Download Get Ready to Read (cont.)

The Rise of Rome
Chapter Introduction
Section 1 Rome’s Beginning
Section 2 The Roman Republic
Section 3 The Fall of the Republic
Section 4 The Early Empire
Reading Review
Chapter Assessment
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
The Rise of Rome
Chapter Objectives
• Explain how Rome became a republic.
• Describe how Rome gained control of
the Mediterranean region.
• Explain how the failure of the republic led
to the creation of a Roman Empire.
• Relate how military and political reforms
made Rome rich and prosperous.
The Rise of Rome
Rome’s Beginnings
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section describes the beginnings of
Rome, the founding of the republic, and
early conquests.
Rome’s Beginnings
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Geography played an important role in
the rise of Roman civilization.
• The Romans created a republic and
conquered Italy. By treating people
fairly, they built Rome from a small city
into a great power.
Rome’s Beginnings
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Sicily (SIH·suh·lee)
• Apennines (A·puh·NYNZ)
• Latium (LAY·shee·uhm)
• Tiber River (TY·buhr)
• Etruria (ih·TRUR·ee·uh)
Rome’s Beginnings
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Meeting People
• Romulus (RAHM·yuh·luhs)
• Remus (REE·muhs)
• Aeneas (ih·NEE·uhs)
• Latins (LA·tuhnz)
• Etruscans (ih·TRUHS·kuhnz)
• Tarquins (TAHR·kwihnz)
Rome’s Beginnings
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• republic (rih·PUH·blihk)
• legion (LEE·juhn)
Reading Strategy
Summarizing Information Use a
diagram like the one on page 262 of your
textbook to show how the Etruscans
affected the development of Rome.
Rome’s Beginnings
The Origins of Rome
• Italy is a boot-shaped country in the
Mediterranean.
• The toe of the boot points toward the
island of Sicily.
• The Alps are mountains at Italy’s
northern border, and the Apennines is a
mountain range that extends through
Italy from north to south.
• Italy’s terrain was easier to farm than
the terrain of Greece, so Italy could
support more people.
(pages 263–265)
Rome’s Beginnings
The Origins of Rome (cont.)
• The Latins built the city of Rome on the
plain of Latium.
• Rome was located in central Italy on the
Tiber River.
• Two stories tell about Rome’s
beginning: the legend of Remus and
Romulus and the tale of Aeneas and his
Trojan followers.
(pages 263–265)
Rome’s Beginnings
The Origins of Rome (cont.)
• The Greeks and the Etruscans
influenced the Roman way of life.
• The Etruscans were skilled metal workers
who helped shape Roman civilization.
• The Etruscan army was the
model for the Roman army.
(pages 263–265)
Rome’s Beginnings
How did the Greeks influence the
Romans?
The Greeks taught the Romans how
to grow grapes and olives. They
also taught the Romans their
alphabet. Roman architecture,
sculpture, and literature was also
modeled after the Greeks.
Rome’s Beginnings
The Birth of a Republic
• The Tarquins were leaders of the
Etruscan-ruled Rome.
• After 100 years under the Tarquins, the
Romans rebelled against Etruscan
rulers.
• The Romans established a republic.
• In a republic, the leader is not a king or
queen but someone voted into office by
citizens.
(pages 265–267)
Rome’s Beginnings
The Birth of a Republic (cont.)
• Rome had a large,
powerful army made
up of excellent,
disciplined soldiers.
• Roads connected all
of Rome’s military
settlements.
(pages 265–267)
Rome’s Beginnings
The Birth of a Republic (cont.)
• The Roman Confederation gave full
citizenship to some people, who could
vote and serve in government.
• Romans gave others
the status of allies,
which meant they
could rule their own
local affairs.
(pages 265–267)
Rome’s Beginnings
What was the benefit of organizing
soldiers into legions?
Smaller bands of troops were easier
to maneuver than one large army.
Rome’s Beginnings
Where did the Greeks live in Italy,
and how did they influence Roman
civilization?
