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Agroforestry Solutions for Rural
Livelihood Challenges
Festus Akinnifesi, PhD
Regional Coordinator,
ICRAF Southern Africa Programme
Presentation at Lisbon, Portugal
The Challenges
Food, population & energy crises
Global population will increase by 50% (from
6.3 to 9 billion) by 2050
SSA population: 0.8 to 2 billion (150%);
This will require 50% more food
Food and fertilizer prices are linked to fossil
energy.
Land Use Problems in SA
Deforestation mainly due to unsustainable
harvesting of trees and farming
Maize = 1 ton/ha
Land holding = 0.4ha
Degraded
landscapes
Unsustainable harvesting of woodland
resources
Drudgery caused by scarcity of fuel
wood for domestic use
Hunger on the Small Farm
in Eastern and
Southern Africa
12 million maize-growing
farm households
60 million people
0.3 to 3 hectares
Maize-based farming
system
0.3 – 2.5 tons maize
produced
Average annual nutrient
depletion (NPK) 1993-95
Fertilizer application
rates (1997)
kg NPK per hectare
0
10
20
50
100
no data
Source: FAOSTAT 1999.
Compiled by Stan Wood, IFPRI
Emerging challenges
1. Food Security Crisis
2. Environmental Crisis
Climate
Climate change:
change: mitigation
mitigation and
and adaptation
adaptation
Energy
Energy Demand
Demand
Biodiversity
Biodiversity loss
loss
The Millennium Declaration: Sept
2000
MDG 1: Eradicate extreme
poverty and Hunger
MDG 7: Promote
Environmental
sustainability
How Can Hunger Be Eradicated?
A Global Partnership
Good Governance
Gender Equity
People-Centered Approach
Science and Technology
Reduce Vulnerabilities
Politics
Policy Reforms
Action
Options for Eradicating Hunger and
Extreme Poverty
Food Aid
Input Aid
Money Aid
Knowledge Aid
Strategic Importance
of Agroforestry
Science-based
solutions to problems faced
by smallholder farmers
Farmers and
Production
systems
Improved on-farm productivity
Building assets
Generating income
Livelihood options
Benefits and rewards
Environment,
Biodiversity
Leveraging Benefits
Reduced pressure on natural habitats
Landscape connectivity
Habitat restoration
Ecosystem resilience
Global Focus
-- targeting the
rural poor
Vision and
Mission
Our Vision…
A rural transformation in the developing world resulting
in massive increase in the use of trees in agricultural
landscapes by smallholder farmers for better
livelihoods security--food security, nutrition, income,
health, shelter, energy and environmental
sustainability
Our Mission…
To generate science-based knowledge about the complex
roles that trees play in agricultural landscapes, and to
use our research to foster policies and practices that
benefit the poor and the environment.
Six Global Research Priorities
Environment
Global
Multifunctional landscapes
Landscapes Land Restoration
Farm
Tree
On-farm Productivity
Climate Change
Markets
Germplasm
Livelihoods
Main Agroforestry
R&D foci in
Southern Africa
In 1986
SHINYANGA
SHINYANGA
%
%
%
%
TANZANIA
TANZANIA
DRC
MALAW
I
TABORA
TABORA
CHIPATA
CHIPATA
ANGOLA
%
%
ZAMBIA
ZAMBIA
%
%
TETE
DOMBOSHAVA
LILONGWE
LILONGWE
%
%
MOZAMBIQUE
%
ZIMBABWE
NAMIBIA
MAKOHOLI
BOTSWANA
%
MAPUTO
%
SOUTH AFRICA
MAKOKA
MAKOKA
Chinyanja
Triangle
ICRAF-SA Goal:
Generate agroforestry knowledge
and foster its use and impact on
livelihoods of smallholder farmers and
the environment
Fundamental
Objectives
Strategic Priority 1:
Livelihood strategy
Institutions
MDG 1
Poverty
Food and Nutrition
Reduction &
Security
wealth creation
Strategic
Objectives
1. Supporting and improving 2. Diversifying farm
enterprises mix
existing farming systems
•Fertiliser tree system
•Fodder system
•Tree crop system
•Woodlot system
•Smallholder timber system
•Diversifying options
•Tree products
•Enterprise development
•Economics of prodn
•Linking farmers to mkts
Strategic Priority 2:
Environment strategy
Climate change
Mitigation &
adaptation
MDG 7
3. Boosting resilience to
shocks/risks/change
•Economic & policy shocks
•Water management
•Carbon trading
•Bio-fuels R&D
•Integrated Pest Mgt
Mitigating
Natural Resource
degradation
4. Managing Biodiversity
•Biodiversity conservation
•Ecosystem rehabilitation
•Natural resources
management (NRM)
Global Research Priorities (GRP)
Tree Genetic
Resources
& Domestication
Farm Scale
Diversification &
Intensification
Tree products &
Markets
Climate change
Mitigation &
adaptation
Rehabilitation
of degraded
lands
Multifunctional
landscapes
People & institutions, knowledge
management
Number of farmers involved
Suitability of
technology in
other sites
1st
generation
issues:
Farmers’
modifications
• Species
Screening
a
Sc
o
d
A
• Management
regimes
rm
a
- F r ch
n
O sea
Re
on
i
t
ta ch
s
r
On sea
Re
2nd generation
issues eg.
