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WORLD STUDIES FINAL EXAM REVIEW - 2008 REGIONS: South Asia (India, Pakistan, etc.) Middle East (modern conflicts) Sub-Saharan Africa For each region, the main themes are: a) civilization and culture of the region b) geography of the region (incl. Climate) c) impact of modern life and economic development on the region d) impact of the Cold War on the region ( know the sides countries were on) e) challenges and strengths of the region today JAPAN (pp. 531-615 in textbook) Origins of civilization – relationship with China Feudalism and role of samurai Emperor’s role and shoguns Class structure Geography – 2,000 + islands, mostly mountainous and forested. Four main islands: Kanto and Kinai plains on Honshu are where most people live and most industries and cities are located. Located at the intersection of three tectonic plates; volcanoes (e.g. Mt. Fuji), earthquakes, hot springs are common. Modern history – Tokugawa period – Japan’s shoguns cut country off from trade and Western influence 1853 – US Commodore Perry and “black ships” open Japan to trade 1867+ - Meiji Restoration – young emperor restores power of emperor, Japan rapidly adapts Western industrial technology, government, and ways. 1895 and 1905 – Japan defeats first China, then Russia in wars that establish them as world power in the Pacific, takes over Korea as a colony 1920s and ‘30s – Japan develops military government and begins expansion into China, then in 1940s takes on Britain and US as ally of Germany in Axis 1945 – Japan defeated by US, surrenders after atomic bomb is dropped; US occupation begins 1945-55 – US occupation. Reforms change everything – emperor loses divinity status, parliamentary democracy established, Japanese manufacturers adopt American methods and ideas. Cold War – Japan’s “Economic Miracle” creates model for other Asian countries to develop with capitalism; becomes staunch US ally. “Four Tigers” – South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan, follow Japan’s lead of producing high tech products such as electronics for export. Problems – stagnant population growth, poor economy since early ‘90s. Vocab: Ainu – indigenous inhabitants of Japanese islands burakumin (class similar to untouchables) Shogun (military ruler) Zaibatsu (government-chartered company given responsibility for a part of the economy Samurai, bushido code, daimyo (master) Historical figures: Meiji The “Zaibatsu” - Matsushita, Toyota, Mitsubishi KOREA: See power point People: Kim Il-Sung Kim Jong-Il Synghman Rhee Gen. Douglas MacArthur Korean War; today South Korea is Asian economic “Tiger; “ North Korea is isolated, less developed outpost of Stalinism, one of world’s last real Communist countries. Has huge military and has been testing missiles and atomic weapons even though its people are malnourished. SOUTHEAST ASIA pp. 461- 485, 488-495, 498-500 in text a) Origins of civilization: Transition zone between Indian and Chinese civilizations, which has borrowed many ideas including languages and religion from both. Many indigenous peoples in remote areas. Remains found of very early ancient civilizations, but most peoples (e.g. Thais, Malays, Vietnamese, Laos, Burmese) probably migrated from southern China area over last several thousand years as the Chinese empire expanded. b) Geography: Mainly consists of islands and peninsulas, with some fertile coastal plains and mountainous rain forests in interior. Big fertile river valleys are the most important centers of population. Mekong is the region’s major river. More islands than anywhere else in world; Indonesia has over 13,000. Region of high contrast: Includes some of world’s most populous places (Java, Singapore, Manila) and very remote jungles with only primitive tribes. All of region is in tropics, climate is uniformly tropical rain forest, with monsoons. Rice is main grain, fish and seafood is chief protein source. Food is spicy. On the mainland, nations are made up of highly-irrigated river valleys located between forested mountain ranges, where indigenous groups grow rice using “slash and burn” farming, usually for rice. Music (gamelan orchestra in Indonesia) and ritual dance are very important parts of culture. On island of Bali, whole villages are made up of craftspeople. Buddhism is biggest religion in mainland Southeast Asia, Islam in Malaysia and Indonesia, and Roman Catholicism in Philippines. Each country has its own separate language. “Overseas” Chinese