Greeks colonized southern Italy and
Sicily. They passed on farming
methods, sculpture, literature, and an
alphabet.
Rome’s Beginnings
Describe the two legends that tell of
the founding of Rome. Then
describe how and when Rome was
actually founded.
The legend of Romulus and Remus
and the Aeneas story. Rome was
probably founded by Latins in c.
700s B.C.
Rome’s Beginnings
Summarize Describe the Roman
conquest of Italy.
Rome defeated remaining Latins
and then Etruscans and Greeks.
Rome’s Beginnings
Compare and Contrast How did
geography affect the development of
civilization in Greece and Italy?
Italy is less rugged than Greece, so
people are not separated from each
other. Italy’s better farmland
supports more people.
Rome’s Beginnings
Expository Writing Write a short
essay discussing the reasons Rome
was so successful in its conquest of
Italy.
Answers will vary.
Rome’s Beginnings
Identify the rights held by Roman citizens.
The Roman Republic
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section describes the Roman
Republic’s political development and the
defeat of Carthage.
The Roman Republic
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Rome’s republic was shaped by a
struggle between wealthy landowners
and regular citizens as it gradually
expanded the right to vote.
• Rome slowly destroyed the Carthaginian
Empire and took control of the entire
Mediterranean region.
The Roman Republic
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Carthage (KAHR·thihj)
• Cannae (KA·nee)
• Zama (ZAY·muh)
Meeting People
• Cincinnatus (SIHN·suh·NA·tuhs)
• Hannibal (HA·nuh·buhl)
• Scipio (SIH·pee·OH)
The Roman Republic
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• patrician (puh·TRIH·shuhn)
• plebeian (plih·BEE·uhn)
• consul (KAHN·suhl)
• veto (VEE·toh)
• praetor (PREE·tuhr)
• dictator (DIHK·TAY·tuhr)
The Roman Republic
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Categorizing Information Create a chart
like the one on page 268 of your textbook.
List the government officials and
legislative bodies of the Roman Republic.
The Roman Republic
Rome’s Government
• Patricians and plebeians were the two
classes of people in Rome.
• Top government officials were called
consuls.
• Another important group of officials
were the praetors.
• The Senate was the most important
lawmaking body.
(pages 269–273)
The Roman Republic
Rome’s Government (cont.)
• Another important legislative body was
the Assembly of Centuries.
• Plebeians challenged the class system
by going on strike.
• The Romans then allowed the plebeians
to set up their own legislative group
called the Council of the Plebes.
• Today, a dictator is an oppressive ruler.
(pages 269–273)
The Roman Republic
Rome’s Government (cont.)
• In the Roman Republic, a dictator was a
person who served the people and ruled
temporarily during emergencies.
• Cincinnatus, the best-known early
Roman dictator, led an army of men to
defeat a powerful enemy.
• The Twelve Tables were Rome’s first
code of laws.
• They were the basis of all future Roman
laws.
(pages 269–273)
The Roman Republic
Rome’s Government (cont.)
• The Law of Nations was created to
address issues of conquered peoples.
• The rule of law is the idea that laws
should apply to everyone equally.
(pages 269–273)
The Roman Republic
How are modern dictators different
from the Roman dictators?
Roman dictators were appointed by the
Senate in times of great danger. When
the danger was over, the dictators gave up
their power. Modern dictators often seize
power, frequently using military force.
They do not often give up their power
voluntarily, instead ruling until they are
removed from office by force.
The Roman Republic
Rome Expands
• Carthage, a state on the coast of North
Africa, was a powerful enemy of Rome.
• The First Punic War began as a dispute
between Rome and Carthage over the
island of Sicily.
• The war continued for 20 years before
Rome won.
• The Second Punic War began after
Carthage expanded into Spain.
(pages 274–276)
The Roman Republic
Rome Expands (cont.)
• Rome helped the people of Spain rebel.
• Hannibal was a great Carthaginian
general who fought in the Second Punic
War.
• At the Battle of Cannae, Hannibal’s
forces overpowered the Romans.
