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Contents
Articles
Spain in General
Spain History of Spain Spanish language Spanish cuisine Francisco Franco Bullfighting
Madrid
Madrid History of Madrid MadridBarajas Airport Madrid Metro
Things to do in Madrid
Royal Palace of Madrid Museo del Prado Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofa
ThyssenBornemisza Museum Temple of Debod Buen Retiro Park Sabatini Gardens Real
Jardn Botnico de Madrid El Pardo
Places to Go Outside Madrid
Toledo, Spain El Escorial Valle de los Cados
Royal Family
Spanish Royal Family House of Bourbon Juan Carlos I of Spain
Queen Sofa of Spain
References
Article Sources and Contributors Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
Article Licenses
License
Spain in General
Spain
Kingdom of Spain Reino de Espaa
MottoquotPlus UltraquotLatin quotFurther Beyondquot AnthemquotMarcha RealquotSpanish
quotRoyal Marchquot
Location of Spaindark green on the European continentgreen ampdark grey in the European
Uniongreen Legend
Capital and largest city Official languages Recognised regionallanguages Demonym
Government King Prime Minister Legislature Upper House Madrid N W Spanish
Aranese, Basque, Catalan/Valencian and Galician Spanish, Spaniard Parliamentary
democracy and constitutional monarchy Juan Carlos I Jos Luis Rodrguez Zapatero PSOE
Cortes Generales Senate
Spain
Lower House Formation Traditional date Dynastic De facto De jure Nation state Congress of
Deputies th century ascension to the throne of Liuvigild
Constitutional democracy EU accession January Area
Total
,km st ,sqmi . Population
Water
estimate Density
,,
th
/km th /sqmi estimate
GDPPPP GDP nominal Gini HDI Currency Time zone SummerDST Date formats Drives on
the ISOcode Internet TLD Calling code Total Per capita Total Per capita
.trillion ,
estimate .trillion ,
.
very highth EUR
Euro CET
UTC
CESTUTC dd.mm.yyyy Spanish CE right ES .es
Spain /enusSpain.oggspen/ spayn Spanish Espaa, pronouncedespaa listen, officially the
Kingdom of Spain Spanish Reino de Espaa , is a country and member state of the European
Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to
the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the
British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay
and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spain Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary
Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa,
Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llvia is a Spanish exclave
situated inside French territory. With an area of square kilometres sqmi, it is the second
largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France. Because of its
location, the territory of Spain was subject to many external influences since prehistoric times
and through to its dawn as a country. Spain emerged as a unified country in the th century,
following the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs and the completion of the reconquest, or
Reconquista, of the Iberian peninsula in . Conversely, it has been an important source of
influence to other regions, chiefly during the Modern Era, when it became a global empire
that has left a legacy of over million Spanish speakers today, making it the worlds second
most spoken first language. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a parliamentary
government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a developed country with the twelfth
largest economy in the world by nominal GDP, and very high living standards th highest
Human Development Index, including the tenthhighest quality of life index rating in the world,
as of . It is a member of the United Nations, European Union, NATO, OECD, and WTO.
History
The first known peoples of presentday Spain were the Celts and the Iberians. After an
arduous conquest, the Iberian Peninsula became a region of the Roman Empire known as
Hispania. During the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later was conquered
by Muslim invaders. Through a very long and fitful process, the Christian kingdoms in the
north gradually rolled back Muslim rule, finally extinguishing its last remnant in Granada in ,
the same year Columbus reached the Americas. A global empire began which saw Spain
become the strongest kingdom in Europe and the leading world power in the th century and
first half of the th century. Continued wars and other problems eventually led to a diminished
status. The French invasion of Spain in the early th century led to chaos, triggering
independence movements that tore apart most of the empire and left the country politically
unstable. In the th century it suffered a devastating civil war and came under the rule of an
authoritarian government, leading to years of stagnation, but finishing in an impressive
economic surge. Democracy was restored in in the form of a parliamentary constitutional
monarchy. In , Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a cultural renaissance and
steady economic growth.
Etymology
The true origins of the name Espaa and its cognates quotSpainquot and quotSpanishquot
are disputed. The ancient Roman name for Iberia, Hispania, may derive from poetic use of
the term Hesperia to refer to Spain, reflecting the Greek perception of Italy as a quotwestern
landquot or quotland of the setting sunquot Hesperia, in Greek and Spain, being still further
west, as Hesperia ultima. It may also be a derivation of the Punic Ispanihad, meaning
quotland of rabbitsquot or quotedgequot, a reference to Spains location at the end of the
Mediterranean Roman coins struck in the region from the reign of Hadrian show a female
figure with a coney at her feet. There are also claims that Espaa derives from the Basque
word Ezpanna meaning quotedgequot or quotborderquot, another reference to the fact that
the Iberian peninsula constitutes the southwest of the European continent. The humanist
Antonio de Nebrija proposed that the word Hispania evolved from the Iberian word Hispalis,
meaning quotcity of the western worldquot. According to new research by Jess Luis
Cunchillos published in with the name of Gramtica fenicia elemental Basic Phoenician
grammar, the root of the term span is spy, meaning quotto forge metalsquot. Therefore
ispnya would mean quotthe land where metals are forgedquot.
Spain
Prehistory and preRoman peoples
Archaeological research at Atapuerca indicates the Iberian Peninsula was populated by
hominids .million years ago. Modern humans first arrived in Iberia, from the north on foot,
about , years ago. The best known artifacts of these prehistoric human settlements are the
famous paintings in the Altamira cave of Cantabria in northern Iberia, which were created
about , BCE by cromagnons. Archaeological and genetic evidence strongly suggests that the
Iberian Peninsula acted as one of several major refugia from which northern Europe was
repopulated following the end of the last ice age. The two main historical peoples of the
peninsula were the Iberians and the Celts, the former inhabiting the Mediterranean side from
the northeast to the southwest, the latter inhabiting the Atlantic side, in the north and
northwest part of the peninsula. In the inner part of the peninsula, where both groups were in
contact, a mixed, distinctive culture known as Celtiberian was present. Basques occupied the
western area of the Pyrenees mountain range and adjacent areas. Other ethnic groups
existed along the peninsulas southern coastal areas.
Altamira Cave paintings,
in Cantabria
In the south of the peninsula appeared the semimythical city of Tartessos c.BC, whose
flourishing trade in items made of gold and silver with the Phoenicians and Greeks is
documented by Strabo and the Book of Solomon. Between about BC and BC, the seafaring
Phoenicians and Greeks founded trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast. The
Carthaginians briefly exerted control over much of the Mediterranean side of the peninsula,
until defeated in the Punic Wars by the Romans.
Roman Empire and the Gothic Kingdom
During the Second Punic War, an expanding Roman Empire captured Carthaginian trading
colonies along the Mediterranean coast from roughly BC to BC. It took the Romans nearly
two centuries to complete the conquest of the Iberian peninsula, though they had control of
much of it for over six centuries. Roman rule was bound together by law, language, and the
Roman road.
Roman Theatre of Mrida, in Badajoz
Spain
The cultures of the Celt and Iberian populations were gradually romanized Latinized at
differing rates in different parts of Hispania. Local leaders were admitted into the Roman
aristocratic class. Hispania served as a granary for the Roman market, and its harbors
exported gold, wool, olive oil, and wine. Agricultural production increased with the
introduction of irrigation projects, some of which remain in use. Emperors Trajan, Theodosius
I, and the philosopher Seneca were born in Hispania. Christianity was introduced into
Hispania in the stcentury CE and it became popular in the cities in the ndcentury CE. Most of
Spains present languages and religion, and the basis of its laws, originate from this period.
The weakening of the Western Roman Empires jurisdiction in Hispania began in Cathedral of
the Holy Saviour, in , when the Germanic Suevi and Vandals, together with the Sarmatian
Alans Asturias crossed the Rhine and ravaged Gaul until the Visigoths drove them into Iberia
that same year. The Suevi established a kingdom in what is today modern Galicia and
northern Portugal. As the western empire disintegrated, the social and economic base
became greatly simplified but even in modified form, the successor regimes maintained
many of the institutions and laws of the late empire, including Christianity. The Alans allies,
the Hasdingi Vandals, established a kingdom in Gallaecia, too, occupying largely the same
region but extending farther south to the Duero river. The Silingi Vandals occupied the region
that still bears a form of their name Vandalusia, modern Andalusia, in Spain. The Byzantines
established an enclave, Spania, in the south, with the intention of reviving the Roman empire
throughout Iberia. Eventually, however, Hispania was reunited under Visigothic rule.
Muslim Iberia
In the thcentury, nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by largely Moorish Muslim
armies from North Africa. These conquests were part of the expansion of the Umayyad
Islamic Empire. Only a small area in the mountainous northwest of the peninsula managed to
resist the initial invasion. Under Islamic law, Christians and Jews were given the subordinate
status of dhimmi. This status permitted Christians and Jews to practice their religions as
people of the book but they were required to pay a special tax and to be subject to certain
discriminations.
The Alhambra palace complex, in Granada.
Conversion to Islam proceeded at a steadily increasing pace. The muladies Muslims of
ethnic Iberian origin are believed to have comprised the majority of the population of
AlAndalus by the end of the th century.
Spain
The Muslim community in the Iberian peninsula was itself diverse and beset by social
tensions. The Berber people of North Africa, who had provided the bulk of the invading
armies, clashed with the Arab leadership from the Middle East. Over time, large Moorish
populations became established, especially in the Guadalquivir River valley, the coastal plain
of Valencia, the Ebro River valley and towards the end of this period in the mountainous
region of Granada.
Crdoba, the capital of the caliphate, was the largest, richest and most sophisticated city in
western Europe. Mediterranean trade and cultural exchange flourished. Muslims imported a
rich intellectual tradition from the Middle East and North Africa. Muslim and Jewish scholars
played an important part in reviving and expanding classical Greek learning in Western
Europe. The Romanized cultures of the Iberian peninsula interacted with Muslim and Jewish
cultures in complex ways, thus giving the region a distinctive culture. Outside La Giralda, the
bell tower of Seville the cities, where the vast majority lived, the land ownership system from
Roman Cathedral times remained largely intact as Muslim leaders rarely dispossessed
landowners, and the introduction of new crops and techniques led to a remarkable expansion
of agriculture. In the thcentury, the Muslim holdings fractured into rival Taifa kingdoms,
allowing the small Christian states the opportunity to greatly enlarge their territories. The
arrival from North Africa of the Islamic ruling sects of the Almoravids and the Almohads
restored unity upon the Muslim holdings, with a stricter, less tolerant application of Islam, and
saw a revival in Muslim fortunes. This reunited Islamic state, experienced more than a
century of successes that partially reversed Christian gains.
End of Muslim rule and unification
The Reconquista quotReconquestquot is the centurieslong period of expansion of Iberias
Christian kingdoms. The Reconquista is viewed as beginning with the Battle of Covadonga in
, and was concurrent with the period of Muslim rule on the Iberian peninsula. The Christian
armys victory over Muslim forces led to the creation of the Christian Kingdom of Asturias
along the northwestern coastal mountains. Shortly after, in , Muslim forces were driven from
Galicia, which was to eventually host one of medieval Europes holiest sites, Santiago de
Compostela and was incorporated into the new Christian kingdom. Muslim armies had also
moved north of the Pyrenees, but they were defeated by Frankish forces at the Battle of
Poitiers, Frankia. Later, Frankish forces established Christian counties on the southern side
of the Pyrenees. These areas were to grow into the kingdoms of Navarre, Aragon and
Catalonia. For several centuries, the fluctuating frontier between the Muslim and Christian
controlled areas of Iberia was along the Ebro and Duero valleys.