immigrants are active in region, generally running businesses. They are often scapegoated when economy goes bad. c) Since European colonial countries departed, the area is modernizing rapidly, with high population growth but high economic growth as well. Indonesia and Brunei are important sources of oil; Malaysia of tin and rubber. Singapore has become a model for developing world, with one of world’s most advanced economies, but with a strict, authoritarian government. Other countries remain backward, esp. Burma, which has been ruled by a group of military officers since 1963. d) Cold War: one of the major battlegrounds of the Cold War: former French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) had guerrilla movements that led to Communist governments. In Vietnam, Communists battled first the Japanese, then the French and then the US for thirty-five years. 58,000 Americans were killed, and over a million Vietnamese. In Cambodia, history’s most brutal Communist regime under the Khmer Rouge, killed one-two million of its own people attempting to establish a peasant utopia. In Indonesia, world’s third largest Communist party was purged and about a half million killed in 1965. Thailand and Philippines were staunch allies of US. Communist uprisings were defeated in Thailand, Malaysia and Philippines. Domino theory was the reason for U.S. intervention, but it doesn’t seem to have held, as Communism’s advance stopped at the Thai border, where an established kingdom was able to thwart the efforts of rebels. Thailand was only country in region never colonized by Europeans. e) Problems: Most countries are struggling with widespread poverty, rapid population growth, and lack of development. Some people live in desperate conditions, such as garbage dumps. Few governments are democratic, but some, like Thailand’s and Malaysia’s, are stable. f) Development: Some countries are developing rapidly, esp. Singapore, a container shipping port that has oil refineries and makes computer disk drives. Others, like Malaysia and Thailand and to an extent Indonesia, are becoming more developed through exports of cheap manufactured goods (esp. for final assembly in China) and their own natural resources, while maintaining elements of their traditional cultures. Others, like Burma and Cambodia, are isolated either by war or by choice and are making little progress. Historical figures: Ho Chi Minh - Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem – Vietnam Lee Kuan Yew - Singapore AFRICA REVIEW SHEET Packets from World History textbook Africa is the most likely origin of the human species Second largest continent; home to oldest nations – Egypt and Ethiopia; has most independent nations of any continent – 53 Mostly savanna, then desert, rain forest, Mediterranean in far north and south. Equator runs through it. River systems: Nile, Niger (West Africa), Congo (central), Zambesi (south) Good, arable (farmable) land is spotty because of tropical soils and rainfall patterns; Subsistence farming or growing of cash crops is the rule REGIONS: Sahel – edge of Sahara desert. Dry and subject to drought. Mostly nomads. Elephant’s Ear – West Africa. Many nations, some rain forest. Coastal area Horn of Africa – East Africa in Somalia and Ethiopia. Very dry, on Red Sea. Great Lakes region – East central Africa, very fertile. Southern Africa – rich in mineral resources; more diverse in climate, peoples, more European-influenced than other places Important Countries: Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, South Africa. HISTORY: Africa had several centers of culture in east, west and south, but was off global trade routes except in Niger region (gold and salt trading kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhai) and along eastern coast (Swahili and Zimbabwe) Slave trade encouraged local wars and drained off many young people for centuries. Western imperial countries engaged in “scramble for Africa” in late 1800s, stimulated by explorers and missionaries and fed by desire for resources like minerals and rubber. Worst example of abuse was by King Leopold of Belgium in the Congo, c. 1880s to 1910. Most countries became independent between 1957 and 1975. Most were peaceful, as Britain and France gave up their expensive foreign empires. Warfare in former Portuguese colonies and in Kenya (Mau Mau). In South Africa, apartheid system established by victorious white Afrikaner Nationalist party in 1948; was fought by