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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Endocrine glands are scattered throughout the body.
The human endocrine system regulates a variety of
activities.
Any improper functioning of an endocrine gland may
result in a disease or a disorder.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
The major glands of the endocrine system include:
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the pituitary gland
the hypothalamus
the thyroid gland
the parathyroid glands
the adrenal glands
the pancreas
the reproductive glands
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland secretes nine hormones
that directly regulate many body functions
and controls the actions of several other
endocrine glands.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is a structure at the base of
the skull.
The gland is divided into two parts: the anterior
pituitary and the posterior pituitary.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pituitary Gland
The Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus
Anterior
pituitary
Posterior
pituitary
Pituitary
gland
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pituitary Gland
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pituitary Gland
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pituitary Gland
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is the part of the brain
attached to the posterior pituitary.
The hypothalamus controls the secretions
of the pituitary gland.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus:
is influenced by hormone levels in the blood and
by sensory information.
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coordinates interactions between the nervous
system and the endocrine system
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Thyroid Gland
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is located at the base of the neck
and wraps around the upper part of the trachea.
It:
• produces thyroxine.
• thyroxine regulates the metabolic rate of cells.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland
Larynx
Thyroid gland
Esophagus
Trachea
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Disorders
Hyperthyroidism: the body produces too much
thyroxine. It is characterized by elevated temperature
and metabolic rate, increased blood pressure, and
weight loss.
Hypothyroidism: the body produces too little
thyroxine. It is characterized by lower temperature
and metabolic rate, lack of energy, and weight gain.
Goiter: enlargement of thyroid gland. Caused by an
iodine deficiency.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Parathyroid Glands
The four parathyroid glands are found on the
back surface of the thyroid gland.
Hormones from the thyroid gland and the
parathyroid glands act to maintain
homeostasis of calcium levels in the
blood.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid glands:
• secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH).
• PTH regulates calcium levels in the blood by
increasing reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys
and by increasing uptake of calcium from the
digestive system.
• PTH affects other organ systems, promoting
proper nerve and muscle function and bone
structure.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Adrenal Glands
The adrenal glands are two pyramid-shaped
structures that sit on top of the kidneys, one
gland on each kidney.
The adrenal glands release hormones that
help the body prepare for and deal with
stress.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal gland
Kidney
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
An adrenal gland has
an outer part called
the adrenal cortex and
an inner part called
the adrenal medulla.
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal
cortex
Adrenal
medulla
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Cortex
• produces over 24 steroid hormones.
• the hormone aldosterone regulates reabsorption
of sodium ions and the excretion of potassium
ions by the kidneys.
• the hormone cortisol controls the rate of
metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Medulla:
• prepares the body for energy-intense activities.
• releases epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Adrenal Glands
Epinephrine and norepinephrine:
• increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood
flow to the muscles.
• cause air passageways to open wider, allowing
for an increased intake of oxygen.
• stimulate the release of extra glucose into the
blood to help produce a sudden burst of energy.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pancreas
The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine
functions.
It is a digestive gland whose secretions break down
food.
It also produces the hormones insulin and glucagon.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pancreas
Insulin and glucagon help to keep the
level of glucose in the blood stable.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pancreas
Insulin stimulates cells in the liver and muscles to
remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen
or fat.
Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen
and release glucose back into the blood.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pancreas
Maintaining Blood Sugar Levels
When glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases
insulin.
Insulin stimulates cells to take glucose out of the
bloodstream.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pancreas
Glucose taken out of circulation is stored as
glycogen in the liver (about one day’s worth of
energy) and skeletal muscles.
In fat tissue, glucose is converted to lipids.
When blood glucose level drops, glucagon is
released from the pancreas.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pancreas
Glucagon stimulates liver cells and skeletal muscles
to break down glycogen and increase glucose levels.
It causes fat cells to break down fats for production of
carbohydrates.
This makes more chemical energy available and
helps raise the blood glucose level back to normal.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Pancreas
Diabetes Mellitus
When the pancreas fails to produce or properly
use insulin, diabetes mellitus occurs.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Reproductive Glands
The gonads are the body’s reproductive
glands.
The gonads serve two important
functions: the production of gametes,
and the secretion of sex hormones.
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Reproductive Glands
The female gonads, ovaries, produce the female sex
hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Progesterone prepares the uterus for the arrival of a
developing embryo.
Estrogen is needed for the development of eggs and
for the formation of physical characteristics of the
female body.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
Reproductive Glands
The male gonads, testes, produce testosterone,
which is needed for normal sperm production and
development of male physical characteristics.
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