• The Roman general Scipio led his
forces to defeat the Carthaginians at the
Battle of Zama.
(pages 274–276)
The Roman Republic
Rome Expands (cont.)
• Rome destroyed Carthage in the Third
Punic War.
• Rome also took
all of Greece
and Macedonia
and parts of
Africa during
the Punic Wars.
(pages 274–276)
The Roman Republic
Why did Rome create a navy?
Carthage was a great sea power.
To beat the Carthaginians, the
Romans had to build a great naval
fleet.
The Roman Republic
Who were the top government
officials in the Roman Republic, and
what were their duties?
Consuls were the top government
officials, praetors, tribunes. Consuls
headed armies and ran the state.
Praetors served as judges, and
tribunes represented the plebeians.
The Roman Republic
What does mare nostrum mean, and
why did the Romans use the term?
It means “our sea.” The Romans
controlled the Mediterranean Sea.
The Roman Republic
Geography Skills Where was
Carthage located, and why did it
compete with Rome?
Carthage was located on the coast
of North Africa and was a trading
rival of Rome.
The Roman Republic
Summarize What other conquests
did Rome carry out during the period
of the Punic Wars?
Rome conquered Macedonia,
Greece, and Asia Minor.
The Roman Republic
Evaluate Why do you think the
legacy of Roman law is considered
so important?
Roman law led to the principles that
law protects citizens’ rights, that a
person is innocent until proven guilty,
and that a judge must look at
evidence carefully before making a
decision.
The Roman Republic
Persuasive Writing Write a speech
demanding equal rights for
plebeians in the early republic.
Answers will vary but should be
based on the text.
The Roman Republic
Summarize the expansion of the Roman
Empire.
The Fall of the Republic
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section describes the events that led
to the end of the Roman Republic.
The Fall of the Republic
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• The use of enslaved labor hurt farmers,
increased poverty and corruption, and
brought the army into politics.
• Military hero Julius Caesar seized
power and made reforms.
• The Roman Republic, weakened by civil
wars, became an empire under
Augustus.
The Fall of the Republic
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Rubicon (ROO·bih·KAHN)
• Actium (AK·shee·uhm)
Meeting People
•
•
•
•
•
Julius Caesar (jool·yuhs SEE·zuhr)
Octavian (ahk·TAY·vee·uhn)
Antony (AN·tuh·nee)
Cicero (SIH·suh·ROH)
Augustus (aw·GUHS·tuhs)
The Fall of the Republic
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• latifundia (LA·tuh·FUHN·dee·uh)
• triumvirate (try·UHM·vuh·ruht)
Reading Strategy
Finding the Main Idea Complete a chart
like the one on page 277 of your textbook
to identify the main ideas of Section 3 and
supporting details.
The Fall of the Republic
Trouble in the Republic
• The gap between the rich patricians and
the poor plebeians grew, and farmers
especially suffered.
• Latifunda were large farming estates
created when wealthy Romans bought
small farms.
• Farmers
whose land
had been
bought
traveled to
cities to try to find jobs.
(pages 278–279)
The Fall of the Republic
Trouble in the Republic (cont.)
• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
were two wealthy brothers who
tried to reform government.
They were killed.
• Marius, a former military leader,
was appointed counsel and promised
land to poor men if they became soldiers.
• Sulla drove Marius out of Rome,
declared himself dictator, and spent three
years reforming government before
resigning from office.
(pages 278–279)
The Fall of the Republic
What happened after Sulla stepped
down from office?
Men who saw Sulla gain power by
using an army decided to follow the
same path, and civil wars broke out.
The Fall of the Republic
Julius Caesar
• A triumvirate is a political alliance of
three people.
• Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey
formed a triumvirate after Sulla left
office.
(pages 280–281)
The Fall of the Republic
Julius Caesar (cont.)
• Julius Caesar marched on Rome and
defeated Pompey’s forces after Crassus
died in battle.
• Caesar declared himself dictator of
Rome for life and made many changes
to Rome.
• The Julian calendar was created during
Caesar’s rule.
