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HEWLETT-PACKARD SPECIAL POINTS OF INTEREST: Avian flu What is a V O L U M E I S S U E 1 1 0 / 8 / 2 0 1 3 Tips to avoid In early April 2013 the World Health Organization reported the first outbreak of a new avian influenza A virus (H7N9) in China. There were 130 confirmed cases in humans and 44 people had died. Those 44 patients had documented symptoms of severe respiratory illness which ultimately lead to their death. Most of the confirmed cases have reported that they were in contact with poultry, which many believe is the source of H7N9. There have been no confirmed cases in China since the initial outbreak in April. the flue 1 , Avian Flue Outbreak virus The Flue How to tell between virus and bacteria INSIDE THIS ISSUE: Prevention and 2 Vaccination What is a Virus? 3 Virus vs. 3 Bacteria Avian flu cont. 4 How viruses 4 spread Micro Profile 5 Sources 6 The decrease in confirmed cases should not be pushed aside. Many believe that the H7N9 virus has a seasonal pattern and has a chance to infect more humans once the weather turns cold again. One cause for concern would be that the H7N9 virus does not kill the avian host and that makes tracking the virus difficult. The H7N9 virus could infect migratory birds and they could in turn infect the humans they come into contact with around the world. Many of the studies on the H7N9 virus have been limited to the poultry markets where humans came into contact with the infected birds. Experts believe that the poultry markets play a key role in the amplification of the virus and any migratory bird that visits these places has a good chance of becoming infected. Chinese authorities are urging its citizens to avoid live poultry markets since many of the birds have shown that they carry the H7N9 virus. In the documented cases of the H7N9 virus, the patients’ family members were followed to determine if the virus has developed human-human transmission. At the conclusion of this study, officials determined that the virus has not acquired the ability to transmit between humans. Although the news that the H7N9 virus is not yet transmissible between humans is reassuring, you have to remember that the virus is in its primary stage of infection. Throughout the history of avian influenza viruses, poultry infections and close human contact with these birds has resulted in outbreaks. The H5N1 virus (aka bird flu) was an outbreak in Asia from 2006-2007 where the virus spread rapidly between avian hosts. The birds that came into contact with an infected bird’s blood, feces, saliva became infected themselves. Once humans came into contact with these infected birds it resulted in 263 confirmed deaths. Although there was limited human-human transmission the outbreak still had the potential to cause more illnesses if the H5N1 virus possessed a gene that provided efficient transmission between humans. Questions? Can I be infected? How many people does the flu infect each year? How do I prevent the flu? Answers! The flu can affect one in five people if no precautions are taken. Getting vaccinated is the best precaution a person can do to prevent the flu. It is especially important for people who already have weak immune systems, diabetes, asthma, or heart diseases. With proper care and precautions such as getting vaccinated, building a germ barrier and keeping good personal hygiene, the possibility of getting the flu goes significantly down. cinated yet. There are two types of vaccines available: the flu shot, and a nasal spray called FluMist. The vaccines are developed on the expected flu strains each season including the H1N1 swine flu. The flu virus is very contagious from person to person. It is important to be cautious around possible sick people. The virus can be picked up from direct contact with or person or even touching the same object and infecting one’s self. To help prevent the transfer of the virus, there are a number of things you can do. All people six months of age and older Obtaining proper hygiene will greatly should be vaccinated as soon as the vacreduce the possible infection cine is available. Vaccine shots are priTake care to wash your hands fremarily given in the fall, but winter is also a quently and especially after pospossibility if the person has not been vacsibly touching a contaminated surface Carrying hand sanitizer or alcohol based wipes Take caution when sharing (especially utensils, glasses, or other objects that may touch your mouth) It is also important to keep your immune system at its best. Here are a few tips Eat a healthy diet Exercise routinely Get a proper nights sleep (7 to 9 hours) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PDicon.svg/64px-PD-icon.svg.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/ ReverseGeneticsFlu.svg P AGE 3 What is a Virus? http://www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/aboutmicrobiology/introducing-microbes/viruses Viruses are so small that 500 million A virus is a very small infectious agent that can infect all types of life form. They can infect human, animals, plants, and even bacteria. A virus that can infect bacteria are called bacteriophages. Viruses account for nearly 90% of infections in humans! Keep in mind though that an infection is different from a disease. can fit on the head of a pin! fect other cells. Or the virus will integrate its DNA or RNA with the host cell’s DNA and let the cell naturally divide thus creating two cells that are infected. These two processes or phases are called the lytic phase and lysogenic phase respectively. A common misconception people get is that viruses and bacteria are the same when in fact there are many differences. The many differences are their size, structure, reproduction, and treatment. Virus vs. Bacteria Differences Between Viruses and Bacteria rhinoviruses (common cold) An infection is when a foreign substance enters the body and is able to reproduce but does not make you sick while a disease is when you get sick. In order for a virus to multiple, it needs to invade a host cell. Once inside a host cell, one of two things can happen. The virus will either multiply a bunch of times until the cell bursts and the free viruses go in- Virus Bacteria Very small (20-750nm) Small (1000nm) Cannot be viewed under