Download CELLS and MOLECULES A.1 - Structure and function of the organic

CELLS and MOLECULES
A.1 - Structure and function of the organic molecules.
What are the 5 organic molecules and what do they each do?
A.2 - The properties and functions of enzymes.
What are enzymes?
What do they do and how do they do it? How do they denature?
- Proteins
- Fragile/specific/recyclable
-
A.3 - Predict a cell's response in a given set of environmental conditions.
What happens to a cell that is placed in pure water? Why? Explain the process.
A.4 - Cells divide through the process of mitosis, resulting in daughter cells that have the same
genetic composition as the original cell.
Explain what each of the following represent?
n -> 2n,
2n -> n,
2n -> 2n
A.5 - Cell differentiation is regulated through the expression of different genes during the
development of complex multicellular organisms.
What is cell differentiation? How does it occur? What are Stem Cells?
Cells become more specific as the organism develops. Occurs through differentiation. Stem cells
are cells that have differentiated – become specific cells
**only occurs in multicellular organisms
A.f – Cells are organized into tissues, tissues into organs, and organs into systems.
A.6 - Describe how a disease is the result of a malfunctioning system, organ, and cell, and relate
this to possible treatment interventions (e.g., diabetes, cystic fibrosis, lactose intolerance).
EX: Lactose intolerance- lacking the enzyme to break down lactose. Understanding it is an enzyme issue
individuals who suffer from lactose intolerance can treat the disorder by taking LACTASE
FOOD, ENERGY, and ECOSYSTEMS
B.a - As matter cycles and energy flows through different levels of organization within living
systems (cells, organs, organisms, communities), and between living systems and the physical
environment, chemical elements are recombined into different products.
Explain the reactions of photosynthesis and respiration. Include “energy” in the
equations.
Includes carbon, water, phosphorus, nitrogen cycles etc
B.1 - Cite evidence that the transfer and transformation of matter and energy links organisms to
one another and to their physical setting.
Explain the pathway that matter and energy take to become your food.
-Cellular respiration
1. plants do photosynthesis
2. you eat plants
3. digestive system breaks down plants
4. Glucose – ATP through cellular respiration
B.b - Each recombination of matter and energy results in storage and dissipation of energy into the
environment as heat.
What is an ecological pyramid, what does it show? Draw and label one.
B.2 - Use mathematical formulas to justify the concept of an efficient diet.
What takes more land to grow, a pound of grain or a pound of beef? Why?
- Loss of energy over trophic levels
-
B.c - Continual input of energy from sunlight keeps matter and energy flowing through
ecosystems.
Predict what would happen to an ecosystem if the energy source was removed.
-source for photosynthesis
B.d - Plants take energy from light to form sugar molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen.
-glucose= c6h12o6
B.4 - Explain how environmental factors, such as temperature, light intensity, and the amount of
water, affect the rate of photosynthesis.
Explain each of the graphs below.
B.e - In both plant and animal cells, sugar is a source of energy and can be used to make other
carbon-containing (organic) molecules.
CO2
B.5 - Investigate and describe the complementary relationship (cycling of matter and flow of
energy) between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Show how the two reactions are involved in the carbon cycle.
Carbon is produced from cellular respiration and used for photosynthesis
B.f - All organisms must break the high-energy chemical bonds in food molecules during cellular
respiration to obtain the energy needed for life processes.
-
Draw and explain the ATP – ADP cycle.
Energy Stored between the bonds of the phosphates
What are the steps of cellular respiration? How much ATP does one glucose make?
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
ETC 1 glucose = 36 ATP
B.6 - Explain how the process of cellular respiration is similar to the burning of fossil fuels.
- Breaking down carbon molecules for energy
SCI.9-12.5.3.12.C – COMMUNITIES and ECOSYSTEMS
C.a - Biological communities in ecosystems are based on stable interrelationships and
interdependence of organisms.
Name the trophic levels in a food web.
Produces, Consumers
Why do they all need the others for a healthy ecosystem?
They all depend on each other
C.1 – Analyze the interrelationships and interdependencies among different organisms, and
explain how these relationships contribute to the stability of the ecosystem.
Symbiotic Relationships – Mutualism, Parasitism, Commensalism, Predation, Competition etc
C.b – Stability in an ecosystem can be disrupted by natural or human interactions.
Give some examples of human activities that disrupt ecosystems.
Clear cutting the forests etc.
C.2 - Model how natural and human made changes in the environment will affect individual
organisms and the dynamics of populations.
SCI.9-12.5.3.12.D – REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, and GENETICS
D.a - Genes are segments of DNA molecules located in the chromosome of each cell. DNA
molecules contain information that determines a sequence of amino acids, which result in specific
proteins.
DNA (transcription) to MRNA; mRNA goes to the rRNA where translation occurs and results in
bringing tRNA (carries amino acid) to rRNA = Polypeptide aka protein
Genes instructions for making proteins (enzymes)
D.1 - Explain the value and potential applications of genome projects.
- Knowing were all the genes are on the human genome!
D.b - Inserting, deleting, or substituting DNA segments can alter the genetic code. An altered gene
may be passed on to every cell that develops from it. The resulting features may help, harm, or
have little or no effect on the offspring's success in its environment.
Framshift (insertion/deletion)
Point Mutations (substitution)
Possible Outcomes
1. Not change the amino acid
2. Change the amino acid
- Not affect survival
- affect ability to survive and reproduce ** natural selection can occur
D.2 - Predict the potential impact on an organism (no impact, significant impact) given a change in
a specific DNA code, and provide specific real world examples of conditions caused by mutations.
Possible Outcomes
1. Not change the amino acid
2. Change the amino acid
- Not affect survival
- affect ability to survive and reproduce ** natural selection can occur
Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia
D.c – How does sorting and recombination of genes in sexual reproduction result in a greater
variety of possible gene combinations in the offspring of two parents?
Explain the relationship between meiosis and fertilization.
Meiosis – half the DNA to the gametes (cross over occurs as well as the separation of alleles
(gene))
Fertilization the gametes meet up for fertilization
SCI.9-12.5.3.12.E - EVOLUTION
E.a – Explain how a new traits may result from new combinations of existing genes or from
mutations of genes in reproductive cells within a population.
-DNA and protein synthesis
E.b - Molecular evidence (e.g., DNA, protein structures, etc.) substantiates the anatomical
evidence for evolution and provides additional detail about the sequence in which various lines of
descent branched.
-
Explain structural homologies and molecular homologies.
Homologous structures – forearm suggest common ancestor
E.2 - Estimate how closely related species are, based on scientific evidence (e.g., anatomical
similarities, similarities of DNA base and/or amino acid sequence).
- similar DNA more similar relation etc
E.c – Explain how the principles of evolution (including natural selection and common descent)
provide a scientific explanation for the history of life on Earth as evidenced in the fossil record and
in the similarities that exist within the diversity of existing organisms.
Natural Selection- survival of the fittest
Common descent – share a common ancestor; all life came from the same thing
E.d - Evolution occurs as a result of a combination of the following factors: Ability of a species to
reproduce; Genetic variability of offspring due to mutation and recombination of genes; Finite
supply of the resources required for life; Natural selection, due to environmental pressure, of those
organisms better able to survive and leave offspring.
Explain the observations that led Darwin to his
theory of evolution through natural selection
-
Galapagos Island trip
E.4 - Account for the evolution of a species by citing specific evidence of biological mechanisms.
Explain how reproductive isolation can occur between two groups of organisms that were
once members of the same species.
Temporal Isolation
Behavioral Isolation
Physical Isolation
Reproductive Isolation
Geographical Isolation