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BIOLOGY FOR CLASS IX
Respiration
Class IX
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Adenosine Tri phosphate Formation
Respiration And Breathing
Cellular Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
An Aerobic Respiration
Importance Of Aerobic Respiration
Combustion, Respiration And Photosynthesis
Gaseous Exchange In Plant
Stomata
Gaseous Exchange In Plant
Effect Of Exercise On The Rate And Depth Of Breathing And Its
Relation To Energy Requirements
Disorders Of Respiratory System And Health Risk Associate With
Cigarette Smoking.
All the living organism require the energy
Source is ATPs
Found in mitochondria(power house)
ATP consist of adenine and ribose(5 carbon
sugar).
Adenine + ribose
adenosine
Adenosine + phosphate group
ATP
 ATP
energy is proceed by the metabolism
process.
 Energy comes by oxidation of food
 ADP collect this energy and converted in ATP.
 A mole of glucose has (673k cal)energy.
ATP-ADP cycle
ATP
energy
ADP
energy
Adenosine Tri phosphate (ATP), an energy-bearing molecule found in all
living cells. Formation of nucleic acids, transmission of nerve impulses,
muscle contraction, and many other energy-consuming reactions of
metabolism are made possible by the energy in ATP molecules. The
energy in ATP is obtained from the breakdown of foods.
The
process
in
living
organisms
of
taking
in
oxygen
from the surroundings and giving out carbon dioxide (external
respiration). In terrestrial animals this is effected by breathing air.
Cellular respiration also called tissue respiration takes place within the
cell.
Aerobic means “with air”. This type of respiration needs oxygen for
it to occur so it is called aerobic respiration. The word equation for
aerobic respiration is:
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
The chemical equation is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + 2900 kJ/mol
It is important that you learn both the word and chemical
equation.
 It
take place in the absence of free oxygen the
food is (break down) partially.
 Our muscles need oxygen and glucose to respire
aerobically and produce the energy they require,
these are carried to the muscle via the
blood. However if we were to carry out forceful
exercise our heart and lungs would not be able to
get sufficient oxygen to our muscles in order for
them to respire. In this case muscles carry out
anaerobic respiration. The word and chemical
equation for anaerobic respiration in is:
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Glucose
Glucose
plant
in animal
Ethanol + Carbon di oxide + Energy(2827k.J)
Lactic acid +Energy (150 kj)
 Fermentation(Fungi
and bacteria commonly
use).
 Produce Ethyl alcohol which is used in beer,
wine and vinegar, growing of tea leaves and
tobacco and preparation of cheese , yoghurt
and bread.
 Human muscle cells make ATP by lactic acid
fermentation when oxygen is deficient.
 Glycolysis
means ‘splitting of sugar’. It takes
place in all organisms, in the cytoplasm of
the cell. It is the first stage of respiration—
both aerobic and anaerobic. After glycolysis,
its product (private) gets converted into
different compounds depending on whether
further reactions take place in the presence
or absence of oxygen.
 Glycolysis
is the last energy-producing stage
in case oxygen is absent or in low supply, and
in cells that lack mitochondria. After
glycolysis, further anaerobic reactions
produce different products like lactic acid or
ethanol (ethyl alcohol) in different
situations.
 This step completes the anaerobic
respiration of glucose. Anaerobic respiration
resulting in the formation of these products
is also called fermentation.
 In
a low supply of oxygen, yeast converts
pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Certain bacteria (which lack mitochondria)
convert pyruvate to lactic acid. When our
muscles are overworked, blood is unable to
supply oxygen fast enough for producing
energy through aerobic means. In this lowoxygen condition pyruvate gets converted to
lactic acid. Accumulation of excess lactic
acid in the muscles causes pain.
 In
aerobic respiration, a different path is
followed after glycolysis. In the presence of
oxygen, in cells that have mitochondria,
pyruvate is oxidized further in a number of
steps to produce more energy, carbon
dioxide and water
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The complete oxidation of food yielding carbon dioxide, water and
energy in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration.
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Aerobic respiration takes place inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis,
pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is oxidized in a series of reactions.
The products of these reactions include ATP, carbon dioxide and water.
The number of molecules of ATP formed in aerobic respiration is 38.
Hence the energy made available is much greater than in the case of
anaerobic respiration.
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Inside the mitochondria, when an inorganic phosphate group (PO 3-4,
represented here as Pi) gets attached to a compound called ADP
(adenosine diphosphate), a molecule of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is
formed.
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ADP + Pi →ATP
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The bond holding the last (terminal) phosphate group is easily broken
when ATP reacts with water. In the process, energy is produced. This
energy is used to drive cellular processes that are endothermic (i.e.,
processes that absorb energy). Processes like protein synthesis,
contraction of muscles, etc., get energy from ATP.
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Plants obtain the gases they need
through
their
leaves.
They
require
oxygen
for
respirationand carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis.
The gases diffuse into the intercellular
spaces of the leaf through pores,
which are normally on the underside
of the leaf - stomata. From these
spaces they will diffuse into the cells
that require them.
Stomatal opening and closing depends
on changes in the turgor of the guard
cells. When water flows into the guard
cells by osmosis, their turgor increases
and they expand. Due to the relatively
inelastic inner wall, the guard cells
bend and draw away from each other,
so the pore opens. If the guard cells
loose water the opposite happens and
the pore closes. The guard cells lower
their water potential to draw in water
from the surrounding epidermal cells,
by actively accumulating potassium
ions. This requires energy in the form
of ATP which, is supplied by the
chloroplasts in the guard cells.
 Respiration
occurs throughout the day and
night, providing the plant with a supply of
energy. Photosynthesis can only occur during
sunlight hours so it stops at night. A product
of respiration is carbon dioxide.
 This can be used directly by the plant in
photosynthesis.
 However, during the day, photosynthesis can
be going 10 or even 20 times faster than
respiration (depending on light intensity), so
the stomata must stay open so that the plant
has enough carbon dioxide, most of which
diffuses in from the external atmosphere.
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The research is very clear that breathing
exercises (e.g. pranayama breathing) can
enhance parasympathetic (inhibit neural
responses) tone, decrease sympathetic
(excitatory) nervous activity, improve respiratory
and cardiovascular function, decrease the
effects of stress, and improve physical and
mental health (Pal, Velkumary, and
Madanmohan, 2004). Health and fitness
professionals can utilize this knowledge and
regularly incorporate proper slow breathing
exercises with their students and clients in their
classes and training sessions.
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Smokers not only increase their risk of lung disease,
including lung cancer, but they also increase their risk
of other illnesses, including heart disease, stroke,
and oral (mouth) cancer. Risks from smoking, as they
relate to lung disease, include the following:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
which includes:
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Chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis, a long-term
inflammation of the bronchi (large airways), is
characterized by coughing mucus over a long period.
Emphysema. Emphysema, a chronic lung condition that
affects the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli), is
characterized by shortness of breath, coughing, fatigue,
sleep and heart problems, weight loss, and depression.
 Lung
cancer. Lung cancer, an
abnormal, growth of cells that can result in
lumps, masses, or tumors, It may start in the
lining of the bronchi (large airways), or other
areas of the respiratory system. Symptoms of
lung cancer include a cough, chest pain,
shortness of breath, wheezing, recurring lung
infections, bloody or rust-colored