pests
1987
1990
t
c
a
p
Im
Farmer
innovations
& constraints
t
u
o
p/
u
g
lin
on
i
t
p
• Water use
Labour
Grazing
Fire
Implements
Land/tree tenure
1994
2000
Targeting
• Markets
Germplasm
• Income gen.
Partnershi
• HIV/AIDS
Policy
• Diversification
of options
M&E
Impact
assessment
• Biofuel
• PES
2005Time
Entry Point for Agroforestry in SA
Clearing
continuous cropping
Miombo woodland
Grass fallow
Agroforestry interventions
Improved
fallow
Fertilizer trees
Fruit tree systems
Fodder tree systems
Woodlots
Improved yields
Short-term and long-term AF Options for
Replenishing Soil Fertility
10 Crop
th
Yield
Relay Fallow
Improved Fallow (3-4 tons)
intercropping (2-3 tons)
1 year
2 years
Waiting Period before benefit accrual
Gliricidia/maize
intercropping (3-5 tons)
3 years
Long-term Maize Yield with or without fertilizer
in a Gliricidia system (Gs)
8.0
Flood
Maize grain yield (t/ha)
7.0
6.0
P addition
resumed
Drought
Drought
P stopped
GS-maize+100%N+100%P
GS-maize+50%N+50%P
Pure maize 100%N+100%P
GS-maize+50%N
5.0
GS-maize unfertilized
4.0
Pure maize+50%N
3.0
Unfertilized pure maize
(Control)
2.0
1.0
0.0
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Year
Value of N fixed by Improved fallows or Gliricidia
system
Assume 100,000 ha under
improved fallows
Biomass
Biomass N
N produced
produced == 150
150 KgNha
KgNha--11yr
yr--11
(assuming
(assuming 40%
40% NUE
NUE by
by maize=
maize= 60
60 kg
kg
N/ha)
N/ha)
Total
Total biomass
biomass N
N == 13,000
13,000 tonnes
tonnes Urea
Urea
Value
Value of
of N
N produced
produced at
at US$
US$ 800/tonne
800/tonne
of
of Urea
Urea == US$
US$ 10.4
10.4 million
million yr
yr--11
Value
Value of
of Extra
Extra Maize
Maize from
from Fertilizer
Fertilizer trees
trees ==
100,000
100,000 tonnes=
tonnes=
USD
USD 18.6
18.6 m
m yr
yr--11 (Controlled
(Controlled price
price @
@ K28/kg)
K28/kg)
USD
USD 30
30 m
m yr
yr--11 (Open
(Open Market
Market price
price @
@ K45/kg)
K45/kg)
Costs: Labour and germplasm
An Early Adopter of Fertilizer Trees Systems
in southern Malawi
Mr. Majoni
Financial profitability of maize production systems
per hectare over a five-year cycle in Zambia
Production system
Net
Benefit
profit
Cost
(US$/ha) ratio
Return to
Labour
Unfertilized maize
130
2.01
1.10
Fertilized (subsidized)
499
2.65
3.20
Fertilized (non-subsidy)
349
1.77
2.53
Gliricidia (2yr fallow fb
3yr cropping)
269
2.91
2.51
Sesbania (2yr fallow fb
3yr cropping)
309
3.13
2.49
($/person day)
•Market price for fertilizer include a 50% subsidy by the government
•Figures are on one hectare basis, using prevailing costs & prices and an annual discount rate of 30%
Ajayi et al (2006)
Fodder Banks
Fodder banks are entry points for food
security, cash income.
