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Ancient Greek and Roman Architecture Architectural History ACT 322 Doris Kemp Topics Prehistory: The Etruscans Roman Characteristics Building Materials Architectural Ideals Structural Revolution Structures Civic Architecture Tombs Roman Architecture: Prehistory: The Etruscans Etruscan civilization Preceded the Roman Empire in Italy Most of their architecture was destroyed by the Romans Only hidden structures, such as tombs, were spared Much of their architecture was greatly influenced by the Greeks The legacy of Etruscan architecture lives on through its influence in Roman architecture Roman Architecture: Roman Characteristics April 21, 753 B.C. Early Romans were militant and very disciplined Pinpointed by the Romans as the day Rome was founded Lacking in artistic culture Romans absorbed the Greek culture Literature, philosophy, science, and painting New appreciation of the arts Roman Architecture: Roman Characteristics Roman architecture emerged from Hellenistic and Etruscan influences It held many original aspects, however Materials and building techniques Fulfilled practical purposes Served commerce, industry, and shipping Ports Roads Aqueducts Roman Architecture: Building Materials Building materials were very important to the success of Roman architecture Access to a wide variety of building stone including: Volcanic tufa Limestone Travertine Nearly unlimited quantities of white marble Quarry opened by Augustus north of Pisa Other varieties were imported from the Far East Roman Architecture: Building Materials Brick Romans perfected the art of brick-making Concrete Perfected this material Became the most characteristic material in Roman structures Was used to construct massive walls and great vaults Roman Architecture: Architectural Ideals Space To the Romans, the space inside a structure was just as important as the exterior Interior space was the primary focus of Roman architecture and was shaped by vaults, arches, and walls Romans were fond of extravagance Architecture for the powerful was gaudy and colorful, not like the ruins as seen today Roman Architecture: Structural Revolution The combination of arches, vaults, and concrete in architecture are a pure Roman creation The individual elements had been used in earlier civilizations Egyptians and Mesopotamians had used primitive arch forms Greeks had experimented with the arch and concrete with little success Etruscans had constructed vault-like forms Roman Architecture: Structural Revolution Arches More intricate than a simple post-and-lintel system Formed by a multitude of small elements that curve over space by resting against each other in a delicate balance Voussoirs The elements used to create an arch The shape of the structure keeps each voussoir in place Held together by their own force Roman Architecture: Structural Revolution Photo: Sullivan Roman Architecture: Structural Revolution Vault Created by extending an arch along its axis Merely an extended arch Supports and provides a roof for a given area Types of vaults Barrel/Tunnel vault Cross/Groin vault Dome Roman Architecture: Structural Revolution Barrel/Tunnel Vaults The earliest type of vault Appear in limited form in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Hellenistic Greece Has a few limitations Exerts a continuous load, therefore needing constant support Difficult to illuminate Increases in length require thicker vault supports Roman Architecture: Structural Revolution Photo: Sullivan Roman Architecture: Structural Revolution Cross/Groin Vaults Created to overcome the limitations of barrel vaults Employed by the Romans very heavily Formed by intersecting two barrel vaults at right angles Limitations Resistant to square plans Roman Architecture: Structural Revolution Photo: Sullivan Roman Architecture: Structural Revolution Dome The grandest type of vault Types Cloister vault An eight-sided vault, with an octagon-shaped dome Formed by crossing barrel vaults over an octagonal plan Rare in Rome, more prevalent in medieval architecture True dome Perfectly rounded dome, preferred by the Romans Built up in complete rings wherein each ring forms a selfsupporting component of the final dome Roman Architecture: Structural Revolution Photo: Sullivan Roman Architecture: Structural Revolution Photo: Sullivan Roman Architecture: Structural Revolution Concrete A mixture of mortar-like cement with an aggregate Many advantages over traditional stone Does not need to be quarried, shaped, or transported Highly skilled labor was not needed to prepare the concrete Can be cast in just about any shape imaginable Arches and vaults could be economically fabricated Roman Architecture: Structural Revolution Concrete Surfaces Romans developed many types of facings that were weather resistant and pleasant to the eye Opus incertum Opus testaceum Random shaped stones of concrete Brick facing; made concrete wall look as if it were constructed from bricks