Loarre Castle, in Huesca
vila city walls
Spain
The Cathedral of Burgos, jewel of the Spanish gothic style, located in the city of Burgos,
capital of Castile.
King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile the Catholic Monarchs.
The breakup of AlAndalus into the competing taifa kingdoms helped the long embattled
Iberian Christian kingdoms gain the initiative. The capture of the strategically central city of
Toledo in marked a significant shift in the balance of power in favour of the Christian
kingdoms. Following a great Muslim resurgence in the thcentury, the great Moorish
strongholds in the south fell to Christian Spain in the thcenturyCrdoba in and Seville in
leaving only the Muslim enclave of Granada as a tributary state in the south. In the th and
thcenturies, the Marinids Muslim sect based in North Africa invaded and established some
enclaves on the southern coast but failed in their attempt to reestablish Muslim rule in Iberia
and were soon driven out. The thcentury also witnessed the Crown of Aragon, centred in
Spains north east, expand its reach across islands in the Mediterranean, to Sicily and even
Athens. Around this time the universities of Palencia / and Salamanca / were established.
The Black Death of and devastated Spain. In , the crowns of the Christian kingdoms of
Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of
Aragon. commenced the completion of the conquest of the Canary Islands and in
Alczar of Segovia
Spain , the combined forces of the Castile and Aragon captured the Emirate of Granada,
ending the last remnant of a year presence of Islamic rule in Iberia. The Treaty of Granada
guaranteed religious tolerance toward Muslims. The year also marked the arrival in the New
World of Christopher Columbus, during a voyage funded by Isabella. That same year, Spains
Jews were ordered to convert to Catholicism or face expulsion from Spanish territories during
the Spanish Inquisition. A few years later, following social disturbances, Muslims were also
expelled under the same conditions. As Renaissance New Monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand
centralized royal power at the expense of local nobility, and the word Espaa, whose root is
the ancient name Hispania, began to be commonly used to designate the whole of the two
kingdoms. With their wideranging political, legal, religious and military reforms, Spain
emerged as the first world power.
Imperial Spain
The unification of the crowns of Aragon and Castile laid the basis for modern Spain and the
Spanish Empire. Spain was Europes leading power throughout the th century and most of
the th century, a position reinforced by trade and wealth from colonial possessions. It
reached its apogee during the reigns of the first two Spanish Habsburgs Charles I and Philip
II The Spanish Empires historical influence . This period saw the Italian Wars, the revolt of
the comuneros, the Dutch revolt, the Morisco revolt, clashes with the Ottomans, the
AngloSpanish war and wars with France. The Spanish Empire expanded to include great
parts of the Americas, islands in the AsiaPacific area, areas of Italy, cities in Northern Africa,
as well as parts of what are now France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the
Netherlands. It was the first empire of which it was said that the sun never set. This was an
age of discovery, with daring explorations by sea and by land, the openingup of new trade
routes across oceans, conquests and the beginnings of European colonialism. Along with the
arrival of precious metals, spices, luxuries, and new agricultural plants, Spanish explorers
brought back knowledge from the New World, and played a leading part in transforming the
European understanding of the globe. The cultural efflorescence witnessed is now referred to
as the Spanish Golden Age. The rise of humanism, the Protestant Reformation and new
geographical discoveries raised issues addressed by the influential intellectual movement
now known as the School of Salamanca.
Spain
In the late th century and first half of the thcentury, Spain was confronted by unrelenting
challenges from all sides. Barbary pirates under the aegis of the rapidly growing Ottoman
empire, disrupted life in many coastal areas through their slave raids and renewed the threat
of an Islamic invasion. This at a time when Spain was often at war with France. The
Protestant Reformation schism from the Catholic Church dragged the kingdom ever more
deeply into the mire of religiously charged wars. The result was a country forced into ever
expanding military efforts across Europe and in the Mediterranean.
By the middle decades of a war and plagueridden thcentury Europe the Spanish Habsburgs
had enmeshed the country in the continentwide religiouspolitical conflicts. These conflicts
drained it of resources and A Spanish galleon undermined the European economy generally.
Spain managed to hold on to most of the scattered Habsburg empire, and help the imperial
forces of the Holy Roman Empire reverse a large part of the advances made by Protestant
forces, but it was finally forced to recognise the separation of Portugal with whom it had been
united in a personal union of the crowns from to and the Netherlands, and eventually
suffered some serious military reverses to France in the latter stages of the immensely
destructive, Europewide Thirty Years War. In the latter half of the thcentury, Spain went into
a gradual relative decline, during which it surrendered a number of small territories to France.
However it maintained and enlarged its vast overseas empire, which remained intact until the
beginning of the thcentury. The decline culminated in a controversy over succession to the
throne which consumed the first years of the thcentury. The War of Spanish Succession was
a wide ranging international conflict combined with a civil war, and was to cost the kingdom
its European possessions and its position as one of the leading powers on the Continent.
El Escorial, built in Philip IIs reign, near Madrid.
During this war, a new dynasty originating in France, the Bourbons, was installed. Long
united only by the Crown, a true Spanish state was established when the first Bourbon king,
Philip V, united the crowns of Castile and Aragon into a single state, abolishing many of the
old regional privileges and laws. The thcentury saw a gradual recovery and an increase in
prosperity through much of the empire. The new Bourbon monarchy drew on the French
system of modernising the administration and the economy. Enlightenment ideas began to
gain ground among some of the kingdoms elite and monarchy. Military assistance for the
rebellious British colonies in the American War of Independence improved the kingdoms
international standing.
Spain
Napoleonic rule and its consequences
In , Spain went to war against the new French Republic, which had overthrown and executed
its Bourbon king, Louis XVI. The war polarised the country in an apparent reaction against
the gallicised elites. Defeated in the field, peace was made with France in and it effectively
became a client state of that country In , the secret treaty of Fontainebleau between
Napoleon and the deeply unpopular Godoy led to a declaration of war against Britain and
Portugal. French troops entered the kingdom unopposed, supposedly to invade Portugal, but
instead they occupied Spanish fortresses. This invasion by trickery led to the abdication of
the ridiculed Spanish king in favour of Napoleons brother, Joseph Bonaparte.
Second of May the people revolt against the Bonapartist regime
This foreign puppet monarch was widely regarded with scorn. The May revolt was one of
many nationalist uprisings against the Bonapartist regime across the country. These revolts
marked the beginning of what is known to the Spanish as the War of Independence, and to
the British as the Peninsular War. Napoleon was forced to intervene personally, defeating
several badly coordinated Spanish armies and forcing a British army to retreat. However,
further military action by Spanish guerrillas and armies, and Wellingtons BritishPortuguese
forces, combined with Napoleons disastrous invasion of Russia, led to the ousting of the
French imperial armies from the Spain in , and the return of King Ferdinand VII. The French
invasions devastated the economy, and left Spain a deeply divided country prone to political
instability. The power struggles of the early thcentury led to the loss of all of its colonies in
the Americas which stretched from Las Californias to Patagonia, with the sole exception of
Cuba and Puerto Rico.
SpanishAmerican War
Amid the instability and economic crisis that afflicted Spain in the th century there arose
nationalist movements in the Philippines and Cuba. Wars of independence ensued in those
colonies and eventually the United States became involved. Despite the commitment and
ability shown by some military units, they were so mismanaged by the highest levels of
command that the SpanishAmerican War, fought in the Spring of , did not last long. quotEl
Desastrequot The Disaster, as the war became known, helped give impetus to the
Generation of who were already conducting much critical analysis concerning the country. It
also weakened the stability that had been established during Alfonso XIIs reign.
Spanish Civil War
The thcentury brought little peace Spain played a minor part in the scramble for Africa, with
the colonisation of Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco and Equatorial Guinea. The heavy
losses suffered during the Rif war in Morocco helped to undermine the monarchy. A period of
authoritarian rule under General Miguel Primo de Rivera ended with the establishment of the
Second Spanish Republic. The Republic offered political autonomy to the Basque Country,
Catalonia and Galicia and gave voting rights to women.
Spain
The Spanish Civil War ensued. Three years later the Nationalist forces, led by General
Francisco Franco, emerged victorious with the support of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.
Popular Front government side was supported by the Soviet Union and Mexico and
International Brigades, including the American Abraham Lincoln Brigade, but it was not
supported officially by the Western powers due to the Britishled policy of NonIntervention.
The Civil War claimed the lives of over , people and caused General Franco and US
President Eisenhower in the flight of up to a halfmillion citizens. Most of their descendants
Madrid now live in Latin American countries, with some , in Argentina alone. The Spanish
Civil War has been called the first battle of the Second World War under Franco the country
was neutral in the Second World War, although sympathetic to the Axis. The only legal party
under Francos post civil war regime was the Falange Espaola Tradicionalista y de las JONS,
formed in the party emphasised antiCommunism, Catholicism and nationalism. Given
Francos opposition to competing political parties, the party was renamed the National
Movement Movimiento Nacional in . After World War II Spain was politically and
economically isolated, and was kept out of the United Nations. This changed in , during the
Cold War period, when it became strategically important for the U.S. to establish a military
presence on the Iberian peninsula as a counter to any possible move by the U.S.S.R into the
Mediterranean basin. In the s, Spain registered an unprecedented rate of economic growth in
what became known as the Spanish miracle, which resumed the much interrupted transition
towards a modern economy. With Francos death in November , Juan Carlos assumed the
position of King of Spain and head of state in accordance with the law. With the approval of
the new Spanish Constitution of and the arrival of democracy, the State devolved much
authority to the regions and created an internal organization based on autonomous
communities. In the Basque Country, moderate Basque nationalism has coexisted with a
radical nationalist movement led by the armed organisation ETA. The group was formed in
during Francos rule but has Spanish Constitution of continued to wage its violent campaign
even after the restoration of democracy and the return of a large measure of regional
autonomy. On February , rebel elements among the security forces seized the Cortes in an
attempt to impose a military backed government. King Juan Carlos took personal command
of the military and successfully ordered the coup plotters, via national television, to
surrender. On May Spain joined NATO, following a referendum. That year the Spanish
Socialist Workers Party PSOE came to power, the first leftwing government in years. In
Spain joined the European Community what became the European Union. The PSOE was
replaced in government by the Partido Popular PP after the latter won the General Elections
at that point the PSOE had served almost consecutive years in office.
Spain
st century
On January , Spain ceased to use the peseta as currency replacing it with the euro, which it
shares with other countries in the Eurozone. Spain has also seen strong economic growth,
well above the EU average, but well publicised concerns issued by many economic
commentators at the height of the boom that the extraordinary property prices and high
foreign trade deficits of the boom were likely to lead to a painful economic collapse were
confirmed by a severe property led recession that struck the country in /. A series of bombs
exploded in commuter trains in Madrid, Spain on Spain issued a new currency, the euro, in
March . After a five month trial in it was concluded the bombings were perpetrated by a local
Islamist militant group inspired by alQaeda. The bombings killed people and wounded more
than , and the intention of the perpetrators may have been to influence the outcome of the
Spanish general election, held three days later. Though initial suspicions focused on the
Basque group ETA, evidence soon emerged indicating possible Islamist involvement.