African National Congress led by Nelson Mandela and finally ended in 1994 with all-race elections. Influence of Colonialism: irrational boundaries, little preparation for independence. Often, the military was the only well-developed institution, because the colonial governments needed it to maintain control. Since independence: Many military coups or independence leaders who remained in office for decades. Much corruption in some places, warfare and instances of genocide in Rwanda and Burundi. COLD WAR: many countries were neutral, but guerrillas, helped by Cubans, fought in Angola, Mozambique and Ethiopia. CURRENT ISSUES AND PROBLEMS: Irrational boundaries AIDS Hunger and famine Lack of medical care High population growth rate Water supply Lack of power and roads (infrastructure) Unstable or dictatorial governments New democracies South Africa’s relative wealth and influence Wars and refugees Vocabulary: African culture African National Congress African Socialism Apartheid Boer War Colonization (effects) Congo Cultural groups Darfur Decolonization F.W. DeKlerk Great Rift Valley Felix Houphouet-Boigny Jomo Kenyatta Jungle/rain forest Kalahari Language groups Mau Mau Nationalism Natural resources Nelson Mandela Non-aligned nations Julius Nyrere Organization for African Unity Peace and Reconciliation Committee Rwanda genocide Sahara Savanna South Africa Transatlantic Slave Trade Tribal religions MIDDLE EAST – see power points on my website, handout assignments from textbooks In most of the Middle East, boundaries are just lines in the sand and Arab countries have more in common than they have differences. Thus pan-Arabism (the idea all Arab countries should unite as a big ‘super-country’ and pan-Islamism (the idea that all Muslims should unite and exclude others) have been strong trends. Political movements in the countries have rarely been democratic. The present US war in Iraq, whatever other reasons have been given for it, is really an attempt by the US to directly create a major democratic Arab state in the region with good ties to the US, thereby stabilizing the whole region. In Iran, Islamic fundamentalists successfully captured the revolution against the Shah there in 1979, and since then the US policy in the region has been directed at preventing the spread of fundamentalism (which is usually associated with use of terrorism tactics) to other countries. d) Cold War: during the Cold War Turkey, Israel and pre-revolutionary Iran were all staunch allies of the US. Most of the Arab countries followed the lead of Egypt’s Nasser and declared their neutrality, allowing them to get help from both sides or to switch sides freely. e) Problems: Oil has brought great wealth to some and influence to oil countries, but has also brought problems of inequality. Water or lack of it, is a problem throughout the region The ongoing dispute between Israel and the plight of the Palestinian Arabs has been a source of many wars. Poverty and rapid population growth are long-term problems. Modern, secular governments have not been able to successfully cope with many of these problems, and some governments have failed or are on the brink of doing so. There have been few attempts at democracy, and more reliance on military rule or a “survival of the fittest and strongest” that produces strong but often brutal leaders, like Saddam or Qaddafi in Libya. People: Gamal Abdel Nasser Ayatollah Khomeini Ataturk David Ben-Gurion Ariel Sharon Yassir Arafat Saddam Hussein SOUTH ASIA INTRODUCTION – Handout assts. from textbook, class notes, powerpoints on website I. II. South Asia is a subcontinent. a. India consists of a landmass that millions of years ago was a separate continent b. The collision of this landmass with Asia created the Himalayan mountain range, the highest in the world. c. The edges of this landmass are lined with low mountains, called the eastern and western ghats. d. The center of the landmass is the oldest part of it, a weathered plateau called the Decca plateau. It is a shield area, which has deposits of iron ore. South Asia depends on its rivers. a. most of the region is dry except for monsoon rains every year, or several large river systems. b. Largest and most important of these rivers are the Indus on the west side of the subcontinent, and the Ganges and Brahmaputra on the east side. The latter two river systems drain into the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh, creating the largest delta system in the world. III. The