Download Virus and Prokarayotic Cells

Tour of the Cell 1
Animation
AP Biology
Types of cells
Prokaryote
bacteria cells
- no organelles
- organelles
Eukaryote
animal cells
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Eukaryote
plant cells
Cell Theory
 1662 Robert Hooke

first to observe and diagram a cell
 1673 Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

discovers bacteria
 1830s Schlieden

discovers plant cells
 Schwann

Discovers animal cells
 1855 Virchow
 Omnis cellulae cellula (all cells from cells)
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Cell Theory Cont
1. The basic unit of life is the cell
2. All cells arise from pre-existing cells
3. Cells contain heritable information
(DNA)
All cells metabolize
Cells have the ability to evolve
4.
5.
1.
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As constituents of organisms that are
part of population
Domains of Life
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaraya
Nodes – common
ancestor
Common
Ancestor
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Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaraya
Membrane
enclosed
organelles
Peptidoglycan
Initiator Amino
Acid for protein
synthesis
Histones
Circular
Chromosomes
• Histone – protein involved in structure and packaging of DNA
• Prokarayotes – All members of bacteria/Arachaea, NO
ORGANELLES
• Eukarayotes – All members have organelles
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Viruses
1. Non-cellular
2. Evolve by mutation only
3. All have genetic material (DNA or RNA)
4. Reproduce only within living host
(cells)
Highly specific to the cell
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
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HIV can only attack T-helper cells (TH)
Polio  neurons
Hepatitis  liver cells
Rabies  neurons
6. Cannot respond to stimuli
7. Obligate intracellular parasites  need
to go from cell to cell
8. Cannot metabolize on their own
Draw Picture of
Animalvirus
T4 lambda
bacteriophage
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Viral Replication
 Lytic
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
 Lysogenic
Attachment
Penetration
Biosynthesis
Assembly
Release
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Cells will continue to divide and not go into
#4 until conditions are right  entering #4
the cell goes back into the lytic cycle
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Attachment
Penetration
Genetic Integration
Biosynthesis
Assembly
Release
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Do NOT COPY THIS
SLIDE live
Bacteria
EVERYWHERE!
 Bacteria live in all ecosystems
on plants & animals
 in plants & animals
 in the soil
 in depths of the oceans
Microbes always
 in extreme cold
find a way to
make a living!
 in extreme hot
 in extreme salt
 on the living
 on the dead

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eukaryote cell
Prokaryote Structure
 Unicellular

prokaryote
cell
bacilli, cocci, spirilli
1. Cocci

Spherical (round)

Coccus

Diplococci

Streptococcus
 N. gonnorrhoeae
 Strep throat
S.pneumoniae

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Staphylococcus
S.aureus – staph infection
2. Bacilli


Rod Shaped
B. anthracis
3. Spirillus/spirochetes



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Syphillis
Lyme’s disease
Ability to burrow
Cell Structure
1. Glycocalyx (Capsule)
Outermost covering composed of
polysaccharides and protein.
 Function – protection from
invaders/threats

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2. Cell Wall
 Composed of peptidoglycan (sugar
protein)
 Gram Staining
A staining procedure that either results
in purple/pink
 Positive = purple
 Negative = pink

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 Gram(+)
Cell membrane + thick cell wall
 Susceptible to antibiotics(purple =good)

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 Gram (-)
Cell membrane + cell wall (thin)
+ cell membrane
 Protected against
many antibiotics

 Dangerous
Cell walls regulate
osmotic pressure
(osmoregulation = water balance)

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Prokaryote Cell Wall Structure
Gram-positive bacteria
peptide side
chains
cell wall
peptidoglycan
plasma membrane
That’s
important for
your doctor
to know!
protein
peptidoglycan = polysaccharides + amino acid chains
lipopolysaccharides = lipids + polysaccharides
Gram-negative bacteria
cell wall
outer membrane of
lipopolysaccharides
outer
membrane
peptidoglycan
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plasma
membrane
3. Cell Membrane
 Composed of phospholipids
 semi-permeable,
 regulation of all materials in and out of
cell
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4. Flagellum
 Whip-like propeller (different from
sperm movement)
 9 + 0 array of microtubules in bacteria
 Chemotaxis
Respond to chemicals by
change in movement
 E. coli – Positive Taxis

 Move towards other E. coli to
form colonies
 Negative chemotaxis?
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5. Fimbriae + Pili
 Explain video in your own words
 Fimbriae
Extension for adhering to the
surfaces/eachother
 Used for conjugation – bacteria sex (w/
pilus)

 Plasmid exchange

Plasmid
 Small loop of DNA that contains info about
survival
 Pili
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
Used for conjugation (sex pilus)
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Chromosome
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
double helix
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6. Nucleoid
 The region where the DNA is located
 DNA is in the form of a single, looped
chromosome
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7. Ribosomes
 Not an organelle (smaller than
eukarayote ribosome)
 Composed of 2 subunits to work
together to translate genetic info into
Protein
 rRNA + protein  2 parts are produced
by nucleolus
8. Cytoplasm
 Gel-like fluid in which structures are
suspended and in which all metabolism
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takes place
9. Endospore (spore)
 Defense against environmental
conditions
 Notes on animation
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I am a pro-karayoker
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