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WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY
ROC 6710 PHYSICS IN MEDICINE
Winter Semester 2017
TIME/DAYS:
Monday and Wednesday, 2:30-4:00 PM
LOCATION:
Gershenson ROC Large Conference Room
INSTRUCTORS:
MS – Michael Snyder, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Radiation Oncology
[email protected]
JB –
Jay Burmeister, Ph.D., Assoc. Professor, Radiation Oncology
[email protected]
OM – Otto Muzik, Ph.D., Professor, Pediatrics & Radiology
[email protected]
MJ – Michael Joiner, Ph.D., Professor, Radiation Oncology
[email protected]
OFFICE HOURS:
By appointment.
REFERENCES:

Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, Second Edition, Suzanne Amador Kane
References/Additional Reading material shall be posted on the blackboard periodically or handouts
may be given in class as per the discretion of each instructor.
EXAMINATIONS AND QUIZZES:
Two Section Examinations will be given according to the established schedule. These exams will be
constructed to cover the specific content addressed in that section of the course; however, some
content may inherently involve cumulative knowledge and/or skills.
GRADING POLICY:
The course grade will be primarily determined according to the following:
Midterm Exam
Final Exam
Final Project
45%
45%
10%
The instructor will utilize the grading guidelines stated below in the determination of the final course
grade. The quality of the student's class participation may be considered in the determination of the
final course grade.
Grades will be determined based on the following scale:
A
88-100%
BA83-88%
C+
B+
78-83%
C
B
73-78%
F
68-73%
63-68%
58-63%
<58%
.
The instructor reserves the right to scale the grades at the end of the term. A lower course grade will
not be assigned based on such scaling. Final course grades will NOT be rounded to the nearest whole
number. A grade of "I" (Incomplete) will be given only in the most extraordinary of circumstances.
ACCOMODATION POLICY:
If you have a documented disability that requires accommodations, you will need to register
with Student Disability Services for coordination of your academic accommodations. The
Student Disability Services (SDS) office is located at 1600 David Adamany Undergraduate
Library in the Student Academic Success Services department. SDS telephone number is
313-577-1851 or 313-577-3365 (TDD only). Once you have your accommodations in place, I
will be glad to meet with you privately during my office hours to discuss your special needs.
Student Disability Services’ mission is to assist the university in creating an accessible
community where students with disabilities have an equal opportunity to fully participate in
their educational experience at Wayne State University.
COURSE WITHDRAWAL POLICY:
The instructor will not permit withdrawal from the course as per the Wayne State University
guidelines.
ACADEMIC DISHONESTY POLICY:
In any instance of academic dishonesty, occurring in this course as defined in Section 3.0 of the
University Student Due Process Statute, the provisions of 10.1 of the Statute will be implemented as
follows.
The grade for the course will be reduced to a "D” or to an “E” if the grade status would
otherwise
have been a "D". In addition, charges MAY be filed, as provided for in-section—10.2 of the Statute
which may lead to further sanctions up to and including expulsion from the College or University.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The class is designed to introduce the technically minded student to the manner in which basic physics
concepts have been used to implement various technologies throughout the medical field. At the
conclusion of the course the student is expected to:
 Understand the basic atomic physics involved in x-ray generation
 Understand the basic nuclear physics involved in radionuclide treatments and imaging
 Describe the physical concepts of various imaging modalities including Ultrasound, Computed
Tomography, MRI, SPECT and PET
 Be familiar with the methods and machinery utilized in radiotherapy
 Understand the role of DNA damage in control of malignant tumors using radiotherapy
techniques and be able to provide a statistical simulation of that damage as it related to cell
death.
Upon the completion of the course the student will have a broad background in how technology is
actively used in a clinical setting, and be able to describe the physics principles that allow that
technology to be successful in advancing patient care.
COURSE OUTLINE:
Mon. Jan. 9
COURSE INTRODUCTION
MS
Wed. Jan. 11
BASIC ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
MS
Atomic Structure, Rutherford Nuclear Atom, Bohr Atomic Model, Excitation and
Ionization, Modifications of the Bohr Atom, Periodic Table of Elements,
Characteristic X-rays, Auger Electrons*, Wave Mechanics Atomic Model, The
Neutron and Nuclear Force, Isotopes, The Atomic Mass Unit, Nuclear Binding
Energy, The Nuclear Liquid Drop Model, The Nuclear Shell Model, Nuclear Stability.