Because of the proximity of the election, the issue of responsibility quickly became a political
controversy, with the main competing parties PP and PSOE exchanging accusations over
the handling of the aftermath. At March elections, PSOE, led by Jos Luis Rodrguez Zapatero,
obtained a plurality, enough to form a new cabinet with Rodrguez Zapatero as the new
Presidente del Gobierno or Prime Minister of Spain, thus succeeding the former PP
administration.
Geography
At km sqmi, Spain is the worlds stlargest country. It is some km sqmi smaller than France
and km sqmi larger than the U.S. state of California. The Teide Tenerife, Canary Islands is
the highest peak of Spain and the third largest volcano in the world from its base. Spain lies
between latitudes and N, and longitudes W and E.
Bossst Lleida, in the Pyrenees
On the west, Spain borders Portugal on the south, it borders Gibraltar a British overseas
territory and Morocco, through its exclaves in North Africa Ceuta, Melilla, and Pen de Vlez de
la Gomera. On the northeast, along the Pyrenees mountain range, it borders France and the
tiny principality of Andorra. Spain also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean
Sea, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean and a number of uninhabited El Sardinero
beach, in Santander Cantabria islands on the Mediterranean side of the Strait of Gibraltar,
known as Plazas de soberana, such as the Chafarine islands, the isle of Alborn, Alhucemas,
and the tiny Isla Perejil. Along the Pyrenees in Catalonia, a small exclave town called Llvia is
surrounded by France. The little Pheasant Island in the River Bidasoa is a SpanishFrench
condominium.
Spain Mainland Spain is a mountainous country, dominated by high plateaus and mountain
chains. After the Pyrenees, the main mountain ranges are the Cordillera Cantbrica, Sistema
Ibrico, Sistema Central, Montes de Toledo, Sierra Morena and the Sistema Penibtico whose
highest peak, the , m high Mulhacn, located in Sierra Nevada, is the highest point in the
Iberian peninsula. Running from these heights are several major rivers such as the Tagus,
the Ebro, the Duero, the Guadiana and the Guadalquivir. Alluvial plains are found along the
coast, the largest of which is that of the Guadalquivir in Andalusia.
Climate
Three main climatic zones can be separated, according to geographical situation and
orographic conditions The Mediterranean climate, characterized by dry and warm summers.
According to the Kppen climate classification, it is dominant in the peninsula, with two
varieties the typical Mediterranean climate Csa climate, present in most of the country, and
the Galician variant Galicia and Northwest Castilla, with summers less hot due to the
proximity of the ocean Csb climate or the altitude. The semiarid climate Bsk, located in
southeastern quarter of the climate classification country, especially in the region of Murcia
and in the Ebro valley. In contrary to the Mediterranean climate, the dry season extends
beyond the summer.
Climatic areas of Spain according to the Kppen
The oceanic climate Winter and summer temperatures are influenced by the ocean, and
have no seasonal drought. In the coastal strip near the Basque Country, the Asturias, and in
some highlands, we find essentially a quotsouthernquot nuance sometimes called
quotAquitanianquot, which differs from the typical type by hotter summers average July
temperature of C .F in Santander, vs C .F in Brest or Liverpool. For some authors, Galicia
presents an oceanic climate too, because of lower temperatures in summer than in the
typical Mediterranean climate. Nevertheless, Northwest Spain is often affected by forest fires
due to the summer drought, and has more daily sunshine than the typical oceanic regions.
Apart from these main types, other subtypes can be found, like the alpine climate in the
Pyrenees, and a humid subtropical climate in the Canary Islands.
Islands
Islander population
Teide, the highest mountain in Spain Tenerife, Canary Islands
The city of Palma of Mallorca
. Tenerife , . Mallorca ,
Spain
. Gran Canaria , . Lanzarote , . Ibiza , . Fuerteventura , . Menorca , . La Palma , . La Gomera
, . El Hierro , . Formentera , . Arosa , . La Graciosa . Tabarca . Ons
Politics
The Spanish Constitution of is the culmination of the Spanish transition to democracy. The
constitutional history of Spain dates back to the constitution of . Impatient with the pace of
democratic political reforms in and , Spains new King Juan Carlos, known for his formidable
personality, dismissed Carlos Arias Navarro and appointed the reformer Adolfo Surez as
Prime Minister. The resulting general election in convened the Constituent Cortes the
Spanish Parliament, in its capacity as a constitutional assembly for the purpose of drafting
and approving the constitution of . After a national referendum on December , of voters
approved of the new constitution. As a result, Spain is now composed of autonomous
communities and two autonomous cities with varying degrees of autonomy thanks to its
Constitution, which nevertheless explicitly states the indivisible unity of the Spanish nation as
well as that Spain has today no official religion but all are free to practice and believe as they
wish. As of November , the government of Spain keeps a balanced gender equality ratio.
Nine out of the members of the Government are women. Under the administration of Jos
Luis Rodrguez Zapatero, Spain has been described as being quotat the vanguardquot in
gender equality issues and also that quotno other modern, democratic, administration
outside Scandinavia has taken more steps to place gender issues at the centre of
governmentquot. The Spanish administration has also promoted genderbased positive
discrimination by approving gender equality legislation in aimed to provide equality between
genders in the Spanish political and economic life Gender Equality Act. However, in the
legislative branch, as of July only out of the members of the Congress are women ..
Nowadays, it positions Spain as the th country with more women in its lower house. In the
Senate, the ratio is even lower, since there are only women out of .. The Gender
Empowerment Measure of Spain in the United Nations Human Development Report is ., the
th in the world.
King Juan Carlos I
Spain
Branches of government
Spain is a constitutional monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament,
the Cortes Generales. The executive branch consists of a Council of Ministers of Spain
presided over by the Prime Minister, nominated and appointed by the monarch and
confirmed by the Congress of Deputies following legislative elections. By political custom
established by King Juan Carlos since the ratification of the Constitution, the kings nominees
have all been from parties who maintain a plurality of seats in the Congress. The legislative
branch is made up of the Congress of Deputies Congreso de los Diputados with members,
elected by popular vote on block lists by proportional representation to serve fouryear terms,
and a Senate Senado with seats of which are directly elected by popular vote and the other
appointed by the regional legislatures to also serve fouryear terms. Head of State King Juan
Carlos I, since November Head of Government Prime Minister of Spain Spanish Presidente
del Gobierno literally President of the Government Jos Luis Rodrguez Zapatero, elected
March . First Vice President and Minister of Interior Alfredo Prez Rubalcaba. Second Vice
President and Minister of Economy and Finance Elena Salgado. Third Vice President and
Minister of Territorial Policy Manuel Chaves. Cabinet Council of Ministers Spanish Consejo
de Ministros designated by the Prime Minister. The Spanish nation is organizationally
composed in the form of called Estado de las Autonomas quotState of Autonomiesquot it is
one of the most decentralized countries in Europe, along with Switzerland, Germany and
Belgium for example, all Autonomous Communities have their own elected parliaments,
governments, public administrations, budgets, and resources therefore, health and education
systems among others are managed regionally, besides, the Basque Country and Navarre
also manage their own public finances based on foral provisions. In Catalonia and the
Basque Country, a full fledged autonomous police corps replaces some of the State police
functions see Mossos dEsquadra, Ertzaintza, Polica Foral and Polica Canaria.
Jos Luis Rodrguez Zapatero, Prime Minister.
Spain
Administrative divisions
Galicia Navarre Madrid La Rioja Aragon Catalonia Valencia Castilla La Mancha Extremadura
Portugal Castilla y Len Asturias Cantabria Basque Country Murcia Andalusia Ceuta Melilla
France
Spain Balearic Islands Canary Islands Mediterranean Sea Bay of Biscay Atlantic Ocean
Andorra Atlantic Ocean
Gibraltar UK
The basic institutional law of the autonomous community is the Statute of Autonomy. The
Statutes of Autonomy establish the denomination of the community according to its historical
identity, the limits of their territories, the name and organization of the institutions of
government and the rights they enjoy according the constitution. The government of all
autonomous communities must be based on a division of powers comprising a Legislative
Assembly whose members must be elected by universal suffrage according to the system of
proportional representation and in which all areas that integrate the territory are fairly
represented a Government Council, with executive and administrative functions headed by a
president, elected by the Legislative Assembly and nominated by the King of Spain a
Supreme Court of Justice, under the Supreme Court of the State, which head the judicial
organization within the autonomous community.
Spain Besides Andalusia, Catalonia, the Basque Country and Galicia, which identified
themselves as nationalities, other communities have taken that denomination in accordance
to their historical regional identity, such as the Valencian Community, the Canary Islands, the
Balearic Islands, and Aragon. The autonomous communities have wide legislative and
executive autonomy, with their own parliaments and regional governments. The distribution
of powers may be different for every community, as laid out in their Statutes of Autonomy.
There used to be a clear de facto distinction between so called quothistoricquot communities
Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia, Andalusia and the rest. The quothistoricquot ones
initially received more functions, including the ability of the regional presidents to choose the
timing of the regional elections as long as they happen no more than four years apart. As
another example, the Basque Country, Navarre and Catalonia have fullrange police forces of
their own Ertzaintza in the Basque Country, Polica Foral in Navarre and Mossos dEsquadra
in Catalonia. Other communities have more limited forces or none at all like the Polica
Autnoma Andaluza in Andalusia or the BESCAM in Madrid. However, the recent
amendments made to their respective Statute of Autonomy by a series of quotordinaryquot
Autonomous Communities such as the Valencian Community or Aragon have weakened this
original de facto distinction. Subdivisions Autonomous communities are composed of
provinces provincias, which serve as the territorial building blocks for the former. In turn,
provinces are composed of municipalities municipios. The existence of these two
subdivisions is granted and protected by the constitution, not necessarily by the Statutes of
Autonomy themselves. Municipalities are granted autonomy to manage their internal affairs,
and provinces are the territorial divisions designed to carry out the activities of the State. The
current fifty province structure is basedwith minor changeson the one created in by Javier de
Burgos. The communities of Asturias, Cantabria, La Rioja, the Balearic Islands, Madrid,
Murcia and Navarre are counted as provinces as well, but were granted autonomy as
singleprovinces for historical reasons.
Foreign relations
After the return of democracy following the death of Franco in , Spains foreign policy
priorities were to break out of the diplomatic isolation of the Franco years and expand
diplomatic relations, enter the European Community, and define security relations with the
West. As a member of NATO since , Spain has established itself as a major participant in
multilateral international security activities. Spains EU membership represents an important
part of its foreign policy. Even on many international issues beyond western Europe, Spain
prefers to coordinate its efforts with its EU partners through the European political
cooperation mechanisms.
Spain became a member of the European Union in and signed the Lisbon Treaty in .