(pages 280–281)
The Fall of the Republic
Julius Caesar (cont.)
• This calendar was changed slightly in
A.D. 1582, but is basically still in use
today.
• Caesar had many enemies as well as
supporters.
• His enemies plotted to kill him and
succeeded on March 15, called the
“Ides of March.”
(pages 280–281)
The Fall of the Republic
What is the origin of the phrase
“crossing the Rubicon” and what
does it mean?
The phrase refers to Caesar’s return
to Italy. By crossing the Rubicon,
Caesar knew he would begin a civil
war and that he would either be
victorious or be destroyed. Today it
means passing a point of no return.
The Fall of the Republic
Rome Becomes an Empire
• Octavian was Caesar’s grandnephew,
who had inherited Caesar’s wealth.
• Antony and Lepidus were two of
Caesar’s top generals.
• Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed
the Second Triumvirate, although the
triumvirate began to quarrel
immediately.
• Antony fell in love with Cleopatra VII
and formed an alliance with her.
(pages 282–283)
The Fall of the Republic
Rome Becomes an Empire (cont.)
• Octavian declared war on Antony to
keep him from taking over the republic.
• Octavian defeated Antony and
Cleopatra’s forces at the Battle of
Actium.
(pages 282–283)
The Fall of the Republic
Rome Becomes an Empire (cont.)
• Cicero was a political leader, writer,
and public speaker who favored
representative government and
supported Octavian.
• Octavian restored the republic with
some reforms and took the title
Augustus, meaning “revered one.”
• This began the Roman Empire.
(pages 282–283)
The Fall of the Republic
How was Octavian like Caesar?
How was he different?
Like Caesar, Octavian declared
himself ruler for life. However, he
also knew that many people favored
a republic. Octavian reformed
government so that a Senate with
limited power existed while he
remained in charge.
The Fall of the Republic
What is a triumvirate?
a political alliance of three people
The Fall of the Republic
Who was Cicero, and how did he
influence the writers of the United
States Constitution?
Cicero was a political leader whose
ideas on a representative
government with limited powers
influenced the U.S. Constitution.
The Fall of the Republic
Summarize What reforms did the
Gracchus brothers suggest?
The Gracchus brothers wanted the
government to take back public land
and give it to landless farmers.
Landholding senators opposed their
proposals.
The Fall of the Republic
Analyze What was the “bread and
circuses” policy, and how did
Roman politicians benefit from it?
The “bread and circuses” policy was
the use of cheap food and free
entertainment to win support from
the poor.
The Fall of the Republic
Analyze What reforms did Julius
Caesar put in place that increased
his popularity with poor and
working-class Romans?
Caesar provided land for the poor
and created new jobs. He also
ordered landholders to hire more
free workers.
The Fall of the Republic
Persuasive Writing Imagine you
are a Roman citizen. Decide
whether you would have been for or
against Julius Caesar’s rise to
power and his reforms. Then write
a newspaper editorial explaining
your views. Be sure to include facts
to support your opinions.
Your editorial should include facts
to support your opinions.
The Fall of the Republic
Describe the transition from the Roman
Republic to the Roman Empire.
The Early Empire
Get Ready to Read
Section Overview
This section describes the expansion and
contributions of the Roman Empire.
The Early Empire
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• By expanding the empire and
reorganizing the military and
government, Augustus created
a new era of prosperity.
• Rome’s system of roads, aqueducts,
ports, and common currency made the
empire rich and prosperous.
The Early Empire
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Locating Places
• Rhine River (RYN)
• Danube River (DAN·YOOB)
• Puteoli (pyu·TEE·uh·LY)
• Ostia (AHS·tee·uh)
Meeting People
• Caligula (kuh·LIH·gyuh·luh)
• Nero (NEE·roh)
• Hadrian (HAY·dree·uhn)
The Early Empire
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• Pax Romana (pahks roh·MAH·nah)
• aqueduct (A·kwuh·DUHKT)
• currency (KUHR·uhn·see)
Reading Strategy
Cause and Effect Use a chart like the
one on page 286 of your textbook to show
the changes Augustus made in the Roman
Empire and the effect of each change.