Reading Assignment:
Introduction to Health Physics, III Edition by Herman Cember
Chapter 3, pp. 51-72
*Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection, III Edition by James E. Turner
pp. 45-47
Mon. Jan. 16 UNIVERSITY HOLIDAY (Martin Luther King Day)
Wed. Jan. 18 PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS
MS
The X-ray Tube, The Anode, the Cathode, Focal spot size, Line Focus Principle, Basic
X-ray Circuit, Voltage Rectification, Physics of X-ray Production, Bremsstrahlung
Radiation, Characteristic X-rays, X-ray Energy Spectra, Kramer’s Equation,
Relationship between Output vs Filament Current, tube current, tube voltage.
Reading Assignment:
The Physics of Radiation Therapy, III Edition by Faiz Khan
Chapter 3, pp. 28-37
Mon. Jan. 23 RADIOACTIVITY
MS
Basis for Radioactivity, Alpha Emission, Beta Emission, Positron Emission, Orbital
Electron Capture, Gamma Ray Emission*, Internal Conversion*, Half-Life, Average
Life, Activity, Specific Activity, Natural Radioactivity, Serial Transformation,
Secular Equilibrium, Transient Equilibrium, No Equilibrium*.
Reading Assignment:
Introduction to Health Physics, III Edition by Herman Cember
Chapter 4, pp. 75-113
*Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection, III Edition by James E. Turner
pp. 68-72, 93
Wed. Jan. 25 RADIOACTIVITY (contd…)
MS
Basis for Radioactivity, Alpha Emission, Beta Emission, Positron Emission, Orbital
Electron Capture, Gamma Ray Emission*, Internal Conversion*, Half-Life, Average
Life, Activity, Specific Activity, Natural Radioactivity, Serial Transformation,
Secular Equilibrium, Transient Equilibrium, No Equilibrium*.
Reading Assignment:
Introduction to Health Physics, III Edition by Herman Cember
Chapter 4, pp. 75-113
*Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection, III Edition by James E. Turner
pp. 68-72, 93
Mon. Jan. 30 RADIATION SOURCES FOR MEDICINE
JB
Applications of radiation in medicine, X-ray generators, linear accelerators,
cyclotrons and other cyclic accelerators, radioactive nuclei for nuclear medicine,
sealed and unsealed radioactive sources for medical applications.
Wed. Feb. 1
RADIATION DETECTION/
RADIATION MEASUREMENT QUANTITIES
JB
Ionization and its fate, radiation quantities and units, exposure, dose, kerma,
collision kerma, radiative kerma, RBE, dose equivalent, radiation detection,
gas filled detectors, scintillation detectors, solid state detectors,
thermoluminescent dosimeters, film, calorimetry, chemical dosimeters.
Mon. Feb 6
INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER I
(PHOTONS & NEUTRONS)
JB
Indirectly ionizing vs. directly ionizing radiation, interaction cross section,
exponential attenuation, photoelectric effect, Compton effect, pair production,
Rayleigh scatter, photodisintegration, neutrons, scattering kinematics, scattering
cross section, resonance and compound nuclei
Wed. Feb. 8
OPEN STUDY DAY
Mon. Feb. 13 INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER II
JB
(CHARGED PARTICLES)
Types of charged particle interactions, stopping power, factors affecting
stopping power, heavy and light charged particle interactions, Bragg peak,
range.
Wed. Feb. 15 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW
MS
Mon. Feb. 20 MIDTERM EXAM
MS
Wed. Feb. 22 PHYSICS OF MEDICAL IMAGING (X-RAYS)
MS
Mon. Feb. 27 PHYSICS OF MEDICAL IMAGING (CT)
MS
Wed. Mar. 1
PHYSICS OF MEDICAL IMAGING (ULTRASOUND)
MS
Mon. Mar. 6
PHYSICS OF MEDICAL IMAGING (MRI)
MS
The Larmor equation, the Bloch equation and the basics of generating a signal will be
presented first. Once the signal is obtained method of reconstructing images will be
discussed using Fourier transforms. Both 2D and 3D acquisition methods will be
discussed as well as some of the basic MR contrast mechanisms.
MR discussion:
We will introduce the basic elements behind magnetic resonance imaging including:
MR system components, bulk magnetic resonance, spin phase, spin phase refocusing,
relaxation properties, and image contrast.
Wed. Mar. 8
PHYSICS APPLICATIONS IN CLINICAL RADIOLOGY
Mon. Mar. 13 UNIVERSITY HOLIDAY (Spring Break)
Wed. Mar. 15 UNIVERSITY HOLIDAY (Spring Break)
MS
Mon. Mar. 20 PHYSICS OF MEDICAL IMAGING (PET)
OM
Fundamental particles, Stability of the nucleus, Stochastic nature of radioactivity,
Weak force, Positron decay, Creation of positron emitters, Cyclotron, Nuclear reaction
cross section, Poisson distribution, Radiochemistry, PET tracers, Scintillation
detectors, PET signal, Coincidence detection, Attenuation correction in PET, PET
normalization, Dedicated PET scanner, 2D/3D imaging mode, Sinogram,
True/scatter/random coincidence events, PET signal corrections, Whole body PET.