region consists of five nations: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Sometimes Bhutan, a small kingdom in the Himalayas, and Afghanistan, which is really in Central Asia, are also included. IV. South Asia is one of the world’s major population centers. a. About 1.3 billion people, one in every five humans, live in this region. b. The entire area’s population averages about 25-30% urban, but it contains several of the world’s biggest cities: Mumbai (Bombay), India: 18 million (sixth largest in the world) Calcutta, India: 13 million (fourteenth largest in the world) Dhaka, Bangladesh: 12.3 million Karachi, Pakistan: 11.7 million Delhi, India: 11.6 million ( for perspective, New York’s is the only American metropolitan area with a population over 10 million. New York’s population is about 20 million) c. Three of the countries in the region – India (#2), Pakistan (#7) and Bangladesh (#8) are among the world’s most populous countries. V. South Asia is a complete, distinct civilization a. Civilization began in the Indus Valley between 4-5,000 years ago. It is one of the five or six major culture hearths in the world where civilization developed. b. Two of the world’s major religions, Hinduism and Buddhism, originated here, as well as several minor ones including Sikhs and Jains. c. Many different languages are spoken here, including several of the world’s largest: Bengali (#4 in the world), Hindi (#5), Telugu (#15), Marathi (#17), Tamil (#18), and Urdu (#20). All of the above are spoken by more than 50 million people. d. Many early advances, particularly in mathematics, astronomy and technology, occurred in India. Early history: Gupta and Maurya empires Aryan invasion Mogul emperors The British “Raj” Important figures: Gandhi – leader of nonviolence movement that forced India’s indpendence Jinnah – founder of Pakistan Nehru – first leader of independent India Indira and Rajiv Gandhi (Nehru’s daughter and grandson) – serve as prime minister from 1960s through 1980s. Indira Gandhi loses election in 1975 after she tries to become dictatorial. Pervez Musharaf - current leader of Pakistan India is the world’s largest democracy. It has been led for most of its history by the Congress Party, which led its independence movement. Important groups in recent years include the Hindu Nationalist party, BJP. The last election, last year, returned control of the government to Congress after seven years under BJP. Manmohan Singh, who instituted economic reforms in 1991, is new prime minister. Economic development: Since 1991, more competition and less regulation. “Green revolution” in agriculture feeds the population, but India is pegging its future on advanced computer software firms and outsourcing by Western firms. Still widespread poverty, slums, discrimination based on caste (although officially outlawed), corrutpion Pakistan and Bangladesh: Pakistan has varied between democracy and military dictatorship. Both countries have major problems with population growth, disease control and in Pakistan, large numbers of refugees with terrorists among them. Indian subcontinent is a cradle of major religions: Hindu - caste system, reincarnation Buddhism - enlightenment Sikhs – middle way between Hinduism and Islam Jains – total nonviolence toward life Famous scriptures include the Bhagavad Gita, which spell out in story form what is expected of a good Hindu. Laws of Karma and Dharma. Cold War: India was officially neutral but Pakistan has been a U.S. ally. India and Pakistan 4 Noble Truths 8-Fold Path Ahimsa Brahma Brahmin British Raj Buddha Caste Dharma East India Company Ganges Gupta Empire Himalayas Hindu Indus Karma Mogul Empire Moksha Monsoon Nirvana Non-violence Salt March Satyagraha Sepoy Rebellion Shiva Sikh Untouchable Vishnu Kashmir “Islamic Bomb” Mohandas Gandhi (Mahatma) Jarawarhal. Nehru Mohammed Ali Jinnah Indira Gandhi Green Revolution Benazir Ali Bhutto Pervez Musharraf Secular Islamic Republic Punjab Manmohan Singh AQ Khan MIDDLE EAST pp. 40-49, 53-56, 67-86, 104-108, 116-121, maps, readings and class notes. SEE POWER POINTS a) Origins of civilization: What we now call “Western civilization” has its roots in the ancient Fertile Crescent, where agriculture has been documented earlier than anywhere else in the world, approx. 