The Early Empire
The Emperor Augustus
• The Pax Romana is the long era of
peace that began with Augustus.
• Augustus built a permanent,
professional army and created a special
guard called the Praetorian Guard, who
guarded him.
• Augustus restored Rome’s splendor and
fed the hungry poor of Rome with
imported grain.
(pages 287–288)
The Early Empire
The Emperor Augustus (cont.)
• Augustus appointed a proconsul, or
governor, for each province, replacing
politicians appointed by the Senate.
• Augustus reformed the tax system by
making tax collectors permanent
workers, and he reformed the legal
system by creating a set of laws for
people who were not citizens.
• The Julio-Claudian emperors were the
rulers who followed Augustus: Tiberius,
Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. (pages 287–288)
The Early Empire
The Emperor Augustus (cont.)
• Caligula and Nero were cruel leaders,
and Tiberius and Claudius were
competent rulers.
(pages 287–288)
The Early Empire
What lands did Augustus conquer
during his reign?
Augustus’s army conquered Spain,
Gaul, and lands today known as
Austria, Hungary, Romania, and
Bulgaria.
The Early Empire
Unity and Prosperity
• Vespasian restored order to Rome after
the chaos following Nero’s death.
• The Jewish temple in Jerusalem was
destroyed by Vespasian’s armies in the
effort to put down a Jewish rebellion.
• Mount Vesuvius erupted and destroyed
the city of Pompeii in A.D. 79.
• The rulers known as the good emperors
were Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus
Pius, and Marcus Aurelius.
(pages 290–294)
The Early Empire
Unity and Prosperity (cont.)
• The Roman Empire flourished under
their rule.
• Aqueducts are human-made water
channels for carrying water long
distances.
• They were created during the prosperous
times of the good emperors.
• The Roman Empire became one of the
largest empires in history during the
reign of the good emperors. (pages 290–294)
The Early Empire
Unity and Prosperity (cont.)
• The different people of the Roman
Empire were united by Roman law,
Roman rule, and their shared identity as
Romans.
• Most people were farmers who grew
olives, grapes, and grain.
• Other people were artisans who traded
with others inside and outside the Roman
Empire.
(pages 290–294)
The Early Empire
Unity and Prosperity (cont.)
• Roads and currency—a system of
money—were important to the
prosperous trade that developed.
• A gap existed between rich merchants,
shopkeepers, and skilled workers and
poor farmers and city dwellers.
(pages 290–294)
The Early Empire
Why were aqueducts important?
The aqueducts were the source of
water for most people in Rome.
The Early Empire
What was the Pax Romana?
a period of peace and prosperity
lasting 200 years
The Early Empire
What products came from the farms
of Italy, Gaul, and Spain?
grapes and olives
The Early Empire
Sequencing Information Describe
the sequence of emperors who ruled
Rome, from Augustus through the
“Good Emperors.”
Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula,
Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, Titus,
Domitian, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian,
Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius
The Early Empire
Analyze Why was Rome’s creation
of a common currency important?
A common Roman currency
advanced trade throughout the
empire.
The Early Empire
Evaluate Who do you think was a
more important leader, Julius
Caesar or Augustus? Explain.
Answers will vary. You may note
that Julius Caesar conquered new
territories. Augustus became the
first emperor and carried out many
improvements.
The Early Empire
Creative Writing Write a short play
in which several Roman citizens
discuss one of the emperors
mentioned in this section and his
accomplishments.
Plays should note accomplishments
based on the text.
The Early Empire
Discuss the influence of geography and
the sea on Roman trade.
The Rise of Rome
Section 1: Rome’s Beginnings
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Geography played an important role in
the rise of Roman civilization.
• The Romans created a republic and
conquered Italy. By treating people
fairly, they built Rome from a small city
into a great power.
The Rise of Rome
Section 2: The Roman Republic
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Rome’s republic was shaped by a
struggle between wealthy landowners
and regular citizens as it gradually
expanded the right to vote.
