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BIOLOGY FOR CLASS IX Respiration Class IX Content Adenosine Tri phosphate Formation Respiration And Breathing Cellular Respiration Aerobic Respiration An Aerobic Respiration Importance Of Aerobic Respiration Combustion, Respiration And Photosynthesis Gaseous Exchange In Plant Stomata Gaseous Exchange In Plant Effect Of Exercise On The Rate And Depth Of Breathing And Its Relation To Energy Requirements Disorders Of Respiratory System And Health Risk Associate With Cigarette Smoking. All the living organism require the energy Source is ATPs Found in mitochondria(power house) ATP consist of adenine and ribose(5 carbon sugar). Adenine + ribose adenosine Adenosine + phosphate group ATP ATP energy is proceed by the metabolism process. Energy comes by oxidation of food ADP collect this energy and converted in ATP. A mole of glucose has (673k cal)energy. ATP-ADP cycle ATP energy ADP energy Adenosine Tri phosphate (ATP), an energy-bearing molecule found in all living cells. Formation of nucleic acids, transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and many other energy-consuming reactions of metabolism are made possible by the energy in ATP molecules. The energy in ATP is obtained from the breakdown of foods. The process in living organisms of taking in oxygen from the surroundings and giving out carbon dioxide (external respiration). In terrestrial animals this is effected by breathing air. Cellular respiration also called tissue respiration takes place within the cell. Aerobic means “with air”. This type of respiration needs oxygen for it to occur so it is called aerobic respiration. The word equation for aerobic respiration is: Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy The chemical equation is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2900 kJ/mol It is important that you learn both the word and chemical equation. It take place in the absence of free oxygen the food is (break down) partially. Our muscles need oxygen and glucose to respire aerobically and produce the energy they require, these are carried to the muscle via the blood. However if we were to carry out forceful exercise our heart and lungs would not be able to get sufficient oxygen to our muscles in order for them to respire. In this case muscles carry out anaerobic respiration. The word and chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in is: Glucose Glucose plant in animal Ethanol + Carbon di oxide + Energy(2827k.J) Lactic acid +Energy (150 kj) Fermentation(Fungi and bacteria commonly use). Produce Ethyl alcohol which is used in beer, wine and vinegar, growing of tea leaves and tobacco and preparation of cheese , yoghurt and bread. Human muscle cells make ATP by lactic acid fermentation when oxygen is deficient. Glycolysis means ‘splitting of sugar’. It takes place in all organisms, in the cytoplasm of the cell. It is the first stage of respiration— both aerobic and anaerobic. After glycolysis, its product (private) gets converted into different compounds depending on whether further reactions take place in the presence or absence of oxygen. Glycolysis is the last energy-producing stage in case oxygen is absent or in low supply, and in cells that lack mitochondria. After glycolysis, further anaerobic reactions produce different products like lactic acid or ethanol (ethyl alcohol) in different situations. This step completes the anaerobic respiration of glucose. Anaerobic respiration resulting in the formation of these products is also called fermentation. In a low supply of oxygen, yeast converts pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide. Certain bacteria (which lack mitochondria) convert pyruvate to lactic acid. When our muscles are overworked, blood is unable to supply oxygen fast enough for producing energy through aerobic means. In this lowoxygen condition pyruvate gets converted to lactic acid. Accumulation of excess lactic acid in the muscles causes pain. In aerobic respiration, a different path is followed after glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, in cells that have mitochondria, pyruvate is oxidized further in a number of steps to produce more energy, carbon dioxide and water The complete oxidation of food yielding carbon dioxide, water and energy in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration takes place inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis, pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is oxidized in a series of reactions. The products of these reactions include ATP, carbon dioxide and water. The number of molecules of ATP formed in aerobic respiration is 38. Hence the energy made available is much greater than in the case of anaerobic respiration. Inside the mitochondria, when an inorganic phosphate group (PO 3-4, represented here as Pi) gets attached to a compound called ADP (adenosine diphosphate), a molecule of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is formed. ADP + Pi →ATP The bond holding the last (terminal) phosphate group is easily broken when ATP reacts with water. In the process, energy is produced. This energy is used to drive cellular processes that are endothermic (i.e., processes that absorb energy). Processes like protein synthesis, contraction of muscles, etc., get energy from ATP. Plants obtain the gases they need through their leaves. They require oxygen for respirationand carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. The gases diffuse into the intercellular spaces of the leaf through pores, which are normally on the underside of the leaf - stomata. From these spaces they will diffuse into the cells that require them. Stomatal opening and closing depends on changes in the turgor of the guard cells. When water flows into the guard cells by osmosis, their turgor increases and they expand. Due to the relatively inelastic inner wall, the guard cells bend and draw away from each other, so the pore opens. If the guard cells loose water the opposite happens and the pore closes. The guard cells lower their water potential to draw in water from the surrounding epidermal cells, by actively accumulating potassium ions. This requires energy in the form of ATP which, is supplied by the chloroplasts in the guard cells. Respiration occurs throughout the day and night, providing the plant with a supply of energy. Photosynthesis can only occur during sunlight hours so it stops at night. A product of respiration is carbon dioxide. This can be used directly by the plant in photosynthesis. However, during the day, photosynthesis can be going 10 or even 20 times faster than respiration (depending on light intensity), so the stomata must stay open so that the plant has enough carbon dioxide, most of which diffuses in from the external atmosphere. The research is very clear that breathing exercises (e.g. pranayama breathing) can enhance parasympathetic (inhibit neural responses) tone, decrease sympathetic (excitatory) nervous activity, improve respiratory and cardiovascular function, decrease the effects of stress, and improve physical and mental health (Pal, Velkumary, and Madanmohan, 2004). Health and fitness professionals can utilize this knowledge and regularly incorporate proper slow breathing exercises with their students and clients in their classes and training sessions. Smokers not only increase their risk of lung disease, including lung cancer, but they also increase their risk of other illnesses, including heart disease, stroke, and oral (mouth) cancer. Risks from smoking, as they relate to lung disease, include the following: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) which includes: Chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis, a long-term inflammation of the bronchi (large airways), is characterized by coughing mucus over a long period. Emphysema. Emphysema, a chronic lung condition that affects the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli), is characterized by shortness of breath, coughing, fatigue, sleep and heart problems, weight loss, and depression. Lung cancer. Lung cancer, an abnormal, growth of cells that can result in lumps, masses, or tumors, It may start in the lining of the bronchi (large airways), or other areas of the respiratory system. Symptoms of lung cancer include a cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, recurring lung infections, bloody or rust-colored