwhelmed the Nigerian Health Services with a
called international assistance which showed some economic
implication.
3.2.2 THE DEMAND SIDE
Many small scale operators in kwara stat are involved in
poultry production and marketing before the outbreak of avian flu
in Nigeria. The large commercial producers specializing in poultry
mainly supply domestic markets. Avian flu outbreak in Nigeria was
6
found to have affected those small as
production.
They
suffer
from temporary
well as large scale
loss of
consumer
confidence that have shiffed their preference for other types of
protein. About 80% of the sample consuming households of poultry
regularly demanding for poultry before avian flu outbreak in
Nigeria, have now changed their demand pattern to a decrease or
total shift for other products.
CHAPTER FOUR
SUMMARY
"
4.1 CONCLUSION
The result of the analysis showed that avian flu outbreaks
and spread in Nigeria have cost serious threat not only to the
poultry industry but also to food security and the livelihoods of
both the rural and urban communities. The study revealed that
there a fall in consumers' and producers' confidence in poultry.
About 75% of poultry farmers were also found to have stopped
ordering for new birds to their farms preparing to lave poultry
business for other jobs the movement they disposed the birds on
their farms. There was a shiff of consumption of beef, pork, fish
and animal skin as substitute with a decrease in the Gross
Domestic Product from agriculture, increase in unemployment rate,
'worsen health, poverty and malnutrition levels.
REFERENCES
Alkolin, Robert (1974).The Avian Influenza. Hamondsworth,
-
.
Middlesex:Pengium books.
Carlington, John (2006)Bird Flu: A Case Study in Nigeria Nucik
Publishers Lagos.
Willis, John (1987)Theoretical Framework on Avian Influenza
Cardiff University of Wales Press.
Yainslie, Rosalynde (1974) Socio-economic analysis of the impact of
Avian Influenza. New York: Walker & Co.