• Rome slowly destroyed the Carthaginian
Empire and took control of the entire
Mediterranean region.
The Rise of Rome
Section 3: The Fall of the Republic
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• The use of enslaved labor hurt farmers,
increased poverty and corruption, and
brought the army into politics.
• Military hero Julius Caesar seized power
and made reforms.
• The Roman Republic, weakened by civil
wars, became an empire under
Augustus.
The Rise of Rome
Section 4: The Early Empire
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• By expanding the empire and
reorganizing the military and
government, Augustus created a new era
of prosperity.
• Rome’s system of roads, aqueducts,
ports, and common currency made the
empire rich and prosperous.
The Rise of Rome
Review Vocabulary
Define Match the vocabulary words with the definitions.
__
D 1. A ___ is a form of
government in which the
citizens choose their
leader.
__
B 2. ___ included artisans
and shopkeepers.
__
C 3. The judge in a Roman
court case was a ___ .
__
A 4. In early Rome, the role
of ___ lasted only until a
crisis had passed.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
dictator
plebeians
praetor
republic
latifundia
aqueduct
The Rise of Rome
Review Vocabulary
Define Match the vocabulary words with the definitions.
__
E 5. Large farming estates
that used enslaved
people to tend crops
were called ___ .
__
F 6. A(n) ___ was a humanmade channel for
carrying water.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
dictator
plebeians
praetor
republic
latifundia
aqueduct
The Rise of Rome
Review Main Ideas
Section 1 Rome’s Beginnings
Describe the role geography played
in the rise of Roman civilization.
Rome grew because it was centrally
located on the Italian peninsula,
near the Mediterranean Sea.
The Rise of Rome
Review Main Ideas
Section 1 Rome’s Beginnings
How did treating people fairly help
Rome to increase its power?
Treating conquered people fairly
inspired loyalty to the Roman
government.
The Rise of Rome
Review Main Ideas
Section 2 Roman Republic
How did the roles of patricians and
plebeians differ in Roman society?
Patricians were the upper class and
plebeians were the lower class.
The Rise of Rome
Review Main Ideas
Section 2 Roman Republic
Explain how Rome gradually
defeated the Carthaginians.
Rome developed a navy and
eventually attacked Carthage.
The Rise of Rome
Review Main Ideas
Section 3 The Fall of the Republic
How did slavery weaken the Roman
Republic?
Slaves began to work the farms and
forced farmers out of business.
The Rise of Rome
Review Main Ideas
Section 3 The Fall of the Republic
How did Augustus change the
Roman Republic?
He replaced it with an empire.
The Rise of Rome
Review Main Ideas
Section 4 The Early Empire
Was Augustus a successful ruler?
Why?
Yes.
List Augustus’s accomplishments.
The Rise of Rome
Review Main Ideas
Section 4 The Early Empire
How did the Roman Empire change
during the Pax Romana?
It grew larger and wealthier.
The Rise of Rome
Compare In the chapter,
Cincinnatus is compared to George
Washington. Think of another
person or character who is similar
to Cincinnatus. Explain how they
are similar.
Answers will vary.
The Rise of Rome
Explain Why did Caesar fight
Pompey?
Answers will vary.
The Rise of Rome
Predict What do you think would
have happened if Hadrian had tried
to further expand the Roman
Empire?
Answers will vary, but you should
note the fact that the empire had
become so large that it was hard
to defend.
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser
and go to the Journey Across Time Web site. Click
on Chapter 8-Chapter Overviews to preview
information about this chapter. When you finish
exploring, exit the browser program to return to this
presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting
to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser
and go to http://www.jat.glencoe.com
Maps
Italy 500 B.C.
Growth of the Roman Republic 500–146 B.C.
The Punic Wars 264–146 B.C.
The Roman Empire: Trade and Expansion
Charts
The Julio-Claudian Emperors
The “Good Emperors” of the Pax Romana
Click on a hyperlink to view the
corresponding slides.
Click the map to view an interactive version.