With the normalization of diplomatic relations with North Korea in , Spain completed the
process of universalizing its diplomatic relations. Spain has maintained its special
identification with Latin America. Its policy emphasizes the concept of an Iberoamerican
community, essentially the renewal of the historically liberal concept of
hispanoamericanismo, or Hispanism as it is often referred to in English, which has sought to
link the Iberian peninsula with Latin America through language, commerce, history and
culture. Spain has been an effective example of transition from dictatorship to democracy for
formerly nondemocratic Latin American states, as shown in the many trips that
Spain Spains King and Prime Ministers have made to the region. Territorial disputes Spain
claims Gibraltar, a square km Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom in the southernmost
part of the Iberian Peninsula. Then a Spanish town, it was conquered by an AngloDutch
force in during the War of the Spanish Succession on behalf of the Archduke Charles,
pretender to the Spanish throne. The legal situation concerning Gibraltar was settled in by
the Treaty of Utrecht, in which Spain ceded the territory in perpetuity to the British Crown
stating that, should the British abandon this post, it would be offered to Spain first. Ever since
the s Spain has called for the return of Gibraltar. The overwhelming majority of Gibraltarians
strongly oppose this, along with any proposal of shared sovereignty. UN resolutions call on
the United Kingdom and Spain, both EU members, to reach an agreement over the status of
Gibraltar. However, the Spanish claim handles in a different way the Rock and the city of
Gibraltar, ceded by the Treaty of Utrecht, and, on the other hand, the isthmus that connects
the Rock to the Spanish mainland. Spain notes that this territory was not Port of Melilla
ceded by said Treaty and therefore asserts that the quotoccupation of the isthmus is illegal
and against the principles of the International Lawquot. The United Kingdom relies on de
facto arguments of possession by prescription in relation to the isthmus, as there has been
quotcontinuous possession of the isthmus over a long periodquot. Spain claims the
sovereignty over the Perejil Island, a small, uninhabited rocky islet located in the South shore
of the Strait of Gibraltar. The island lies meters just off the coast of Morocco, km from Ceuta
and .km from mainland Spain. Its sovereignty is disputed between Spain and Morocco. It was
the subject of an armed incident between the two countries in . The incident ended when
both countries agreed to return to the status quo ante which existed prior to the Moroccan
occupation of the island. The islet is now deserted and without any sign of sovereignty.
Morocco claims the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the plazas de soberana islets off
the northern coast of Africa. Portugal does not recognise Spains sovereignty over the
territory of Olivenza.
Military
The armed forces of Spain are known as the Spanish Armed Forces Spanish Fuerzas
Armadas Espaolas. Their Commanderinchief is the King of Spain, Juan Carlos I. The
Spanish Armed Forces are divided into three branches Army Ejrcito de Tierra Navy Armada
Air Force Ejrcito del Aire
Emblem of Spanish Armed Forces
Spain
Economy
Spains capitalist mixed economy is the twelfth largest worldwide and the fifth largest in the
European Union, as well as the Eurozones fourth largest. Spain is also the third largest world
investor. The centreright government of former prime minister Jos Mara Aznar worked
successfully to gain admission to the group of countries launching the euro in .
Unemployment stood at . in October , a rate that compared favorably to many other
European countries, and especially with the early s when it stood at over . Perennial weak
points of Spains economy include high inflation, a large underground economy, and an
education system which OECD reports place among the poorest for developed countries,
together with the United States and UK. However, the property bubble that begun building
from , fed by historically low interest rates and an immense surge in immigration, imploded in
, leading to a rapidly weakening economy and soaring unemployment. By the end of May ,
unemployment reached . for youths.
Madrid Cuatro Torres Business Area
Barcelona finance centre
Before the current crisis, the Spanish economy was credited for having avoided the virtual
zero growth rate of some of its largest partners in the EU. In fact, the countrys economy
created more than half of all the new jobs in the European Union over the five years ending ,
a process that is rapidly being reversed. The Spanish economy has been until recently
regarded as one of the most dynamic within the EU, attracting significant amounts of foreign
investment.
Spain is part of a monetary union, the Eurozone dark blue, and of the EU single market.
The most recent economic growth benefited greatly from the global real estate boom, with
construction representing an astonishing of GDP and of employment in its final year.
According to calculations by the German newspaper Die Welt, Spain was on course to
overtake countries like Germany in per capita income by . However, the GDP per capita of
Spain was still lower than the European Union average at US, in , making it the second
lowest in the Western Europe after Portugal. The downside of the now defunct real estate
boom is The city of Valencia also a corresponding rise in the levels of personal debt as
prospective home owners struggled to meet asking prices, the average level of household
debt tripled in less than a decade. This placed especially great pressure upon lower to
middle income groups by the median ratio of indebtedness to income had grown to , due
primarily to expensive boom time mortgages that now often exceed the value of the property.
Spain In / the credit crunch and world recession manifested itself in Spain through a massive
downturn in the property sector. Fortunately, Spains banks and financial services avoided the
more severe problems of their counterparts in the USA and UK, due mainly to a stringently
enforced conservative financial regulatory regime. The Spanish financial authorities had not
forgotten the countrys own banking crisis of and an earlier realestateprecipitated banking
crisis of . Indeed, Spains largest bank, Banco Santander, participated in the UK governments
bailout of part of the UK banking sector. A European Commission forecast predicted Spain
would enter a recession by the end of . According to Spains Finance Minister, Spain faces its
deepest recession in half a century. Spains government forecast the unemployment rate
would rise to in . The ESADE business school predicted .
Tourism
During the last four decades the Spanish tourism industry has grown to become the second
biggest in the world, worth approximately billion Euros, about of GDP, in . Today, the climate
of Spain, historical and cultural monuments and its geographic position together with its
facilities make tourism one of Spains main national industries and a large source of stable
employment and development. The Spanish hotel star rating system has requirements much
more demanding than other European countries, so at a given rating Spanish
accommodations worth higher.
Energy
Spain is one of the worlds leading countries in the development and production of renewable
energy. In Spain became the solar power world leader when it overtook the United States
with a massive power station plant called La Florida, near Alvarado, Badajoz. Spain is also
Europes main producer of wind energy. In its wind turbines generated , GWh, which
accounted for . of all the energy produced in Spain.
PS Seville solar power tower
Transport
The Spanish road system is mainly centralized, with highways connecting Madrid to the
Basque Country, Catalonia, Valencia, West Andalusia, Extremadura and Galicia.
Additionally, there are highways along the Atlantic Ferrol to Vigo, Cantabrian Oviedo to San
Sebastin and Mediterranean Girona to Cdiz coasts. Spain boasts the most extensive
highspeed rail network in Europe, and the second most extensive in the world after China. As
of October Spain has a total of km .mi of high speed train linking Mlaga, Seville, Madrid,
Barcelona, Valencia and AVE BarcelonaMadrid Valladolid, reaching speeds up to km/h mph.
Should the aims of the ambitious AVE program Spanish high speed trains be met, by Spain
will have km mi of highspeed trains linking almost all provincial cities to Madrid in less than
hours and Barcelona within hours. The busiest airport in Spain is the airport of Madrid
Barajas, with .million passengers in , being the worlds th busiest airport, as well as the
European Unions fourth busiest. The airport of Barcelona El Prat is also important, with
million passengers in . Other airports are located in Gran Canaria, Mlaga, Valencia, Seville,
Mallorca, Alicante and Bilbao.
Spain Spain aims to put million electric cars on the road by as part of the governments plan
to save energy and boost energy efficiency. The Minister of Industry Miguel Sebastian said
that quotthe electric vehicle is the future and the engine of an industrial revolution.quot
Demographics
In the population of Spain officially reached million people, as recorded by the Padrn
municipal. Spains population density, at /km /sq mi, is lower than that of most Western
European countries and its distribution across the country is very unequal. With the
exception of the region surrounding the capital, Madrid, the most populated areas lie around
the coast. The population of Spain doubled during the thcentury, principally due to the
spectacular demographic boom in the s and early s.
Geographical distribution of the Spanish population in
Native Spaniards make up of the total population of Spain. After the birth rate plunged in the
s and Spains population growth rate dropped, the population again trended upward, based
initially on the return of many Spaniards who had emigrated to other European countries
during the s, and more recently, fuelled by large numbers of immigrants who make up of the
population. The immigrants originate mainly in Latin America , North Africa Eastern Europe ,
and SubSaharan Africa . In , Spain instituted a threemonth amnesty program through which
certain hitherto undocumented aliens were granted legal residency. In , Spain granted
citizenship to , persons, mostly to people from Ecuador, Colombia and Morocco. A sizeable
portion of foreign residents in Spain also comes from other Western and Central European
countries. These are mostly British, French, German, Dutch, and Norwegian. They reside
primarily on the Mediterranean costas and Balearic islands, where many are choosing to live
their retirement or telework. Substantial populations descended from Spanish colonists and
immigrants exist in other parts of the world, most notably in Latin America. Beginning in the
late th century, large numbers of Iberian colonists settled in what became Latin America and
at present most white Latin Americans who make up about onethird of Latin Americas
population are of Spanish or Portuguese origin. In the th century perhaps , Spaniards
emigrated, mostly to Peru and Mexico. They were joined by , in the next century. Between
and it is estimated that nearly million Spaniards emigrated to the Americas, especially to
Argentina and Brazil. Approximately two million Spaniards migrated to other Western
European countries between to . During the same period perhaps , went to Latin America.
Spain
Urbanization
See also List of metropolitan areas in Spain by population Source ESPON,
Map of the main metropolitan areas
The city of Las Palmas de G.C.
The city of Girona
Spain
The city of Toledo
Pos.
City Madrid Barcelona
Region Madrid Catalonia
Prov. Madrid Barcelona Valencia Seville Biscay Mlaga Asturias Alicante
population ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, , , , , ,
Valencia Valencian Community Seville Bilbao Mlaga OviedoGijn Andalusia Basque Country
Andalusia Asturias
AlicanteElche Valencian Community
Las Palmas de G.C. Zaragoza
Canarias Las Palmas Aragon Zaragoza
Pos.
City Madrid Barcelona
Region Madrid Catalonia
Prov. Madrid Barcelona Valencia Seville Zaragoza Mlaga Murcia
population ,, ,, , . . , , , , ,
Valencia Valencian Community Seville Zaragoza Mlaga Murcia Palma de Mallorca Andalusia
Aragon Andalusia Murcia
Balearic Islands Balearic Islands Canary Islands Basque Country Las Palmas Biscay
Las Palmas de G.C. Bilbao
Peoples
The Spanish Constitution of , in its second article, recognises historic entities
quotnationalitiesquot, a carefully chosen word in order to avoid the more politically charged
quotnationsquot and regions, within the context of the Spanish nation. For some people,
Spains identity consists more of an overlap of different regional identities than of a sole
Spanish identity. Indeed, some of the regional identities may even conflict with the Spanish
one. Distinct traditional regional identities within Spain include the Basques, Catalans,
Galicians and Castilians, among others. It is this last feature of quotshared identityquot
between the more local level or Autonomous Community and the Spanish level which makes
the identity question in Spain complex and far from univocal.
Spain
Minority groups
Spain has a number of descendants of populations from former colonies especially
Equatorial Guinea and immigrants from several SubSaharan and Caribbean countries have
been recently settling in Spain. There are also sizeable numbers of Asian immigrants, most
of whom are of Chinese, Indian, Filipino, Middle Eastern and South Asian origins the
population of Latin Americans who can also be of Spaniard descent is sizeable as well and a
fast growing segment. Other growing groups are Britons, , in , Germans and other
immigrants from the rest of Europe. The arrival of the Gitanos, a Romani people, began in
the thcentury estimates of the Spanish Gitano population fluctuate around ,. The Mercheros
also Quinquis are a minority group, formerly nomadic, that share a lot of the way of life of
Gitanos. Their origin is unclear.