a light microscope Some can be seen without a microscope Needs a host cell to reproduce and survive Reproduce by binary fission Treated by anti-virals Treated by antibiotics Either has DNA or RNA Has both DNA and RNA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria T HE FLUE http:// www.armageddononline.org/ viruses.html V OLUME 1, ISSUE 1 P AGE 4 Avian Flu cont. Birds are often breeding grounds for a large variety of viruses. They can carry numerous amounts of lethal viruses that can infect humans if the come into close contact with them. But virus transmission between bird-human always stops there. Birds are often carriers of the human influenza virus and we know that this virus can spread very easily between humans. If an avian host carried the H7N9, human influenza, and another potentially lethal virus it could change the outcome of the H7N9 virus. Influenza A viruses are a genus in the family of Orthomyxoviridae virus. These type A viruses are RNA viruses and are potentially the most lethal to humans. The type A viruses can gain their virulence by reassortment of genes in the avian host. If an avian host contains at least two different influenza viruses, the RNA of both these viruses are copied in the nucleus of the host. In the nucleus there are virus particles assembled that contain specific genes from each of the influenza viruses thus undergoing reassortment. For example: Let’s say an avian host contains both the H7N9 and the human influenza virus. Both of these viruses are packaged into the nucleus, undergo reassortment, and produce new virus particles containing genes from both viruses. The new virus particles could contain one gene from the H7N9 virus that produces the lethal symptoms when humans are infected. The other gene can come from the human influenza virus that provides easy transmission between humans and the ability to survive in a human host. These new virus particles now contain key attributes that could cause a potential outbreak in humans. If a human comes into close contact with an infected bird and retains the virus; the human can now infect anybody that they come into close contact with. The cycle of infection will continue until an active How Viruses Spread It is extremely easy to catch a virus. Ways to catch a virus are through the air when someone has coughed or sneezed, touching an infected, ingesting contaminated food, sharing infected needles, exchanging body fluids, and the list goes on. One very contagious virus is the influenza virus or known as the flu. measure comes into place to limit the spread of the new H7N9 virus. http:// www.medicalnewstod ay.com/ articles/5556.php The mixing of genes in an animal host is not new to scientists. In 2009, a new virus emerged around the world called H1N1 (swine flu). This virus contained genes from avian, swine, and human viruses that underwent reassortment and infected a portion of the population. The CDC estimated that in 2009 there were 61 million cases of H1N1 worldwide that resulted in approximately 12,500 deaths. Using the H1N1 virus outbreak as a template it would not be uncommon for the H7N9 virus to have a potential outbreak during the upcoming flu season. A variety of factors still need to occur for H7N9 to be transmissible between humans but if history is any indicator we are one unlucky break from dealing with a potential outbreak. developed and 5 to 7 days after becoming sick. This is how the flu is contagious because you can infected other before you even know you have it. It can be spread by two people standing 6 feet away! Experts think that the flu is mainly spread by droplets from sick people that have coughed, sneezed, or talked. People who are infected by the flu can start infecting other people 1 http://nanobiotechnews.com/the-viruses-spread-faster-thanday before symptoms even we-thought.html http://www.docstoc.com/docs/89989941/Virus-vs-Bacteria--Feeling-Sick Microbiology Profile: Eugene Barry (1977) and also his masters in Veterinary Microbiology (1979). From there he went on to get his Ph.D. in Biology from Northeastern University in 1983. Then he came to NDSU. Here he teaches classes like Virology, Immunology, and other microbiological courses. Eugene Barry is an associate His researching interests professor here at NDSU. His are in Animal virology. Last education started at Washhe is the Director of the ington State University were VMS Graduate Programs he got his B.S. in Zoology and also an advisor for Bio- technology undergraduates. When I asked him about the flu vaccine he said, “Always get the vaccine.” He also said that there are no risks in getting the vaccine and a lot of benefits. Resources http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/health_advice/facts/virusbacteria.htm http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/disease/spread.htm http://my.clevelandclinic.org/disorders/influenza/avoid-catching-flu-viral-illnesses.aspx http://www.contac.com/cold-flu-hq/avoiding-a-cold-or-flu Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 13 Aug. 2013. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. Hui, Lu. "Experts: Be Alert of H7N9 amid Flu Seasons." - Xinhua. China Daily, 26 Sept. 2013. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. Ungchusak, K. "Probable Person-to-person Transmission of Avian Influenza A." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 24 Jan. 2005. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. Racaniello, V. "Reassortment of the Influenza Virus Genome." Virology Blog RSS. N.p., 29 June 2009. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. Updated CDC Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Cases, Hospitalizations and Deaths in the United States, April 2009 – April 10, 2010." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 14 May 2010. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. N, A. "OIE Expert Mission Finds Live Bird Markets Play a Key Role in Poultry and Human Infections with Influenza A(H7N9) : OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health." OIE Expert Mission Finds Live Bird Markets Play a Key Role in Poultry and Human Infections with Influenza A(H7N9) : OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health. OIE, 30 Apr. 2013. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.