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Greek Philosophy and History Chapter 5, Section 2 Greek Philosophers • Philosophy – “love of wisdom”. • Led to the study of history, political science, science, and math. • Philosophers – believed the human mind could understand everything. • Many were teachers Pythagoras • taught his pupils that the universe followed the same laws that governed music and numbers. • Believed that all relationships in the world could be expressed in numbers. • Pythagorean Theorem – Determines the length of the sides of a triangle A2 + B2 = C2 The Sophists • Professional teachers in ancient Greece • Believed students should use their time to improve themselves • Taught how to win an argument and make good speeches • Did not believe that gods/goddesses influenced people • Rejected the idea of absolute right and wrong • Believed that what was right for one person, may be wrong for another Socrates • Critic of the Sophists • Athenian sculptor – true love was philosophy • No writings left • Learned from his student’s writings • Believed that an absolute truth existed & all real knowledge was within each person Socratic method • Asked pointed questions to force his pupils to use their reason and to see things for themselves. • Athenian leaders felt threatened by the Socratic method • 399 B.C. – Athenian leaders accused Socrates of teaching young Athenians to rebel against the state. • Jury convicted him – sentenced to death • Drank poison - died • • • • Student of Socrates Republic- based on life in Athens People divided into 3 social groups Top – philosopher-kings – ruled using logic and wisdom • Middle- Warriors – defended the state • Bottom – rest of the people – driven by desire, not wisdom or courage. • Plato believe women should have equal rights – same education and chance to do the same jobs • Plato also established a school in Athens – the Academy • Plato’s best student • Wrote more than 200 books – govt. planets. stars. • Lyceum – school opened in 335 B.C. • Taught the “golden mean” – Idea that a person should do nothing in excess • Use your senses to make observations. Politics Government divided into 3 types: • Govt. by 1 person – monarch (king/queen), or a tyrant • Govt. by a few people – aristocracy or oligarchy – Run by the rich • Govt. by many people – Democracy – Run by the poor Mixture of oligarchy and democracy • Aristotle’s ideas shaped European/American govts. • US – tried to create a mixture of govt. that balanced the different types Aristotle identified. Greek Historians • • • • History is the study of the human past Herodotus – wrote the history of the Persian Wars. Tried to separate fact from legend. Thucydides – considered the greatest historian in the ancient world • Fought and wrote about the Peloponnesian War. • Saw war and politics as the activities of human beings, not gods. • Also stressed the importance of having accurate facts.