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Tissue
Emergent properties
Properties that emerge at each level
that didn’t exist before….
Structure and Function
Cell- structure and function
DNA-structure and function
Genomics and Bioinformatics
Transfer of energy
Organisms interact
Buffers
• Human blood 7.4
• Drop or rise can be deadly
• Buffers minimizes changes in pH by
accepting hydrogen ions and they are in
excess and donating hydrogen ions when
they are depleted
Acidification
• CO2 is main product of burning fossil fuel
• Joins with watercarbonic acidlowers
pH
• Corals suffer
Hydrocarbons
• Petroleum products and fats
Methyl
• ---CH3-often recognizable tag
Carbohydrates
•
•
•
•
•
C, H, O
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Energy, storage, structure
+
Lipids
• C, H, O (Fats, oils, waxes)
• Fatty Acids and glycerol
– Saturated(solids at room temp)and
unsaturated(kinks prevent packing together)
– Hydrogenated-hydrogen added
– Triacylglycerol-triglycerides
– Hydrophobic-water hydrogen bonds to itself
and excludes fats
• Structure,storage (compact), insulation,
protection
Steroids
•
•
•
•
Four fused rings p.51
Cholesterol-cell membranes
Sex hormones
Synthesized in the liver
Proteins
• C. H, O, N, S
• Amino acids
• Primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary
• Structure, storage, enzymes, transport,
receptors, movement, defense, messengers
Protein vs polypeptide
• Shape is important!!!
Most proteins recognize and bind
to some other molecule
• When proteins lose their shape, they are
said to be denatured.
• Factors that affect shape:
– Temperature
– pH
– Salt concentration
Chaperonins
• Protein molecules that assist in the proper
folding of proteins within cells.
• Provide an isolating environment in which a
polypeptide can reach its final
conformation.
Misfolding of proteins
•
•
•
•
Alzheimer’s
Parkinson’s
Mad cow
Senile dementia
Enzymes
• Catalysts
• Activation energy EA
• Transition state
Substrate specificity
• Active site
• Not as rigid as once thought
• Induced Fit
R groups of a few of the amino acids that are
in the active site catalyze the conversion of
substrate to product, then product leaves.
One enzyme typically acts on about a
thousand substrate molecules per second!
Page 128
Scientific Skills Exercise
OPTIMAL
TEMPERATURE
OPTIMAL pH
Denaturation
• It could happen to you!!!
DNA Tube
http://www.dnatube.com/video/6055/EnzymeFunction-and-Inhibition-Audio-Narration
http://www.youtube.com/user/jch
vatal1/videos?view_as=public