Immigration
According to the Spanish government there were .million foreign residents in Spain in
independent estimates put the figure at .million people, or of the total population. According
to residence permit data for , about , were Moroccan, another , were Ecuadorian, more than ,
were Romanian, and , were Colombian. Other sizeable foreign communities are British ,
French , Argentine , German and Bolivian . Spain has more than , migrants from West and
Central Africa. Since , Spain has experienced high population growth as a result of
immigration flows, despite a birth rate that is only half the replacement level. This sudden
and ongoing inflow of immigrants, particularly those arriving clandestinely by sea, has
caused noticeable social tension. Within the EU, Spain has the second highest immigration
rate in percentage terms after Cyprus, but by a great margin, the highest in absolute
numbers. There are a number of reasons for the high level of immigration, including Spains
cultural ties with Latin America, its geographical position, the porosity of its borders, the large
size of its underground economy and the strength of the agricultural and construction
sectors, which demand more low cost labour than can be offered by the national workforce.
Another statistically significant factor is the large number of residents of EU origin typically
retiring to Spains Mediterranean coast. In fact, Spain was Europes largest absorber of
migrants from to , with its immigrant population more than doubling as .million people arrived.
According to the Financial Times, Spain is the most favoured destination for West Europeans
considering a move from their own country and seeking jobs elsewhere in the EU. The
number of immigrants in Spain has grown up from , people in to .million in out of a total
population of million. In alone, a regularisation programme increased the legal immigrant
population by , people. Unemployment among immigrants has risen in . Spains new Plan of
Voluntary Return encourages immigrants to leave Spain for three years and offers up to ,,
but so far, only Ecuadorans have signed up to return. In the programs first two months last
year, just , immigrants took up the offer.
Spain
Languages
Spanish espaol or castellano, Castilian is spoken all over the country and so is the only
language with official status nationwide. But a number of regional languages have been
declared coofficial, along with Spanish, in the constituent communities where they are
spoken Basque euskera in the Basque Country and Navarre Catalan catal in Catalonia and
the Balearic Islands Valencian valenci, a distinct variant of Catalan, is official in the Valencian
Community Galician galego in Galicia. There are also some other surviving Romance
minority languages such as the AsturLeonese group, which includes two languages in Spain
Asturian officially called quotBablequot which has protected status in Asturias, and Leonese,
which is protected in Castile and Len. Aragonese is vaguely recognized in Aragon. Unlike
Basque, Catalan/Valencian and Galician, these languages do not have any official status.
This might be due to their very small number of speakers, a less significant written tradition in
comparison to Catalan or Galician, and lower selfawareness of their speakers which
traditionally meant lack of strong popular demand for their recognition in the regions in which
they are spoken. In the North African Spanish city of Melilla, Riff Berber is spoken by a
significant part of the population. In the tourist areas of the Mediterranean coast and the
islands, English and German are widely spoken by tourists, foreign residents, and tourism
workers.
The languages of Spain simplified
Education
State education in Spain is free and compulsory from the age of to . The current education
system was established by an educational law of , Ley Orgnica de Educacin, or Fundamental
Law of Education.
Religion
Religions in Spain Catholicism Nonreligious Atheism No answer Others . . .
Numbers from the following source
Roman Catholicism has long been the main religion of Spain,and although it no longer has
official status by law, in all public schools in Spain students have to choose either religion or
ethics and Catholic is the only religion officially taught although in some schools there are
large numbers of Muslim students together. According to a July study by the Spanish Center
of Sociological Research about of Spaniards selfidentify as Catholics, . other faith, and about
identify with no religion among which . are atheists. Most Spaniards do not participate
regularly in religious services. This same study shows that of the Spaniards who identify
themselves as religious,
Spain hardly ever or never go to church, go to church some times a year, some time per
month and every Sunday or multiple times per week. But according to a December study, of
the population declared a belief in a supreme being, while described themselves as atheist or
agnostic. Altogether, about of the entire Spanish population attends religious services at
least once per month. Though Spanish society has become considerably more secular in
recent decades, the influx of Latin American immigrants, who tend to be strong Catholic
practitioners, has helped the Catholic Church to recover. Protestant churches have about ,,
members. There are about , Jehovahs Witnesses. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latterday
Saints has approximately , adherents in congregations in all regions of the country and has a
temple in the Moratalaz District of Madrid. The recent waves of immigration have also led to
an increasing number of Muslims, who number approximately one million in Spain. Presently,
Islam is the second largest religion in Spain, accounting for approximately . of the total
population. After their expulsion in , Muslims did not live in Spain for centuries. Late thcentury
colonial expansion in northwestern Africa gave a number of residents in Spanish Morocco
and Western Sahara full citizenship. Their ranks have since been bolstered by recent
immigration, especially from Morocco and Algeria. Judaism was practically nonexistent in
Spain from the expulsion until the thcentury, when Jews were again permitted to enter the
country. Currently there are around , Jews in Spain, or . of the total population. Most are
arrivals in the past century, while some are descendants of earlier Spanish Jews.
Approximately , Jews are thought to have lived in Spain on the eve of the Spanish
Inquisition. Currently, Jews of Sephardic origin are given preferential status in the acquisition
of Spanish citizenship.
Santiago de Compostela Cathedral A Corua, the destination of the Way of St. James
Culture
Spain is known for its culturally diverse heritage, having been influenced by many nations
and peoples throughout its history. Spanish culture has its origins in the Iberian, Celtiberian,
Latin, Visigothic, Roman Catholic, and Islamic cultures. The definition of a national Spanish
culture has been characterized by tension between the centralized state, dominated in recent
centuries by Castile, and numerous regions and minority peoples. In addition, the The
Hemispheric at the Ciutat de les Arts i les history of the nation and its Mediterranean and
Atlantic environment Cincies, Valencia have played strong roles in shaping its culture. After
Italy, Spain has the second highest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the world,
with a total of .
Spain
Literature
The term Spanish literature refers to literature written in the Spanish language, including
literature composed in Spanish by writers not necessarily from Spain. For literature from
Spain in languages other than the Spanish, see Catalan literature, Basque literature and
Galician literature. Equally, for SpanishAmerican literature specifically, see Latin American
literature. Due to historic, geographic and generational diversity, Spanish literature has
known a great number of influences and it is very diverse. Some major literary movements
can be identified within it. Miguel de Cervantes is probably Spains most famous author and
his Don Quixote is considered the most emblematic work in the canon of Spanish literature
and a founding classic of Western literature.
Institutions
The Royal Spanish Academy Real Academia Espaola or RAE, in Spanish is the institution
responsible for regulating the Spanish language. It is based in Madrid, but is affiliated with
national language academies in Spanishspeaking nations through the Association of Spanish
Language Academies. Its emblem is a fiery crucible, and its motto is Limpia, fija y da
esplendor quotIt cleans, sets, and gives splendorquot. The Institute for Catalan Studies
Institut dEstudis Catalans or IEC, in Catalan is an academic institution which seeks to
undertake research and study into quotall elements of Catalan culturequot. The IEC is known
principally for its work in standardizing the Catalan language. The IEC is based in Barcelona,
the capital of Catalonia. Officially the IEC provides standards for Catalonia proper, Northern
Catalonia located in France, the Balearic Islands, and the Principality of Andorra the only
country where Catalan is the sole official language. The Valencian Community has its own
language academy, the Acadmia Valenciana de la Llengua. In an area known as the Franja
de Ponent, the eastern edge of Aragon adjacent to Catalonia where Catalan is spoken, the
rules are used de facto although Catalan is not an official language.
Miguel de Cervantes Don Quixote is considered to be the first modern novel.
Art
Artists from Spain have been highly influential in the development of various European
artistic movements. Due to historical, geographical and generational diversity, Spanish art
has known a great number of influences. The Moorish heritage in Spain, especially in
Andalusia, is still evident today in cities like Crdoba, Seville, and Granada. European
influences include Italy, Germany and France, especially during the Baroque and
Neoclassical periods.
Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao
Cinema
Spanish cinema has achieved major international success including Oscars for recent films
such as Pans Labyrinth and Volver. In the long history of Spanish cinema, the great
filmmaker Luis Buuel was the first to achieve world recognition, followed by Pedro Almodvar
in the s. Spanish cinema has also seen international success over the years with films by
directors like Segundo de Chomn, Florin Rey, Luis Garca Berlanga, Carlos Saura, Julio
Medem and Alejandro Amenbar.
Spain
Architecture
Spanish architecture refers to architecture carried out during any era in what is now
modernday Spain, and by Spanish architects worldwide. The term includes buildings within
the current geographical limits of Spain before this name was given to those territories,
whether they were called Hispania, AlAndalus, or were formed of several Christian
kingdoms.
The Plaza de Cibeles in Madrid
Due to its historical and geographical diversity, Spanish architecture has drawn from a host
of influences. An important provincial city founded by the Romans and with an extensive
Roman era infrastructure, Crdoba became the cultural capital, including fine Arabic style
architecture, during the time of the Islamic Umayyad dynasty. Later Arab style architecture
continued to be developed under successive Islamic dynasties, ending with the Nasrid, which
built its famed palace complex in Granada. Simultaneously, the Christian kingdoms gradually
emerged and developed their own styles developing a preRomanesque style when for a
while isolated from contemporary mainstream European architectural influences during the
earlier Nativity facade of the Sagrada Middle Ages, they later integrated the Romanesque
and Gothic streams. There Famlia Temple in Barcelona was then an extraordinary flowering
of the gothic style that resulted in numerous instances being built throughout the entire
territory. The Mudjar style, from the th to thcenturies, was developed by introducing Arab
style motifs, patterns and elements into European architecture. The arrival of Modernism in
the academic arena produced much of the architecture of the thcentury. An influential style
centered in Barcelona, known as modernisme, produced a number of important architects, of
which Gaud is one. The International style was led by groups like GATEPAC. Spain is
currently experiencing a revolution in contemporary architecture and Spanish architects like
Rafael Moneo, Santiago Calatrava, Ricardo Bofill as well as many others have gained
worldwide renown.
Music
Auditorio de Tenerife in Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Spanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with flamenco, a West
Andalusian musical genre, which, contrary to popular belief, is not widespread outside that
region. Various regional styles of folk music abound in Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Castile,
the Basque Country, Galicia and Asturias. Pop, rock, hip hop and heavy metal are also
popular.
Spain
In the field of classical music, Spain has produced a number of noted composers such as
Isaac Albniz, Manuel de Falla and Enrique Granados and singers and performers such as
Plcido Domingo, Jos Carreras, Montserrat Caball, Alicia de Larrocha, Alfredo Kraus, Pablo
Casals, Ricardo Vies, Jos Iturbi, Pablo de Sarasate, Jordi Savall and Teresa Berganza. In
Spain there are over forty professional orchestras, including the Orquestra Simfnica de
Barcelona, Orquesta Nacional de Espaa and the Orquesta Sinfnica de Madrid. Major opera
houses include the Teatro Real,the Gran Teatre del Liceu, Teatro Arriaga and the El Palau
de les Arts Reina Sofa.
Spanish bagpipers or gaiteros, in Celanova Ourense
Thousands of music fans also travel to Spain each year for internationally recognised
summer music festivals Sonar which often features the top up and coming pop and techno
acts, and Benicasim which tends to feature alternative rock and dance acts . Both festivals
mark Spain as an international music presence and reflect the tastes of young people in the
country. The musical instrument originating in Spain most popular is undoubtedly the guitar.
Also typical of the northern bands of bagpipers gaiteros, mainly in Galicia and the Principality
of Asturias.