8,000 years ago. Timekeeping, the first law codes, the first maps, and astronomy first appeared in the cities of the TigrisEuphrates Valley; Irrigated agriculture, the monumental architecture of the pyramids in the valley of the Nile in Egypt. The three “Abrahamic religions” (tracing their origins back to the Biblical patriarch Abraham) of Judaism, Christianity and Islam developed here, mostly in Palestine and the Arabian peninsula. Islam: Know the “Five Pillars;” the role of Saudi Arabia as keeper of the major holy places in Mecca; the importance of Jerusalem; the differences between Sunnis and Shi’ites; the importance of the Qu’ran and the role of clergy (Shi’a have a hierarchy, Sunnis do not); also know what the Ka’aba is. b) Geography: the region is ringed by deserts, and the climate is uniformly either desert, Mediterranean (near the coasts) or highland climates like in the Kurdistan region of Turkey, northern Iraq, Iran, Lebanon and western North Africa. The population is growing rapidly and is extremely diverse, a true “mosaic of peoples.” The major groups in the population are Arabs (a little more than half the population of the region), Turks, Persians (in Iran), and Jews (in Israel). There are numerous ethnic and religious minorities, the biggest of which is the Kurds in the mountains of Turkey, Iran and Iraq. There are two Christian countries bordering the region, Armenia and Georgia in the Caucusus Mountains, and the Jewish state of Israel, but for almost the entire region the cultural influence of Islam and the Arabic language which carried it are strong. c)Impact of modern life: During Europe’s Dark Ages in the 600s-1200s, the Islamic world was one of the world’s great centers of civilization, because of its position as a crossroads of trade and ideas. Conquest by the Ottoman Turks brought several centuries of stagnation, during which the region lagged behind the West. Ottomans ruled absolutely but loosely, so local rulers could “do their own thing” as long as they paid their taxes and did what the Sultan wanted. When Westerners began arriving as potential colonizers, this brought resentment and a position of conflict with the West that has not let up to this day. The Ottomans were defeated in World War I and their empire broken up. Turkey went on to found a successful modernized republic under the military dictator Mustapha Kemal (Ataturk). Arab lands were divided between Britain and France which gradually had to let go of them. Persia became a kingdom (king was called the Shah) and renamed Iran, and most of the Arabian peninsula became a strict Wahhabi Muslim fundamentalist kingdom of Saudi Arabia, that discovered it was sitting on top of the world’s biggest oil reserves. MIDDLE EAST continued: In most of the Middle East, boundaries are just lines in the sand and Arab countries have more in common than they have differences. Thus pan-Arabism (the idea all Arab countries should unite as a big ‘super-country’ and pan-Islamism (the idea that all Muslims should unite and exclude others) have been strong trends. Political movements in the countries have rarely been democratic. The present US war in Iraq, whatever other reasons have been given for it, is really an attempt by the US to directly create a major democratic Arab state in the region with good ties to the US, thereby stabilizing the whole region. In Iran, Islamic fundamentalists successfully captured the revolution against the Shah there in 1979, and since then the US policy in the region has been directed at preventing the spread of fundamentalism (which is usually associated with use of terrorism tactics) to other countries. f) Cold War: during the Cold War Turkey, Israel and pre-revolutionary Iran were all staunch allies of the US. Most of the Arab countries followed the lead of Egypt’s Nasser and declared their neutrality, allowing them to get help from both sides or to switch sides freely. g) Problems: Oil has brought great wealth to some and influence to oil countries, but has also brought problems of inequality. Water or lack of it, is a problem throughout the region The ongoing dispute between Israel and the plight of the Palestinian Arabs has been a source of many wars. Poverty and rapid population growth are long-term problems. Modern, secular governments have not been able to successfully cope with many of these problems, and some governments have failed or are on the brink of doing so. There have been few attempts at democracy, and more reliance on military rule or a “survival of the fittest and strongest” that produces strong but often brutal leaders, like Saddam or Qaddafi in Libya. People: Gamal Abdel Nasser Ayatollah Khomeini