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Name __________________________________________ NOTES – FORENSIC SCIENCE DRUGS CHAPTER 9 I. II. III. Drug Dependence a. Psychological dependence i. The conditioned use of a drug caused by underlying emotional needs b. Physical dependence i. Physiological need for a drug that has been brought about by its regular use ii. Characterized by withdrawal sickness when administration of drug is abruptly stopped Narcotic Drugs a. Narcotic = analgesic or pain-killing substance that depresses vital body functions i. From Greek word “narkotikos” which implies a state of lethargy or sluggishness ii. Relieve pain or induce sleep iii. Repeated use will produce physical dependence iv. Are analgesics so relieve pain by exerting a depressing action on central nervous system v. Examples. Morphine, codeine, heroin vi. Methadone = synthetic opiate which reduces desire for heroin with minimal side effects Depressants a. Depress the Central Nervous System i. Depressant = a substance used to depress the functions of the central nervous system. They calm irritability and may induce sleep. b. Alcohol (Ethyl alcohol) i. Reactions vary with user, but range from inhibited mental processes, slowed reaction times, personality changes, death, etc. ii. Most widely used and abused drug c. Barbituates i. Downers ii. They relax, create a feeling of well-being and produce sleep iii. Can produce physical and psychological dependence iv. Ex. Quaaludes – a sedative and muscle relaxer v. Often used in medicine and usually taken as a pill d. Tranquilizers IV. V. i. Differ from barbiturates in their action on central nervous system ii. They produce tranquility without impairment of high-thinking faculties or inducement of sleep iii. Can cause physical and psychological dependence iv. Ex. Valium e. Glue-sniffing i. Sniffing volatile solvents ii. Are central nervous system depressants iii. Feeling of exhilaration and euphoria combined with impairment of function iv. Is very dangerous but not known if actually physically addictive Stimulants a. Stimulate central nervous system b. Substance taken to increase alertness or activity c. Different forms i. Methamphetamine and Crystal Meth 1. Very prevalent today 2. Causes remarkable physical damage 3. Can be manufactured easily ii. Diet drugs 1. Commonly used 2. Many are legally obtained 3. Ex. Phen-fen; dexatrim etc. 4. Some have permanent adverse effects on the body, especially the heart d. Many are physically and psychologically addictive e. Depression may set in after stimulant wears off f. Cocaine i. Extracted from leaves of cocoa plant ii. Was once used as anesthetic iii. Widely used, physically and psychologically addictive iv. Generates confidence, increased alertness v. Sigmund Freud experimented with vi. Crack = cocaine mixed with baking soda and water, then heated, dried, and broken into chunks and smoked Hallucinogens a. Drugs that cause marked alterations in normal thought processes, perceptions and moods b. Marijuana i. From Cannibis plant 1. Secretes a sticky resin = hashish 2. Has been used legally and illegally for 3000 years 3. Grows wild – 5-15 feet tall VI. VII. VIII. 4. Chemical = THC or tetrahydrocannibinol. Amount varies among plants and within one plant a. Potency depends on its form b. Highest to lowest = resin, flowers, leaves, stems, roots, and seeds 5. May have medicinal uses such as glaucoma, lessen nausea caused by anti-cancer drugs c. Other Hallucinogens i. LSD – Lysergic acid diethylamide 1. synthesized from lysergic acid derived from ergot which is a type of fungus that attaches to certain grasses and grains 2. Described by chemist Hoffman in 1943 after he accidentally ingested some 3. Question of whether has impact on chromosomes of offspring ii. MDMA – Ecstasy 1. Originally patented as an appetite suppressant 2. Some severe adverse reactions iii. PCP – Phencyclidine 1. Synthesized 2. Often mixed with other drugs 3. Sold as Angel Dust 4. Variety of responses, many violent and aggressive iv. Psilocybin = mushrooms Anabolic Steroids a. Synthetic compounds that promote muscle growth b. Are chemically related to male hormone, testosterone c. Harmful physical side effects and may affect mood and/or behavior Drug Control Laws a. Controlled Substance Act i. 5 Schedules of classification based on drugs potential for abuse, potential for physical and psychological dependence, and medical value ii. Penalties for possession, use, sale, etc, are related to classification schedule Drug Identification a. Difficulty lies in selecting the correct analytical procedures to allow for identification b. First, employ screening tests which are non-specific and preliminary in nature c. Once the number of possibilities has been substantially reduced, the second phase of the analysis must be devoted to pin-pointing and confirming drug’s identity d. Confirmation = a single test that specifically identifies a substance e. Tests i. Color tests 1. Marquis = opium derivatives; purple 2. Dillie-Koppanyi – barbiturates; violet blue IX. 3. Duquenois-Levine – marijuana; purple 4. Van Urk – LSD; blue-purple 5. Scott Test – cocaine; blue-pink to blue ii. Microcrystalline Tests 1. Used to identify specific substances by the color and morphology of the crystals formed when the substance is mixed with reagents iii. Chromatography 1. Requires comparison between questioned and known drugs. 2. Analyst must have some idea as to the identity of illicit material before using the test. iv. Spectrophotometry 1. Selective absorption of light by drugs in the Ultraviolet (UV) and Infrared (IR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum 2. Can specifically identify a substance v. Mass Spectrophotometry 1. Combines gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometer 2. Allows examiner to separate components of complex drug mixture and unequivocally identify each substance present in the mixture vi. Identification of Marijuana 1. Possesses botanical features 2. Cystolithic hairs on leaves 3. Color test 4. Thin layer chromatography Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence a. Evidence should be properly packaged, and labeled b. Prevent loss of evidence and cross-contamination c. Supply background information