Click the map to view an interactive version.
Click the map to view an interactive version.
Rome’s Beginnings
At the height of their rule, the Etruscans had
established three major cities: Cere, Tarquinia, and
Vulci. Etruscan cities and culture were taken over
by the Romans.
The Roman Republic
After the Second Punic War, Hannibal fled to lands
of foreign kings to evade the Romans. The
Romans twice demanded Hannibal be turned over
to them. Hannibal finally committed suicide rather
surrender to the Romans.
The Fall of the Republic
Julius Caesar was born to a patrician family.
According to myth, Julius’ ancestor was the
goddess Venus.
The Early Empire
The first fire brigade, or fire department, was created
by Augustus.
Reading Social Studies
Learn It!
Note Taking
Did you know that when you take notes, you
remember more than three-fourths of the
information you recorded? That is why it is
important to learn to take careful notes as you are
reading. Read the paragraph from Section 3 on
the following slide.
Reading Social Studies
Trouble in the Republic
Rome’s armies were victorious
wherever they went. Yet problems were
building at home. Dishonest officials
stole money, and the gap between rich
and poor was growing. Thousands of
farmers faced ruin, and the cities were
becoming overcrowded and dangerous.
Here is one method of note taking
for the above paragraph.
Main Topic
—from page 278
Important Details
Republic’s Problems 1. dishonest officials
2. gap between rich and poor
3. farmers faced ruin
4. cities overcrowded
Reading Social Studies
Practice It!
Make a T-Chart
Read the first few pages of Section 2 in Chapter 8 of
your textbook, and use this T-chart as a guide to help
you practice taking notes.
Main Topic
Important Details
Rome’s government
1.
2.
Social groups in Rome 1.
2.
Roman law
1.
2.
The Rise of Rome
Introduction
Rome’s Beginnings
The Roman Republic
The Fall of the Republic
The Early Empire
The Aeneid
A Roman Triumph
Cicero Calls for War
Focus on Everyday Life
Roman Dinner Parties
Before Rome became a powerful empire, Romans ate simple
meals of porridge, dried vegetables, and greens. People
rarely ate meat or seafood. After Rome’s conquests, the
dining habits of wealthy Romans changed. Newly rich
Romans showed off their wealth with expensive feasts that
included exotic foods and lively entertainment for their guests.
At Roman dinner parties, guests reclined on couches. The
enslaved servants served the food, which
would be carried into the banquet room
on great silver platters. Roman dishes
might include boiled stingray garnished
with hot raisins; boiled crane with turnips;
or roast flamingo cooked with dates,
onions, honey, and wine.
Connecting to the Past
1. Whose eating habits changed after Rome
became wealthy and powerful?
the newly rich Romans
2. Describe how their eating habits changed.
Wealthy Romans ate costly feasts and
entertained guests while reclining on
couches.
Science and Inventions
Roman Aqueducts
Transporting water is a complex problem. Roman engineers
solved it by building aqueducts. Roman aqueducts carried
water across a valley or hillside using gravity, aboveground
stone arches, and underground pipes made of stone or clay.
Between 312 B.C. and A.D. 226, 11 aqueducts were built to
bring water to Rome from as far away as 57 miles. Once the
water made it to Rome, it was held in collecting tanks. Most
people gathered water from these public tanks. Only the rich
and high ranking officials had private water tanks in their
homes. Many Roman aqueducts still stand and are used
today. Engineers in ancient Persia, India, and Egypt built
similar water systems hundreds of years before the Romans.
However, historians agree that the Romans were the greatest
aqueduct builders of the ancient world.
Connecting to the Past
1. How did the Romans transport water to the
city of Rome?
by using gravity, arches, and underground
pipes
2. Why do you think that only the
rich and powerful had private
water supplies?
It was very expensive and
complicated to pipe water to
individual homes, so only a few
could afford it.
Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus c. 519–438 B.C.
Augustus 63 B.C–A.D. 14
Chapter 8
Daily Focus Skills
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Chapter 8
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Chapter 8
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Chapter 8
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