Opus mixtum Decorative patterns of tufa, stone, or brick Roman Architecture: Structural Revolution Opus mixtum; Photo: Sullivan Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Roman Aqueducts Used to supply the civilization with water from afar Utilized an arch to create a continuous line of decent for water Aqua Claudia Brought water over solid masonry some ten miles into Rome Some areas were over 100 ft. in height Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Photo: Sullivan Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Roman Bridges Were generally lower in height and broader than aqueducts Two important Roman Bridges: Pons Fabricus Pons Milvius Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Photo: Sullivan Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Roman Theatres Adopted the Greek theatre and transformed it The Roman theatre was closed, unlike the Greeks who preferred an open, outside theatre Theatre of Marcellus Integrated Roman style with that of the Greeks Provided around 10,000 seats arranged in three tiers Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Photo: Sullivan Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Roman Arenas The Colosseum Built by Flavian emperors Vespasian, Titus, and Doitian Located on the site of an artificial lake that had been part of Nero’s Golden House Extensive system of tunnels, chambers, and mechanical devices below the arena floor Hydraulic provision used to flood the arena for naval displays and mock battles Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Photo: Sullivan Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Photo: Sullivan Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Roman Circuses Circus Maximus Oldest and largest circus stadium Rebuilt and destroyed from the first through third centuries A.D. Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Roman Baths Strenuous daily life prompted the Romans to construct large public baths Wealthy citizens also constructed private baths in their domiciles Featured elaborate heating systems Furnaces beneath floors Heat was transmitted to rooms by tile ducts, warming the floors and the walls Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Roman Temples Earliest Roman temples were indistinguishable from those of the Etruscans Axial plan Deep porch Widely spaced columns High podiums Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Roman Temples Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus Originally built in the late sixth century B.C. Rebuilt in 69 B.C. Photo: Sullivan Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Roman Temples Pantheon Located in Rome Considered by many to be the greatest structure of antiquity to have survived in a state of near completeness Built by Hadrian between A.D 118 and 128 Three notable parts: Immense, domed cella Deep, octastyle Corinthian porch Block-like intermediate structure Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Photo: Sullivan Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Photo: Sullivan Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Roman Basilicas An important category of Roman architecture Most important Roman source for early Christian architecture Pure Roman style of architecture Basilica Essentially means a roofed hall, rectangular in plan, sometimes with an apse Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Roman Basilicas Basilica Ulpia A.D. 98-117 Finest example of the columnar basilica Built by Trajan Important model for later ages Photo: Sullivan Roman Architecture: Roman Structures Roman Basilicas Basilica in Trier, Germany Early fourth century A.D. Built by Constantine The final Roman basilica Served as an important model for the Romanesque period of architecture Photo: Sullivan Roman Architecture: Civic Architecture Houses and Villas Private domiciles reflected their inhabitants Lower classes lived in meager, cramped apartments located on the upper floors of shops and other buildings Middle classes lived on the lower floors and many homes had balconies, good ventilation, and running water Upper classes usually owned a house, know as a domus. Standalone structures Featured courtyards and gardens Many had running water Roman Architecture: Tombs Tombs Romans were great builders of tombs Different from the Greeks and Egyptians in scale and religious style Tomb of M. Vergilius Eurysaces Citizen who made a fortune selling bread to Caesar's army Built a tomb in the shape of an oven Roman Architecture: Tombs Photo: Sullivan Roman Architecture: Tombs Tombs Roman catacombs Built by the poor as place of burial Photo: Sullivan References Sullivan, Mary; http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/ http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Cities/wld/wdpt1.html Trachtenburg/Hyman; Architecture: From Prehistory to Postmodernity Wodehouse/Moffett; A History of Western Architecture Ancient Greek and Roman Architecture Architectural History ACT 322 Doris Kemp