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Download TOPIC 14 – MOTIONS OF EARTH, MOON, SUN
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TOPIC 4 – MOTIONS OF EARTH, MOON, SUN Apparent Motions of Celestial Objects – stars, sun, moon, and planets 1. What is an apparent motion?__________________________________ 2. What is causing the apparent motion of stars moving across the sky from east to west? ______________________________________________ Daily Motion of Stars 3. How do most celestial (heavenly) objects appear to move across the sky? _________________________________________________________ 4. How do some of the stars near the North Star or Polaris appear to move? _________________________________________________________ 5. What is an arc? __________________________________________ 6. What is the constant rate of all DAILY (24 hour period) motion of celestial objects? ___________________________________________ Apparent Motion of the Planets 7. Due to the complicated motion of Earth and the other planets revolving around the sun in different orbits and at different speeds, when the planets are viewed from earth what do the appear to do? ____________________ _________________________________________________________ Apparent Motions of Earth’s Moon 8. Does the moon follow the daily east-to-west motion of the stars? _____ 9. How many minutes does the moon appear to rise later each day? _______ Apparent Motions of the Sun 10. What shape is the sun’s apparent path? ________________________ 11. What are the changes in sun’s path with the seasons? ______________ _________________________________________________________ 12. What happens to the number of daylight hours as the length of the sun’s path increases? What season has the greatest number of daylight hours? _________________________________________________________ 13. Where does the sun rise and set in the spring and fall? _____________ _________________________________________________________ 14. Where does the sun rise and set in the summer? _________________ 15. Where does the sun rise and set in the winter? __________________ Changes in the altitude of the sun at noon Altitude – the angle in degrees of a celestial object above the horizon 16. What time of day does the sun reach the highest position in the sky? __ _________________________________________________________ 17. What 2 factors determine the altitude of the sun at noon?__________ _________________________________________________________ 18. Between what 2 latitudes is the sun directly overhead (90°) at noon? _______________________________________________________ 19. Is the sun ever directly overhead anywhere in the continental U.S.? ___ 20. According to Figure 4-4, at what latitude is the sun directly overhead on September 23 (Fall Equinox) and March 23 (Spring Equinox)? ___________ 21. The Sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) on what date (Summer Solstice)? ______________________________________ 22. The Sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S) on what date (Winter Solstice)? __________________________________ MODELS THAT HELP EXPLAIN APPARENT CELESTIAL MOTIONS Geocentric Models 23. Most early cultures believed in the geocentric model. What is the geocentric model? ___________________________________________ 24. What is a heliocentric model? _______________________________ 25. What 2 motions of earth are explained in a heliocentric model? ______ _________________________________________________________ ACTUAL EARTH MOTIONS Rotation of Earth 26. What is earth’s rotation?___________________________________ 27. What is its axis? _________________________________________ 28. How many degrees is earth’s axis tilted from a line perpendicular to the plane of its orbit? Does the tilt ever change? _______________________ 29. The north end of the axis is directly below what star? _____________ 30. How long does it take earth to rotate 360° from WEST TO EAST?___ Evidence of Earth’s Rotation Hard to prove rotation before satellites because we cannot feel it The Foucault Pendulum 31. When a Foucault pendulum was observed in 1851, how did it appear to change? __________________________________________________ 32. How is this proof of rotation? _______________________________ _________________________________________________________ DIGGING DEEPER 33. The path of the Foucault pendulum only appears to change. What is actually happening? __________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ The Coriolis Effect 34. What is the Coriolis Effect? ________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 35. In the Northern Hemisphere, which direction is the deflection? ______ 36. In the Southern Hemisphere, which direction is the deflection? ______ 37. Why does this deflection occur? _____________________________ 38. What are some examples of matter deflected with respect to Earth’s surface? __________________________________________________ Evidence of Earth’s Revolution Around the Sun 39. How long does it take the Earth to revolve around the sun? _________ 40. Earth’s orbit is a slightly eccentric ellipse. Eccentricity means the degree of ovalness of an ellipse or how far it is from being a circle. Does our slightly elliptical orbit cause the seasons? _________________________ 41. Seasonal changes are evidence for revolution because as earth travels in its orbit around the sun due to earth’s tilt different parts of earth receive the direct rays of the sun. 42. If the same part of Earth received the more direct rays of the sun, would the seasons change? _____________________________________ 43. What is a constellation? ___________________________________ 44. Why are having different constellations associated with each of the 4 season’s proof of revolution? ___________________________________ 45. What happens to the sun’s apparent diameter as Earth revolves in its slightly elliptical orbit? (this happens because of the changing distance from the sun) __________________________________________________ Earth and Moon Motions and Time 46. What is the concept of the month based on? ____________________ 47. What is a day based on? ___________________________________ 48. What is a year based on? __________________________________ Local Time 49. What is time based on? ____________________________________ 50. What is true about time at all locations on the same north-south line, meridians of longitude? _______________________________________ Time Zone or Standard Time 51. How many time zones are there? _____________________________ 52. How wide apart and what is the difference in time between time zones? _________________________________________________________ Actual Motions of Earth’s Moon 53. What common events are the results of the revolution of the moon around Earth as Earth revolves around the sun? _____________________ 54. What is the tilt and period of the moon’s revolution? _________________________________________________________ Moon Phases 55. Except during lunar eclipses, how much of the moon is always receiving light from the sun? __________________________________________ 56. Why does an observer on Earth see varying amounts of this lighted half as the moon moves in its orbit? _________________________________ 57. What are the moon’s phases? _______________________________ _________________________________________________________ 58. What type of change are the phases of the moon? ________________ 59. The period from one full moon to the next is how many days? ________ 60. Moon’s period of revolution is only how many days? ________________ (As the moon revolves around Earth, Earth is moving in its orbit around the sun. Therefore, it takes longer (approximately 2 days) for the moon to complete its full cycle from full moon to full moon) Tides 61. What causes the tides? ____________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 62. The tidal effect is caused primarily by what? ____________________ 63. Why? _________________________________________________ 64. Few ocean shores experience an ideal cycle of tides but normally how many high tides and low tides are there in a 24 hour cycle? _____________ 65. When the moon, earth and sun are in a straight line you get higher high tides and lower low tides. What is the result? ______________________ 66. When the moon is a quarter phase, the sun is at a 90° angle to moon’s force resulting in lower high tides and higher low tides. What is the result? _________________________________________________________ Eclipses 67. What is an eclipse? _______________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Lunar Eclipse 68. What is a lunar eclipse? ___________________________________ 69. This ONLY happens during what moon phase? ___________________ 70. Why doesn’t this happen every month? ________________________ _________________________________________________________ Solar Eclipse 71. What is a solar eclipse and during what moon phase can it happen? ____ _________________________________________________________