Cuisine
Spanish cuisine consists of a great variety of dishes which stem from differences in
geography, culture and climate. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters
that surround the country, and reflects the countrys deep Mediterranean roots. Spains
extensive history with many cultural influences has led to a unique cuisine. In particular,
three main divisions are easily identified Mediterranean Spain all such coastal regions, from
Catalonia to Andalusia heavy use of seafood, such as pescato frito several cold soups like
gazpacho and many ricebased dishes like paella from Valencia and arroz negro from
Catalonia.
Paella, a dish originating in the Valencian Community, Spain
Inner Spain Castile hot, thick soups such as the bread and garlicbased Castilian soup, along
with substantious stews such as cocido madrileo. Food is traditionally conserved by salting,
like Spanish ham, or immersed in olive oil, like Manchego cheese. Atlantic Spain the whole
Northern coast, from Galicia to Navarre vegetable and fishbased stews like pote gallego and
marmitako. Also, the lightly cured lacn ham.
Spain
Sport
Sport in Spain has been dominated by football since the early th century. Real Madrid C.F.
and FC Barcelona are two of the most successful football clubs in the world. The countrys
national football team won the UEFA European Football Championship in and and the FIFA
World Cup in . Basketball, tennis, cycling, handball, motorcycling and, lately, Formula One
are also important due to the presence of Spanish champions in all these disciplines. Today,
Spain is a major world sports powerhouse, especially since the Summer Olympics that were
hosted in Barcelona, which stimulated a great deal of interest in sports in the country. The
tourism industry has led to an improvement in sports infrastructure, especially for water
sports, golf and skiing.
The Camp Nou, in Barcelona the largest football stadium in Europe
Rafael Nadal is the leading Spanish tennis player and has won several Grand Slam titles
including the Wimbledon mens singles. In north Spain, the game of pelota is very popular.
Alberto Contador is the leading Spanish cyclist and has won several Grand Tour titles
including three Tour de France titles.
Public holidays
Public holidays celebrated in Spain include a mix of religious Roman Catholic, national and
regional observances. Each municipality is allowed to declare a maximum of public holidays
per year up to nine of these are chosen by the national government and at least two are
chosen locally. Spains National Day Fiesta Nacional de Espaa is October, the anniversary of
the Discovery of America and commemorate Our Lady of the Pillar feast, patroness of Aragn
and throughout Spain.
The city of San Sebastin in Guipzcoa
References
Notes
Also serves as the Royal anthem In some autonomous communities, Catalan, Valencian,
Galician, Basque and Aranese Occitan are coofficial languages. Aragonese, Asturian and
Leonese have some degree of official recognition quotOfficial Population Figures of Spain.
Population on the April quot http/ / www. ine. es/ jaxiBD/ tabla. doperamp typedbamp
diviEPOBamp idtab. Instituto Nacional de Estadstica de Espaa. . Retrieved July .
quotSpainquot http/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ / / weodata/ weorept. aspxsyamp
eyamp scsmamp ssdamp sortcountryamp ds. amp bramp camp
sNGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LPamp grpamp aamp pr. xamp pr. y. International
Monetary Fund. . Retrieved April . quotCIA World Factbookquot https/ / www. cia. gov/
library/ publications/ theworldfactbook/ fields/ . html. . Retrieved August .
Spain
quotHuman Development Report quot http/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ media/ HDRENTable. pdf.
United Nations. . . Retrieved November . Prior to by law, Spanish Peseta. Except in the
Canary Islands, which are in the WET time zone UTC, UTC in summer. The .eu domain is
also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. Also, the .cat domain is
used in Catalanspeaking territories. In Spain, other languages have been officially
recognised as legitimate autochthonous regional languages under the European Charter for
Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spains official name is as follows
Aragonese Reino dEspanya Asturian Reinu dEspaa Basque Espainiako Erresuma Catalan
Regne dEspanya Galician Reino de Espaa Extremaduran Rinu dEspaa Occitan Reialme
dEspanha
The term quotKingdom of Spainquot Reino de Espaa is widely used by the Spanish
Government for national and international affairs of all kind, for example Acuerdo entre el
Reino de de Espaa y Nueva Zelanda http/ / noticias. juridicas. com/ basedatos/ Admin/
aiaec. html, Acuerdo entre el reino de Espaa y el reino de Marruecos http/ / www. mir. es/
SGACAVT/ derecho/ ac/ ac. html by the press El Pas http/ / www. elpais. com/ todosobre/
pais/ Espana/ ESP/ , most sold spanish newspaper and in many official documents i.e. all
driving licenses http/ / t. gstatic. com/ imagesqtbnPOLvLtJBqKMhttp/ / www. motoradictos.
com/ images/ / / permisoconducirespana. jpgamp t and permissions http/ / sbrabogados.
files. wordpress. com/ / / carnetconducir. jpg. Additionally he Government always uses the
name quotKingdom of Spainquot when signing documents, treaties and pacts within the
European Union Tratado de la Unin Europea http/ / noticias. juridicas. com/ basedatos/
Admin/ tue. t. html The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of
the country, even though Espaa Spain, Estado espaol Spanish State and Nacin espaola
Spanish Nation are used interchangeably. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in an Ordinance
published in , declared that quotdenominations quotSpainquot and quotKingdom of
Spainquot are equally valid to designate the Spain in international treaties...quot Anthon,
Charles . A system of ancient and medival geography for the use of schools and colleges
http/ / books. google. com/ idhmrAAAAYAAJamp pgPAamp dqhesperiaamp qhesperia. New
York Harper amp Brothers. p.. . Burke, Ulick Ralph nd edition, . A History of Spain from the
Earliest Times to the Death of Ferdinand the Catholic, Volume http/ / books. google. com/
idDuiyyWGgKECamp pgPAamp dqspain hispaniaamp qhispania. London Longmans, Green
amp Co. p.. ISBN. . Linch, John director, Fernndez Castro, Mara Cruz del segundo tomo,
Historia de Espaa, El Pas, volumen II, La pennsula Ibrica en poca prerromana, pg. . Dossier.
La etimologa de Espaa tierra de conejos, ISBN quotFirst west Europe tooth foundquot http/ /
news. bbc. co. uk/ / hi/ science/ nature/ . stm. BBC. June . . Retrieved August . Typical
Aurignacian items were found in Cantabria Morn, El Pendo, Castillo, the Basque Country
Santimamie and Catalonia. The radiocarbon datations give the following dates , and , BP.
http/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ travel/ specials/ artisticspain/ article. ece In recent years,
some researchers have argued that Iberia might have been the original source of Celtic
culture. See, Cunliffe, Karl, Guerra, McEvoy, Bradley Oppenheimer, Rrvik, Isaac, Parsons,
Koch, Freeman Celtic from the West Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics,
Language and Literature publisher Oxbow Books and Celtic Studies Publications Rethinking
the Bronze Age and the Arrival of IndoEuropean in Atlantic Europe, University of Wales
Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies and Institute of Archaeology, University of
Oxford, May Rinehart, Robert Seeley, Jo Ann Browning . quotA Country Study Spain
Hispaniaquot http/ / lcweb. loc. gov/ frd/ cs/ estoc. html. Library of Congress Country Series. .
Retrieved August . Payne, Stanley G. . quotA History of Spain and Portugal Ch. Ancient
Hispaniaquot http/ / libro. uca. edu/ payne/ spainport. htm. The Library of Iberian Resources
Online. . Retrieved August . The latifundia sing., latifundium, large estates controlled by the
aristocracy, were superimposed on the existing Iberian landholding system. The poets
Martial, Quintilian and Lucan were also born in Hispania. Dhimma provides rights of
residence in return for taxes. H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford
University Press, , pg. . Dhimmi have fewer legal and social rights than Muslims, but more
rights than other nonMuslims.Lewis, Bernard, The Jews of Islam. Princeton Princeton
University Press . ISBN p. Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. Chapter
Ethnic Relations http/ / libro. uca. edu/ ics/ ics. htm, Thomas F. Glick Payne, Stanley G. .
quotA History of Spain and Portugal Ch. AlAndalusquot http/ / libro. uca. edu/ payne/
spainport. htm. The Library of Iberian Resources Online. . Retrieved August . The Berbers
soon gave up attempting to settle the harsh lands in the north of the Meseta Central handed
to them by the Arab rulers.
Spain
Rinehart, Robert Seeley, Jo Ann Browning . quotA Country Study Spain Castile and
Aragonquot http/ / lcweb. loc. gov/ frd/ cs/ estoc. html. Library of Congress Country Series. .
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ChristianIslamic Frontierquot http/ / libro. uca. edu/ rc/ rc. htm. . Retrieved August . See also
Payne, Stanley G. . quotA History of Spain and Portugal Ch. CastileLen in the Era of the
Great Reconquestquot http/ / libro. uca. edu/ payne/ spainport. htm. The Library of Iberian
Resources Online. . Retrieved August . Payne, Stanley G. . quotA History of Spain and
Portugal Ch. The Rise of AragnCataloniaquot http/ / libro. uca. edu/ payne/ spainport. htm.
The Library of Iberian Resources Online. . Retrieved August . quotThe Black Deathquot http/
/ web. archive. org/ web/ / http/ / www. channel. com/ history/ microsites/ H/ history/ ab/
blackdeath. html. Channel . Archived from the original http/ / www. channel. com/ history/
microsites/ H/ history/ ab/ blackdeath. html on July . . Retrieved August . quotThe Treaty of
Granada, quot http/ / www. cyberistan. org/ islamic/ treaty. html. Islamic Civilisation. .
Retrieved August . Spanish Inquisition left genetic legacy in Iberia http/ / www. newscientist.
com/ article/ dnspanishinquisitionleftgeneticlegacyiniberia. html. New Scientist. December .
For the related expulsions that followed see Morisco. Rinehart, Robert Seeley, Jo Ann
Browning . quotA Country Study Spain The Golden Agequot http/ / lcweb. loc. gov/ frd/ cs/
estoc. html. Library of Congress Country Series. . Retrieved August . quotImperial Spainquot
http/ / www. ucalgary. ca/ appliedhistory/ tutor/ eurvoya/ Imperial. html. University of Calgary.
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Spanish Empire. London George Weidenfeld amp Nicholson. pp.passim. ISBN. According to
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pirates and sold as slaves during the th and th centuries. quotThe SeventeenthCentury
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fighters look back http/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ / hi/ programmes/ fromourowncorrespondent/ .
stm, BBC News, February quot Relatives of Spaniards who fled Franco granted citizenship
http/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ worldnews/ europe/ spain/ /
RelativesofSpaniardswhofledFrancograntedcitizenship. htmlquot. Daily Telegraph UK
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long sentencesquot http/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ / hi/ world/ europe/ . stm. BBC. October . .
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Clashquot http/ / web. archive. org/ web/ / http/ / www. msnbc. msn. com/ id/ / site/
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web/ / http/ / www. ine. es/ inebase/ cgi/ umM/ t/ e/ p/ amp Opcaxisamp Namp L. INE
Spanish Statistical Institute. Archived from the original http/ / www. ine. es/ inebase/ cgi/
umM/ t/ e/ p/ amp Opcaxisamp Namp L on November . . Retrieved August . quotEuropeans
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Guardian London. . Retrieved July . Spain Tries to Buy Out Immigrants http/ / www. time.
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pdf. p. . . Retrieved January .