Ataturk Menachem Begin Yitzhak Rabin Yassir Arafat Saddam Hussein Middle East vocabulary: Abrahamic Religions Al-Qaeda Arafat Balfour Declaration British Mandate Caliphate Camp David Accords Diaspora Five Pillars of Islam Gaza Strip Hamas Hezbollah Imam Intifada Islam, Islamist Khomeini Kibbutz McMahon Nasser OPEC Oslo Accords Ottoman Empire Palestine PLO Quran Saddam Hussein Shah Shari’ah Shia (Shi’ite) Six-day War (October 1967) Suez Canal Sunni Sykes-Picot Agreement Talmud Terrorism Torah West Bank WMD Kurds Iranian Revolution Zionism WORLD STUDIES - FINAL EXAM ESSAY You will be able to bring three one-sided 3x5, handwritten file cards for notes. The essay must be a minimum of a five-paragraph essay: introduction, three body paragraphs and conclusion. It must fill at least five pages of a blue exam booklet, double-spaced, or three pages single-spaced. QUESTION: For at least two of the regions we have studied since second quarter (including China), compare and contrast responses to Western civilization and modern life. The essay should refer to origins of the civilizations and cultures of the two regions you choose, and also to recent developments in the regions, including regional problems and levels of modern economic development. You can use material from class notes but also outside sources, including the Internet. The regions can be: South Asia (Indian subcontinent and its surrounding countries) East Asia ( China, Japan, Southeast Asia) or any one of its components Middle East, including North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa MIDTERM REVIEW RUSSIA AND THE SLAVIC REALM (EASTERN EUROPE) From packets and homework from book “Russia” and “Cold War in Eastern Europe, Chapter 1, Lands and Peoples” as well as class notes. I. Geography and climate – region extends from central Europe into southern Siberia. a. Taiga (forest) and Tundra (frozen land most of the year) b. Eurasian Plain – world’s largest plain, makes the area a crossroads for nomads and invaders throughout history. c. Soils – Black Earth or Mollisol area in steppes, beginning in eastern Romania, extending through Ukraine into southern Russia and into Central Asia. Important source of food supply, particularly grain. d. Resources – Vast, esp. in Siberia – world’s largest forest (taiga), iron ore, coal, uranium, one of world’s largest oil supplies in area near Caspian Sea, large amount of world’s gold, biggest fresh water body in world – Lake Baikal e. Languages include mainly Slavic languages – Russian, Bulgarian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian, etc., some non-Slavic in Romania, Hungary and Baltic states – Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia II. HISTORY a. Slavic tribes push older groups westward during and after Roman Empire b. Varangians (Vikings) under Rurik create kingdom of Rus, which becomes Russia c. Prince Vladimir of Kiev converts kingdom of Rus to Orthodox Christianity. Moscow later tries to be “Third Rome.” d. Russians develop distinctive style of architecture, using wood and featuring onion-shaped domes. Later Russia produces many great composers like Tschaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, and Stravinsky, and great authors like Tolstoy and Chekhov. e. Mongols destroy early Russian kingdoms as well as Christian kingdoms in eastern Europe, and rule for centuries through tribute. As a result, Russian history is said to be a blend of Eastern and Western influences, outlooks and traditions which are continually at odds with each other. f. During 1400s, princes of Muscovy (Ivan the Great, Ivan the Terrible) begin to expand and create nucleus of modern Russia. Ivan the Great begins to call himself Czar or Tsar, meaning emperor or Caesar g. Tsars expand into Siberia as well as westward, and become a great power in Europe despite being backward technologically. Peter the Great tries to modernize empire by bringing in technology from western Europe; h. i. j. k. l. builds new capital at St. Petersburg, to reinforce Western European orientation. Tsars in nineteenth century resist modern ideas, esp. democracy, rule is autocratic (absolute rule by one person). Alexander II frees serfs and tries to modernize, but is assassinated, Jews are blamed, unfairly, and many emigrate. Last Tsar, Nicholas II, loses Russo-Japanese war, respect of people. Revolution begins in November, 1917. Revolution is taken over by Bolsheviks – Communists – under Lenin and Trotsky, who begin to establish a