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Pronoun-Palooza! A PRONOUN IS A WORD WHICH REPLACES A NOUN. THEREFORE WHEN YOU USE A PRONOUN, YOU DO NOT NEED TO MENTION THE NOUN. WHEN DEALING WITH PRONOUN TERMS, THINK ABOUT WHAT THE WORDS MEAN! 1. SUBJECT PRONOUN A word which replaces a noun as the subject of a sentence. 2. OBJECT PRONOUN A word which replaces a noun as the object of a sentence. 3. STRESS PRONOUN A pronoun one uses when one wishes to add stress or emphasis. In addition, these are pronouns that appear after a preposition (such as avec, sans, sous, sur, contre, de, pour, par, etc.) 4. POSSESSIVE PRONOUN A word which replaces a noun that possesses something. 5. RELATIVE PRONOUN Helps two parts of a sentence relate to each other. *POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE (the sort-of pronoun) A word that describes a noun by replacing the person who possesses it. (Because it is not really a pronoun, you do still need to mention the noun.) *DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES (often mistaken for pronouns) A word that demonstrates or indicates which noun is being referred to. Subject pronoun A word which replaces a noun as the subject of a sentence. All verb conjugation hinges on subject pronouns, and nothing else! First person Second person Third person masculine Third person feminine Third person neuter je tu il elle on Inanimate general Inanimate away Inanimate near ça cela ceci ce (used only with être) nous vous ils elles Plural Plural/formal Plural masculine Plural feminine Structure: Identify the subject of the sentence, or the person/thing which is performing the verb. Is it first, second, or third person? Masculine or feminine? Uknown? Singular or plural? Then replace it with the correct subject pronoun. Thomas regarde la télé avec sa famille. Thomas is the subject (third person singular masculine.) It becomes: Il regarde la télé avec sa famille. Practice: I speak French. They (feminine) love to cook. We have six dogs. That makes some sense. This bakes bread. Object pronoun A word which preplaces a noun as the object of a sentence. DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS (the thing or person upon which the verb is being performed directly) First person Second person Third person masculine Third person feminine me te le la nous vous les Plural Plural/formal Inanimate masculine Inanimate feminine le la les Inanimate plural Plural INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS (the thing or person upon which the verb is being performed indirectly) First person Second person Third person masculine Third person feminine me te lui lui nous vous leur Plural Plural/formal Inanimate lui les Inanimate plural Plural Structure: Identify the object of the sentence, or the person/thing which the verb is being performed upon. Is it first, second, or third person? Masculine or feminine? Uknown? Singular or plural? Then replace it with the correct object pronoun, and place it before the verb. Thomas donne un cadeau à son grand-père “un cadeau” is the direct object of the sentence (third person masculine singular). It becomes: Thomas le donne à son grand-père. “son grand-père” is the indirect object of the sentence (third person masculine singular) It becomes: Thomas lui donne un cadeau. Practice: I hate him. They love us. We love them. She’s reading it with her children. Do you speak to her about school? Dad is giving them our car. Stress pronoun A pronoun one uses when one wishes to add stress or emphasis. In addition, these are pronouns that appear after a preposition (such as avec, sans, sous, sur, contre, de, pour, par, etc.) First person Second person Third person masculine Third person feminine Third person neuter moi toi lui elle soi Inanimate general Inanimate away Inanimate near ça cela ceci nous vous eux elles Plural Plural/formal Plural masculine Plural feminine Structure 1: Even when the noun is mentioned, you can place a stress pronoun at the beginning or ending of a phrase to add emphasis or stress. Thomas est un beau garçon, lui. Moi, je ne veux pas aller au cinéma! Structure 2: Identify a noun that comes after a preposition (such as with, without, under, over, against, for, etc.). Is it first, second, or third person? Masculine or feminine? Unknown? Singular or plural? Then replace it with the correct stress pronoun. Thomas va à l’église avec son grand-père. “son grand-père” is the noun which comes after the preposition. It becomes: Thomas va à l’église avec lui. Practice with emphasis: I have six dogs! Tom Hanks is a fantastic actor! We don’t want to sing! Practice with following prepositions: She isn’t going to Hawaii without me. I’m with you. (informal) You’re against us! At work, he is under me. Possessive pronoun A word which replaces a noun that possesses something. First person First person plural Second person Second person plural/formal Third person Third person plural Masculine le mien le nôtre le tien le vôtre le sien le leur feminine la mienne la nôtre la tienne la vôtre la sienne la leur masc plural les miens les nôtres les tiens les vôtres les siens les leurs fem plural les miennes les nôtres les tiennes les vôtres les siennes les leurs Structure: Identify who or what possesses something in a sentence (the column at left). First, second or third person? Singular or plural? Next, identify what is being owned (the row across the top) Masculine or feminine? Singular or plural? The correct pronoun meets the column and the row in the middle. C’est le chien de Thomas. Thomas possesses the dog (Thomas is third person singular, the dog is singular masculine). It becomes: Le chien est le sien. Practice: The flowers are mine. There are four cars; his is the purple. Those books are ours. The house is theirs. Which orange juice is yours (informal)? Relative pronoun Helps two parts of a sentence relate to each other. ce qui (refers to a subject) ce que (refers to an object) ce dont (refers to “of which”) qui (refers to a subject) que dont où (refers to a place) (refers to an object) (refers to “of which”) AFTER A PREPOSITION lequel (mascline singular) laquelle (feminine singular) lesquels (masculine plural) lesquelles (feminine plural) Structure: Relative pronouns often translate to English as “that” or “which” (but not always). Identify what the relative pronoun should refer to. Is it the subject of the sentence? The object? Is it a sentence phrased with “of which”? Is there a preposition involved? Then insert the proper relative pronoun. Thomas aime le pull que sa grand-mère a fait. “que” refers to the sweater, which is the object of the sentence. C’est la voiture qui a frappé Thomas. “qui” refers to the car, which is the subject of the phrase about a car hitting Thomas. C’est la chaise sur laquelle je suis assis. “laquelle” comes after the preposition sur. Practice: That’s the school where I learned my ABC’s. The drawer in which my mom placed the necklace is in her bedroom. The girls with whom (which) we went to the dance are Sophie and Renée. He bought the pen which wrote the Magna Carta. That’s the dress I want! Possessive Adjectives A word that describes a noun by replacing the person who possesses it. First person First person plural Second person Second person plural/formal Third person Third person plural Masculine mon notre ton votre son leur feminine ma notre ta votre sa leur plural mes nos tes vos ses leurs Structure: Identify who or what possesses something in a sentence (the column at left). First, second or third person? Singular or plural? Next, identify what is being owned (the row across the top) Masculine or feminine? Singular or plural? The correct pronoun meets the column and the row in the middle. C’est le chien de Thomas. Thomas possesses the dog (Thomas is third person singular, the dog is singular masculine). It becomes: C’est son chien. Practice: Marlène is his mother. This is our school. My boyfriend is handsome. Sandrine and her father went to their church. Mom and dad, your children are angry!