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. stmspain. BBC. December . . Retrieved August . quotSpain Debates Burqa Ban Muslim
Immigration Soarsquot http/ / www. hudsonny. org/ / spainburqabanmuslimimmigration.
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guardian. co. uk/ world/ / may/ / books. booksnews. The Guardian London. May . . Retrieved
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CEDFEDDFCCCOpenDocumentamp i. Real Academia Espaola. . Retrieved August .
Jordan, Barry Rikki MorganTamosunas . Contemporary spanish cinema. Manchester
University Press. Cruz, Jo . Edited by David R. Blanks and Michael Frassetto. ed. Western
Views of Islam in Medieval and Early Modern Europe Perception and Other. New York Saint
Martins Press. p.. http/ / www. spoonfed. co. uk/ london/ festivals/ Summer Festival Guide
quotThe History of the Guitar in Spainquot http/ / www. linguatics. com/ guitar. htm.
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/ www. villagevoice. com/ / restaurants/ spaingainatmercatnegre/ . Village Voice New York
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References Literature Gates, David . The Spanish Ulcer A History of the Peninsular War. Da
Capo Press. p.. ISBN.
External links
egovernment Portal http//www..es/ Spain
https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworldfactbook/geos/sp.html entry at The World
Factbook Spain http//www.dmoz.org/Regional/Europe/Spain/ at the Open Directory Project
Wikimedia Atlas of Spain Spain travel guide from Wikitravel kbd ltgSpaneja
History of Spain
History of Spain
The history of Spain involves all the other peoples and nations within the Iberian peninsula
formerly known as Hispania, and includes still today the states of Andorra , Gibraltar ,
Portugal and Spain. It spans from prehistoric Iberia, through the rise and decline of a global
empire, to the recent history of Spain as a member of the European Union. Modern humans
entered the Iberian Peninsula about , years ago. Different populations and cultures followed
over the millennia, including the Iberians, the Tartessians, Celts and Celtiberians,
Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Romans, Suebi and Visigoths. In , the Moors, a Berber
and Arab army, invaded and conquered nearly the entire peninsula. During the next years,
independent Muslim states were established, and the entire area of Muslim control became
known as AlAndalus. Meanwhile the Christian kingdoms in the north began the long and slow
recovery of the peninsula, a process called the Reconquista, which was concluded in with
the fall of Granada. The Kingdom of Spain was created in with the unification of the Kingdom
of Castile and the Kingdom of Aragon. The first voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New
World took place that same year, beginning the development of the Spanish Empire. The
Inquisition was established and Jews and Muslims who refused to convert were expelled
from the country. For the next three centuries Spain was the most important colonial power in
the world. It was the most powerful state in Europe and the foremost global power during the
th century and the greater part of the th century. Spanish literature and fine arts, scholarship
and philosophy flourished during this time. Spain established a vast empire in the Americas,
stretching from California to Patagonia, and colonies in the western Pacific. Financed in part
by the riches pouring in from its colonies, Spain became embroiled in the religiously charged
wars and intrigues of Europe, including, for example, obtaining and losing possessions in
todays Netherlands, Italy, France, and Germany, and engaging in wars with France,
England, Sweden, and the Ottomans in the Mediterranean Sea and northern Africa. Spains
European wars, however, led to economic damage, and the latter part of the th century saw
a gradual decline of power under an increasingly neglectful and inept Habsburg regime. The
decline culminated in the War of Spanish Succession, which ended with the relegation of
Spain from the position of a leading western power, to that of a secondary one, although it
remained with Russia the leading colonial power. The th century saw a new dynasty, the
Bourbons, which directed considerable efforts towards the renewal of state institutions, with
some success, finishing in a successful involvement in the American War of Independence.
However, as the century ended, a reaction set in with the accession of a new monarch. The
end of the eighteenth and the start of the th centuries saw turmoil unleashed throughout
Europe by the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, which finally led to a French
occupation of much of the continent, including Spain. This triggered a successful but
devastating war of independence that shattered the country and created an opening for what
would ultimately be the successful independence of Spains mainland American colonies.
Shattered by the war, Spain was destabilised as different political parties representing
quotliberalquot, quotreactionaryquot and quotmoderatequot groups throughout the remainder
of the century fought for and won shortlived control without any being sufficiently strong to
bring about lasting stability. Nationalist movements emerged in the last significant remnants
of the old empire Cuba and the Philippines which led to a brief war with the United States
and the loss of the remaining old colonies at the end of the century. Following a period of
growing political instability in the early th century, in Spain was plunged into a bloody civil
war. The war ended in a nationalist dictatorship, led by Francisco Franco which controlled
the Spanish government until . Spain was officially neutral during World War II, although
many Spanish volunteers fought on both sides. The postwar decades were relatively stable
with the notable exception of an armed independence movement in the Basque Country, and
the country experienced rapid economic growth in the s and early s. The death of Franco in
resulted in the return of the Bourbon monarchy headed by Prince Juan Carlos. While
tensions remain for example, with Muslim immigrants and in the Basque region, modern
Spain has seen the development of a robust, modern democracy as a constitutional
monarchy with popular King Juan Carlos, one of the
History of Spain fastestgrowing standards of living in Europe, entry into the European
Community, and the Summer Olympics.
Early history
The earliest record of hominids living in Europe has been found in the Spanish cave of
Atapuerca fossils found there date to roughly . million years ago. Modern humans in the form
of CroMagnons began arriving in the Iberian Peninsula from north of the Pyrenees some ,
years ago. The most conspicuous sign of prehistoric human settlements are the famous
paintings in the northern Spanish cave of Altamira, which were done c. , BC and are
regarded as paramount instances of cave art. Furthermore, archeological evidence in places
like Los Millares in Almera and in El Argar in Murcia suggests developed cultures existed in
the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula during the late Neolithic and the Bronze Age. The
seafaring Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians successively settled along the
Mediterranean Sea near Tartessos, modern day Cdiz. Regarding Tartessos, it should also be
mentioned that according to John Koch Cunliffe, Karl, Wodtko and other highly respected
scholars, Celtic culture may well have developed first in far Southern Portugal and
Southwestern Spain, approximately years prior to anything recorded in Central Europe. The
Tartessian language from the southwest of Spain, written in a version of the Phoenician
script in use around BC, has been readily translated by John T. Koch as Celtic and is being
accepted by a growing number of philologists and other linguists as the first Celtic language.
In the th century BC, the first Greek colonies, such as Emporion modern Empries, were
founded along the Mediterranean coast on the east, leaving the south coast to the
Phoenicians. The Greeks are responsible for the name Iberia, apparently after the river Iber
Ebro in Spanish. In the th century BC, the Carthaginians arrived in Iberia, struggling first with
the Greeks, and shortly after, with the newly arriving Romans for control of the Western
Mediterranean. Their most important colony was Carthago Nova Latin name of modern day
Cartagena. The native peoples whom the Romans met at the time of their invasion in what is
now known as Spain were the Iberians, inhabiting from the southwest part of the Peninsula
through the northeast part of it, and then the Celts, mostly inhabiting the north and northwest
part of the Peninsula. In the inner part of the Peninsula, where both groups were in contact, a
mixed, distinctive, culture was present, the one known as Celtiberian. The Celtiberian Wars
or Spanish Wars were fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic and the
Celtiberian tribes of Hispania Citerior from to BC.
Roman Hispania
Hispania was divided Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior during the late Roman Republic
and, during the Roman Empire, Hispania Taraconensis in the northeast, Hispania Baetica in
the south roughly corresponding to Andalucia, and Lusitania in the southwest corresponding
to modern Portugal. The base Celtiberian population remained in various stages of
Romanisation, and local leaders were admitted into the Roman aristocratic class.
Roman bridge in Cordoba
The Romans improved existing cities, such as Tarragona Tarraco, and established others
like Zaragoza Caesaraugusta, Mrida Augusta Emerita, Valencia Valentia, Len quotLegio
Septimaquot, Badajoz quotPax Augustaquot, and Palencia. The peninsulas economy
expanded under Roman tutelage. Hispania supplied Rome
History of Spain with food, olive oil, wine and metal. The emperors Trajan, Hadrian,
Theodosius I, the philosopher Seneca and the poets Martial, Quintilian and Lucan were born
in Spain. The Spanish Bishops held the Council at Elvira in . The first Germanic tribes to
invade Hispania arrived in the thcentury, as the Roman Empire decayed. The Visigoths,
Suebi, Vandals and Alans arrived in Spain by crossing the Pyrenees mountain range. The
Romanized Visigoths entered Hispania in . After the conversion of their monarchy to Roman
Catholicism, the Visigothic Kingdom eventually encompassed a great part of the Iberian
Peninsula after conquering the disordered Suebic territories in the northwest and Byzantine
territories in the southeast. The collapse of the Western Roman Empire did not lead to the
same wholesale destruction of Western classical society as happened in areas like Roman
Britain, Gaul and Germania Inferior during the Dark Ages, even if the institutions,
infrastructure and economy did suffer considerable degradation. Spains present languages,
its religion, and the basis of its laws originate from this period. The centuries of uninterrupted
Roman rule and settlement left a deep and enduring imprint upon the culture of Spain.
Germanic Occupation of Hispania thth centuries
After the decline of the Roman Empire, Germanic tribes invaded the former empire. Several
turned sedentary and created successorkingdoms to the Romans in various parts of Europe.
Iberia was taken over by the Visigoths after . In the Iberian peninsula, as elsewhere, the
Empire fell not with a bang but with a whimper. Rather than there being any convenient date
for the quotfall of the Roman Empirequot there was a progressive quotdeRomanizationquot
of the Western Roman Empire in Hispania and a weakening of central authority, throughout
the rd, th and th centuries. At the same time, there was a process of quotRomanizationquot
of the Germanic and Hunnic tribes settled on both sides of the limes the fortified frontier of
the Empire along the Rhine and Danube rivers. The Visigoths, for example, were converted
to Arian Christianity around , even before they were pushed into imperial territory by the
expansion of the Huns. In the winter of , taking advantage of the frozen Rhine, the Germanic
Vandals and Sueves, and the Sarmatian Alans Visigothic Hispania and its regional divisions
in , prior to the invaded the empire in force. Three years later they Muslim conquest. crossed
the Pyrenees into Iberia and divided the Western parts, roughly corresponding to modern
Portugal and western Spain as far as Madrid, between them. The Visigoths meanwhile,
having sacked Rome two years earlier, arrived in the region in founding the Visigothic
kingdom of Toulouse in the south of modern France and gradually expanded their influence
into the Iberian peninsula at the expense of the Vandals and Alans, who moved on into North
Africa without leaving much permanent mark on Hispanic culture. The Visigothic Kingdom
shifted its capital to Toledo and reached a high point during the reign of Leovigild.