Communist state, at first very open but later using terror on counter-revolutionaries. Russia becomes isolated internationally and Lenin turns from tightly state-controlled War Communism to the more market-oriented New Economic Plan in the 1920s to gain stability. Gorbachev later turns to this model in the 1980s, with his perestroika program. After Lenin’s death in 1924, a power struggle occurs between backers of Trotsky and Stalin, who emerges as party secretary and dictator. Stalin eliminates real or imagined enemies ruthlessly through: purges and show trials, work camps in Siberia, ethnic deportations (during World War II of Caucasian peoples), elimination of kulaks – prosperous peasants during collectivization. As many as 20 million people die because of his policies. Stalin also succeeds in rapidly industrializing and modernizing Soviet Union through his Five-Year Plans, providing a model for development which will be imitated in many countries. However, collectivization of farms proves a failure that leads to widespread famine, and eventually the USSR is never able to produce enough food for its own needs. In the 1970s it begins buying wheat from the US, the first sign of real weakness in its economy. m. Germans invade during World War II. Much of fiercest fighting in World War II occurs in Soviet Union. Another 20 million die. Germans defeated at Stalingrad (1943) and held up outside of Moscow (1941). Red Army drives on across Eastern Europe and into Berlin. Stalin is one of “Big Three” leaders (along with Roosevelt and Churchill) who gets to decide the future of postwar Europe. Tsars to know: Ivan the Terrible Peter the Great Catherine the Great (built up territory and education) Alexander II (reformer, freed serfs, assassinated) Nicholas II (last Tsar; unprepared, bad decisions) Communist leaders: Lenin Stalin Trotsky Khrushchev Recent Russian leaders: Boris Yeltsin, Vladimir Putin Brezhnev Gorbachev MIDTERM REVIEW 1945: YEAR OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION (Class notes): 1. United Nations 2. Manhattan Project – first atomic bombs developed and used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end US war with Japan. 3. Bretton Woods agreement – establishes World Bank and International Monetary Fund to eliminate currency problems and bases all Western European currencies on the value of the dollar. 4. Nuremberg War Crimes Trials – prosecutes Nazis as war criminals for first time in history 5. Yalta Agreements: Allies agree on postwar issues like United Nations, Soviets to help in war vs. Japan, occupation zones in Germany, FIRST BIG PROBLEM emerges over what type of government will be created for Poland. MIDTERM REVIEW COLD WAR (From packets in Cold War in Eastern Europe and class notes and assignments) Origins (Chapters 3-5 packets in Cold War in Eastern Europe, packets titled “U.S. Responds to the Spread of Communism, 1,2 and 3; class notes): a. Communist takeovers in Eastern Europe: “salami tactics,” Iron Curtain, satellites b. U.S. and British response – Containment policy developed by diplomat George Kennan and implemented by President Harry Truman. “Four pillars:” Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, National Security Act, NATO. Know what these were. c. First confrontations: Berlin crisis (airlift) – 1948-49 WESTERN EUROPE vs. EASTERN EUROPE (packets) With American aid, Western Europe rebuilds successfully and becomes more prosperous and unified than ever before thanks to Common Market (now European Union). Democratic Socialists in Scandinavia, Britain, France and other places create welfare states where government gives people security but does not control every aspect of life or economy. In Eastern Europe, many countries never fully accept Soviet domination. Uprisings occur in East Germany, Poland, Hungary in 1956, and Czechoslovakia in 1968 when reformers try to free their countries up and are crushed by Soviet tanks. Berlin Wall built by East Germany in 1961 to prevent citizens from flooding to more prosperous West. Legacy of communism is economic backwardness and a hideous level of industrial pollution. People to know: Konrad Adenauer, Willy Brandt (West Germany) Charles DeGaulle (France) Clement Attlee, Ernest Bevin, Margaret Thatcher (Britain) Imre Nagy COLD WAR CONTINUED: Cold War is fought in different ways: a. Espionage (spying) Soviet spy rings in US deliver secrets of atomic bombs b. Arms Race – development of more and better weapons, esp. nuclear