LIVESTOCK husbandry compliments cropping: Proteinrich legumes can supplement livestock feed during the
long dry season.
Economic analysis showed
supplementation with feed
concentrates is profitable: CBA
ratios up to 3:1
Potential for blending with
commercial feeds
Fruit Tree Portfolio For Fresh Fruits
Year-Round
No. of households facing shortage
100
Zambia
80
Hungry/cropping
season
60
Malawi
40
Harvest/off- season
20
0
Tree Species
Avocado
Citrus
Parinari curatellifolia
Mangoes
Uapaca kirkiana
Strychnos cocculoides
Syzygium cordatum
Annona seneghalesis
Azanza garckeana
Flacourtia indica
Vangueria infausta
Vitex doniana
Adansonia digitata
Ziziphus mauritiana
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Indigenous Fruit Tree Crop System
(Showing interdependency among enterprises)
Value Adding
& Enterprise Devt.
Failure
(No raw
material
•Post-harvest utilization,
•Storage, Processing, Packaging,
•Quality standard
•Feasibility assessment
•Enterprise development
•Business linkages
t
en
m
n t t)
i
po rke
p
sa ma
i
D o
(N
Frustrations
(No raw material)
Marketing research
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ex ante impact assessment
Market analysis
Market supply chain
Market intelligence,
Market information
Market conduct, structure
and performance
Domestication
•Wild fruit collection,
• Tree improvement
•Propagation research,
•New Cultivar development,
•On-farm cultivation
•Pest management
•Scaling up
Frustration
(No marketable product)
Participatory selection of superior masuku
trees
Nursery
371 participants
in 17 villages
Grafting
Marcottage
Marcoting
‘Gundete’ cultivar
Cuttings
Fruit Orchard Management
(Uapaca kirkiana)
A superior cultivar (fruited after 4 yrs.)
Early fruiting, large fruit size, heavy fruit
loads, smaller trees
Rotational Woodlot Systems (concept of Taungya)
In itia l e s ta b lis h m e n t
2 -3 y rs
C ro p p ro d u c tio n
T re e s e s ta b lis h e d
T re e fa llo w
2 -4
F o d d e r, w o o d ,
S o il fe rtility im p ro v e d ,
E ro s io n c o n tro l
50 years woodland=50 tons
C ro p p in g
2 -3
F ire w o o d ,
C ro p p ro d u c tio n
S o il d e g ra d a tio n ?
N e w tre e
fa llo w
2 -3
T re e s re g e n e ra tio n ,
F o d d e r, fire w o o d ,
E ro s io n c o n tro l
5 years woodlot = 80 tons
Scaling up Agroforestry for Food Security in Malawi
(Achievement 2007)
A
A total
total of
of 82,419
82,419 farmers
farmers were
were assisted
assisted with
with seed,
seed, nursery
nursery materials
materials and
and
training
training
24
24 tonnes
tonnes of
of tree
tree seeds
seeds were
were distributed
distributed to
to farmers
farmers
200,000
200,000 fruit
fruit tree
tree seedlings
seedlings are
are being
being raised
raised in
in nurseries.
nurseries.
A
A total
total of
of 17
17 ha
ha of
of seed
seed orchards
orchards were
were established/rehabilitated.
established/rehabilitated.
A
farmer trainers
trainers and
and
A total
total of
of 1322
1322 farmer
123
123 extension
extension officers
officers were
were trained.
trained.
379
379 extension
extension materials
materials from
from
10
10 publications
publications were
were given
given to
to frontline
frontline
staff
staff in
in target
target districts.
districts.
Tree Germplasm Distributed to Farmers, 2007
Species
No. sachets
Amount
(tonnes)
Fertilizer
trees
46,856
21.98
Fodder
trees
6942
0.35
Woodlot
trees
42,133
2.54
Total
95,934
23.48
Farmer Training on Propagation and
Nursery Management
Multi Functional Agro-ecosystem management
20 % of gross GHGs are emitted by
land use change and deforestation
The climate change community is beginning to
seriously turn its attention to forestry and
agriculture. Two critical messages from the Climate
Change Convention in Bali (Dec 2007):
-- Invest in avoided deforestation
-- Invest in smallholder carbon & poverty reduction
Soil Carbon Vegetation Carbon
(Mg ha-1)
AF in the Humid Tropics & C Stocks
400 Primary Forest
300
200
100
0
Managed forest
Tree-based systems
Crops, Pastures, Grasslands
100
From ASB Climate Change Working Group,Palm et al.