Wed. Mar. 22 PHYSICS OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE
OM
Signal in Nuclear Medicine, Reconstruction from projections, Radon transformation,
Fourier transformation, Simple and Filtered backprojection, Iterative reconstruction,
OSEM, 3D reconstruction, Virtual projections, Noise Equivalent Counts (NEC),
Partial volume effect, Gamma Camera components, Scintillation camera corrections,
Quality control, Image contrast, Integral and differential uniformity, Spatial
resolution, Modulation transfer function.
Mon. Mar. 27 PHYSICS APPLICATIONS IN
OM
CLINICAL NUCLEAR MEDICINE
Quantification in Nuclear Medicine, Dynamic protocols, Regions of Interest, Kinetic
modeling,, Compartmental tracer models, PET/CT basics, PET/CT attenuation
correction, MIRDOSE dose estimates, CT dose index, PACS, Examples of PET
imaging in Neurology, Oncology and Cardiology.
Wed. Mar. 29 RADIOBIOLOGY I
MJ
Basic Clinical Radiobiology, 4th Edition"
Eds MC Joiner and AJ van der Kogel.
Published by Oxford University Press, USA; expected February 15, 2009
ISBN-10: 0340929669
ISBN-13: 978-0340929667
Mon. Apr. 3
RADIOBIOLOGY II
Basic Clinical Radiobiology, 4th Edition"
Eds MC Joiner and AJ van der Kogel.
Published by Oxford University Press, USA; expected February 15, 2009
ISBN-10: 0340929669
ISBN-13: 978-0340929667
MJ
Wed. Apr. 5
RADIOBIOLOGY III
MJ
Basic Clinical Radiobiology, 4th Edition"
Eds MC Joiner and AJ van der Kogel.
Published by Oxford University Press, USA; expected February 15, 2009
ISBN-10: 0340929669
ISBN-13: 978-0340929667
Mon. Apr. 10 RADIATION SAFETY
MJ
Wed. Apr. 12 PHYSICS APPLICATIONS IN
MS
CLINICAL RADIATION ONCOLOGY I
Medical Linear Accelerators, History, Principles of Operation, Operational/Auxiliary
Systems, The Modulator, Klystrons and Magnetrons, Electron Gun, Accelerator
Waveguide, Travelling Waveguide, Standing Waveguide, Energy Selection, Electron
Energy, Beam Delivery, Bending Magnet Assembly, Target and Flattening Filter, MU
chamber, Electron Beam Delivery, Collimation, Blocks, Multileaf Collimators (MLC),
Wedges, Compensators, Electronic Portal Imaging Devices, On-Board Imaging
Systems (OBI), Helical Tomotherapy, GammaKnife & Cyber Knife.
.
Reading Assignment:
The Physics of Radiotherapy X-rays and Electrons by Metcalfe, Kron & Hoban,
Chapter 1, pp 1-50.
Mon. Apr. 17
OPEN
Wed. Apr. 19 NO CLASS (Study Day)
Mon. Apr. 24 FINAL EXAM
MS
Questions for consideration:
Wed. Mar. 11 PHYSICS OF MEDICAL IMAGING (PET)
1. Why is PET able to absolutely quantify activity concentration in tissue?
2. What is the difference between 2D and 3D PET acquisition?
3. How is the PET signal formed and processed?
4. What are the resolution limitations in PET and what is the achievable resolution?
5. How is the “blank” and the “transmission” scan used in PET to correct the “emission” scan
for attenuation?
Mon. Mar. 23 PHYSICS OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE
1. Explain the problem of shift-invariance in 3D reconstruction and how it is solved
2. What are the advantages/disadvantages of the iterative reconstruction method?
3. Give the reason why the OSEM iterative reconstruction algorithm is faster than the regular
EM iterative reconstruction algorithm.
4. Specify all corrections applied to a gamma camera system
5. How is image contrast defined?
Wed. Mar. 25 PHYSICS APPLICATIONS IN CLINICAL NUCLEAR MEDICINE
1. How is attenuation correction performed on a PET/CT scanner and what are the problems?
2. What is a helical CT acquisition and how is it related to the pitch?
3. Explain in detail how CT is used to allow attenuation correction for PET imaging.
4. What is the typical dose for an adult FDG PET/CT acquisition?
5. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of PET/CT scanning in comparison to PET
scanning alone.