after USSR explodes its first atomic bomb in 1949. First hydrogen bombs in early 1950s c. Armed interventions: USSR sends troops to quell uprisings in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968 (Prague Spring); US invades Lebanon in 1958, Cambodia in 1970. USSR occupies Afghanistan in 1979; US sends troops into Vietnam in 1960s. These last two examples are also proxy wars. d. Proxy wars (Fighting the rival superpower indirectly, through backing the opposing side in a civil war)– The two sides back different sides in conflicts in newly independent nations, sometimes openly, sometimes secretly: e.g. Vietnam, Angola, Nicaragua, Afghanistan e. Diplomacy – arms agreements, “summit meetings” f. Competition – space race, after Soviets launch Sputnik, first satellite, in 1957; Olympics, etc. g. Covert operations – US (mainly), through CIA, arranged to overthrow governments considered potentially Communist: Guatemala (1954), Iran (1953), Chile (1973), Cuba (Bay of Pigs, failed 1961). END OF COLD WAR (Chapters 6 and 7 in “Cold War in Eastern Europe” packets) 1. Gorbachev comes to power in USSR in 1985. A true reformer, he faces economic problems and an unwinnable and unpopular war in Afghanistan. His people have lost faith in Communism’s ability to give them a better life and the party is seen as corrupt. Institutes glasnost (openness, freedom of speech) and perestroika (modernizing economy). Soviet people begin to speak up. 2. Ronald Reagan, US president, is a cold warrior. Starts research into SDI or “Star Wars,” an anti-missile defense system based on high-tech space weapons, and stations nuclear missiles in Western Europe. 3. Gorbachev and Reagan meet at summit meetings in 1986 and later, and get along well. 4. Gorbachev tells Eastern European Communist states they must govern their own countries without interference or support from USSR. 5. Polish elections in early 1989 lead to victory for Solidarity; Hungary begins taking down Iron Curtain border; 6. East German communists collapse as Berlin Wall is taken down over freedom of travel; 7. Communist regimes fall in Czechoslovakia (“Velvet Revolution”); Bulgaria, Albania and Romania. 8. Soviet Union dissolves into 14 separate countries in 1991; Communism ended 9. Yugoslavia also splits into six separate countries, sometimes bloodily, gets rid of communism. PEOPLE: Gorbachev, Lech Walesa, Vaclav Havel, Ceaucescu, MIDTERM EXAM FORMAT: 50-100 Multiple choice, True-false questions Choice of two out of four short answers (minimum one page each) Essay question (20-30 points). The essay question must be a minimum of four blue book pages (one side). You may bring three one-sided index cards with notes. You are being supplied with interpretations of what caused the Cold War. The question is which interpretation best explains the origin of the Cold War. You must use the usual essay format (intro, body, conclusion) but you can use more than three body paragraphs. You must use solid facts to support your argument, and use facts other than those already used in the interpretations I am supplying. HOW TO STUDY FOR THIS EXAM: Concentrate on class notes and review former quizzes, as I will take many questions from those sources. I expect you to be able to recognize topics, concepts and facts we’ve gone over in class. I also expect you to be able to think about the ideas generated by the “essential questions” I’ve presented for each unit. Refer to these, which I’ve given you in note form, and which I’ll also post on my website. STUDY UNITS: 1. 1945 : International cooperation and new international system – research assignments 2. Russia and Slavic realm, history and culture - handouts 3. Cold War – The Cold War in Eastern Europe, other handouts 4. End of Cold War and post-Communist Europe (we covered this only very briefly) 5. Introduction to global culture (“Journey of Man” and “Guns, Germs and Steel” videos and associated notes and research 6. East Asia – China, Japan, Southeast Asia – their history, culture, Cold War impacts, and modern economic development. Textbook handouts. LIST OF POWER POINTS ON MY WEBSITE THAT CAN BE CONSULTED FOR THIS EXAM: Remember, the power points were developed mainly as a way of introducing the material and seeing it visually. Everything you have to know is not necessarily on any one power point Stalin The Tsars Space Race Cuban Missile Crisis Marshall Plan Socialism and Communism Slavic Culture DNA Graphic Chinese Republic China Since 1976 Korean War