Importantly, Spain never saw a decline in interest in classical culture to the degree
observable in Britain, Gaul, Lombardy and Germany. The Visigoths tended to maintain more
of the old Roman institutions, and they had a unique respect for legal codes that resulted in
continuous frameworks and historical records for most of the period between , when
Visigothic rule in Spain began, and , when it is traditionally said to end. The proximity of the
History of Spain Visigothic kingdoms to the Mediterranean and the continuity of western
Mediterranean trade, though in reduced quantity, supported Visigothic culture. Arian
Visigothic nobility kept apart from the local Catholic population. The Visigothic ruling class
looked to Constantinople for style and technology while the rivals of Visigothic power and
culture were the Catholic bishops and a brief incursion of Byzantine power in Cordoba. The
period of rule by the Visigothic Kingdom saw the spread of Arianism briefly in Spain. In ,
Reccared, the Visigothic king at Toledo, having been converted to Catholicism put an end to
dissension on the question of Arianism and launched a movement in Spain to unify the
various religious doctrines that existed in the land. The Council of Lerida in constrained the
clergy and extended the power of law over them under the blessings of Rome. The Visigoths
inherited from Late Antiquity a sort of feudal system in Spain, based in the south on the
Roman villa system and in the north drawing on their vassals to supply troops in exchange
for protection. The bulk of the Visigothic army was composed of slaves, raised from the
countryside. The loose council of nobles that advised Spains Visigothic kings and legitimized
their rule was responsible for raising the army, and only upon its consent was the king able to
summon soldiers.
Greatest extent of the Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse, c. , showing Territory lost after Vouill
in light orange.
The impact of Visigothic rule was not widely felt on society at large, and certainly not
compared to the vast bureaucracy of the Roman Empire they tended to rule as barbarians of
a mild sort, uninterested in the events of the nation and economy, working for personal
benefit, and little literature remains to us from the period. They did not, until the period of
Muslim rule, merge with the Spanish population, preferring to remain separate, and indeed
the Visigothic language left only the faintest mark on the modern languages of Iberia. The
most visible effect was the depopulation of the cities as they moved to the countryside. Even
while the country enjoyed a degree of prosperity when compared to the famines of France
and Germany in this period, the Visigoths felt little reason to contribute to the welfare,
permanency, and infrastructure of their people and state. This contributed to their downfall,
as they could not count on the loyalty of their subjects when the Moors arrived in the th
century.
Muslim EraalAndalus thth centuries
The Arab Islamic conquest dominated most of North Africa by AD. In an Islamic Arab and
Berber raiding party, led by Tariq ibnZiyad, was sent to Iberia to intervene in a civil war in the
Visigothic Kingdom. Crossing the Strait of Gibraltar, they won a decisive victory in the
summer of when the Visigothic King Roderic was defeated and killed on July at the Battle of
Guadalete. Tariqs commander, Musa bin Nusair quickly crossed with substantial
reinforcements, and by the Muslims dominated most of the Iberian Peninsula. The advance
into Western Europe was stopped in northcentral France by the West Germanic Franks
under Charles Martel at the
History of Spain Battle of Tours in . A decisive victory for the Christian kingdoms took place
at Covadonga, Asturias, in the summer of . Known as the Battle of Covadonga, the Muslims
were stopped by a king, Pelagius of Asturias, who started the monarchy of the Kingdom of
Asturias which later developed into the Kingdom of Castilla. The battle was one of the first
stages of the Reconquista. Caliph AlWalid I paid great attention to the expansion of an
organized military, building the strongest navy in the Umayyad Caliphate second major Arab
dynasty after Mohammad and the first Arab dynasty of AlAndalus era. It was this tactic that
supported the ultimate expansion to Spain. Caliph AlWalid Is reign is considered as the apex
of Islamic power, though Islamic power in Spain specifically climaxed in the tenth century
under AbdarRahman III. The rulers of AlAndalus were granted the rank of Emir by the
Umayyad Caliph AlWalid I in Damascus. Emir Abdarrahman I challenged the Abbasids. The
Umayyad Caliphate, with origin in Hejaz, Arabian peninsula or Emirate was overthrown by
the Abbasid Caliphate or Emirate second Arab dynasty, some of the remaining Umayyad
leaders escaped to Castile and declared Cordoba an independent emirate. AlAndalus was
rife with internal conflict between the Islamic Umayyad rulers and people and the Christian
VisigothRoman leaders and people. In the th century Abdarrahman III, from Hejaz, Arabian
peninsula, grandson of the last caliph of Damascus, Syria declared the Caliphate of
Cordoba, effectively breaking all ties with the Egyptian and Syrian caliphs. The Caliphate
was mostly concerned with maintaining its power base in North Africa, but these possessions
eventually dwindled to the Ceuta province. The first navy of the Caliph of Cordoba or Emir
was built after the humiliating Viking ascent of the Guadalquivir in when they sacked Seville.
In , pagan Magyars present day Hungary raided across Europe as far west as AlAndalus.
Meanwhile, a slow but steady migration of Christian subjects to the northern kingdoms in
Christian Hispania was slowly increasing the latters power. Even so, AlAndalus remained
vastly superior to all the northern kingdoms combined in population, economy and military
might and internal conflict between the Christian kingdoms contributed to keep them
relatively harmless.
Limits of the Kingdom of Castile and Kingdom of Aragon in .
AlAndalus coincided with La Convivencia, an era of relative religious tolerance, and with the
Golden age of Jewish culture in the Iberian Peninsula. See Emir AbdarRahman III the
Granada massacre . Muslim interest in the peninsula returned in force around the year when
AlMansur known as Almanzor, sacked Barcelona . Under his son, other Christian cities were
subjected to numerous raids. After his sons death, the caliphate plunged into a civil war and
splintered into the socalled quotTaifa Kingdomsquot. The Taifa kings competed against each
other not only in war, but also in the protection of the arts, and culture enjoyed a brief
upswing. The Taifa kingdoms lost ground to the Christian realms in the north and, after the
loss of Toledo in , the Muslim rulers reluctantly invited the Almoravides, who invaded
AlAndalus from North Africa and established an empire. In the th century the Almoravid
empire broke up again, only to be taken over by the Almohad invasion, who were defeated in
the decisive battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in .
History of Spain Medieval Spain was the scene of almost constant warfare between Muslims
and Christians. The Almohads, who had taken control of the Almoravids Maghribi and
Andalusian territories by , far surpassed the Almoravides in fundamentalist outlook, and they
treated the dhimmis harshly. Faced with the choice of death, conversion, or emigration, many
Jews and Christians left. The Christian kingdoms to the North had also, at times, treated
Muslims harshly. The treatment towards Jews at this time in Iberia varied greatly between
and within the different Muslim and Christian kingdoms. By the midth century Emirate of
Granada was the only independent Muslim realm in Spain, which would last until . Despite
the decline in Muslimcontrolled kingdoms, it is important to note the lasting effects exerted on
the peninsula by Muslims in technology, culture, and society. The Kings of Aragn ruled
territories that consisted of not only the present administrative region of Aragon but also
Catalonia, and later the Balearic Islands, Valencia, Sicily, Naples and Sardinia see Crown of
Aragon. Considered by most to have been the first mercenary company in Western Europe,
the Catalan Company proceeded to occupy the Duchy of Athens, which they placed under
the protection of a prince of the House of Aragon and ruled until .
Dynastic Union
As the Reconquista continued, Christian kingdoms and principalities developed. By the th
century, the most important among these were the Kingdom of Castile occupying a northern
and central portion of the Iberian Peninsula and the Kingdom of Aragon occupying
northeastern portions of the peninsula. The rulers of these two kingdoms were allied with
dynastic families in Portugal, France, and other neighboring kingdoms. The death of Henry
IV in set off a struggle for power between contenders for the throne of Castile, including
Joanna La Beltraneja, supported by Portugal and France, and Queen Isabella I, supported
by the Kingdom of Aragon, and by the Castilian nobility. Following the War Iberian polities
circa of the Castilian Succession, Isabella retained the throne, and ruled jointly with her
husband, King Ferdinand II. Isabella held more authority over the newly unified Spain than
her husband, although their rule was shared. Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon
were known as the quotCatholic Monarchsquot Spanish los Reyes Catlicos, a title bestowed
on them by Pope Alexander VI. They married in in Valladolid, uniting both crowns and setting
the stage for the creation of the Kingdom of Spain, at the dawn of the modern era. That
union, however, was a union in title only, as each region retained its own political and judicial
structure, and even today Spain remains internally divided. The monarchs also oversaw the
final stages of the Reconquista of Iberian territory from the Moors with the conquest of
Granada, conquered the Canary Islands and expelled the Jews and Muslims from Spain
under the Alhambra decree, though Muslim Morisco culture remained influential. They
authorized the expedition of Christopher Columbus, who became the first known European to
reach the New World since Leif Ericson, which led to an influx of wealth into Spain,
supplementing income from within Castile for the state that would prove to be a dominant
power of Europe for the next two centuries.
History of Spain Isabella ensured longterm political stability in Spain by arranging strategic
marriages for each of her five children. Her firstborn, a daughter named Isabella, married
Alfonso of Portugal, forging important ties between these two neighboring countries and
hopefully to ensure future alliance, but Isabella soon died before giving birth to an heir.
Juana, Isabellas second daughter, married into the Habsburg dynasty when she wed Philip
the Handsome, the son of Maximilian I, King of Bohemia Austria and entitled to the crown of
the Holy Roman Emperor. This ensured alliance with the Habsburgs and the Holy Roman
Empire, a powerful, farreaching territory that assured Spains future political security.
Isabellas first and only son, Juan, married Margaret of Austria, further maintaining ties with
the Habsburg dynasty. Her fourth child, Maria, married Manuel I of Portugal, strengthening
the link forged by her older sisters marriage. Her fifth child, Catherine, married Henry VIII,
King of England and was mother to Queen Mary I. If until the th century religious minorities
Jews and Muslims had enjoyed quite some tolerance in Castilla and Aragon the only
Christian kingdoms where Jews were not restricted from any professional occupation the
situation of the Jews collapsed over the th century, reaching a climax in with large scale
massacres in every major city, with the exception of vila. Over the next century, half of the
estimated , Spanish Jews converted to Christianity becoming quotconversosquot. The final
step was taken by the Catholic Monarchs, who, in , ordered the remaining Jews to convert or
face expulsion from Spain. Depending on different sources, the number of Jews actually
expelled is estimated to be anywhere from , to , people. Over the following decades, Muslims
faced the same fate and about years after the Jews, they were also compelled to convert
quotmoriscosquot or be expelled. Jews and Muslims were not the only people to be
persecuted during this time period. Gypsies also endured a tragic fate all Gypsy males were
forced to serve in galleys between the age of and which was equivalent to a death sentence
but the majority managed to hide and avoid arrest.
The Spanish language and universities
In the th century, there were many languages spoken in the Christian This thcentury Spanish
carpet shows stylistic influences from Europe and the Islamic world. sections of what is now
Spain, among them Castilian, Aragonese, Collections of the Textile Museum. Catalan,
Basque, Galician, Aranese, Asturian and Leonese. But throughout the century, Castilian
what is also known today as Spanish gained more and more prominence in the Kingdom of
Castile as the language of culture and communication. One example of this is the El Cid. In
the last years of the reign of Ferdinand III of Castile, Castilian began to be used for certain
types of documents, but it was during the reign of Alfonso X that it became the official
language. Henceforth all public documents were written in Castilian, likewise all translations
were made into Castilian instead of Latin. Furthermore, in the th century many universities
were founded in Len and in Castile, some, like those of the leonese Salamanca and Palencia
were among the earliest universities in Europe. In , under the Catholic Monarchs, the first
edition of the Grammar of the Castilian Language by Antonio de Nebrija was published.
History of Spain
Imperial Spain
The Spanish Empire was one of the first modern global empires. It was also one of the
largest empires in world history. In the th century Spain and Portugal were in the vanguard of
European global exploration and colonial expansion and the opening of trade routes across
the oceans, with trade flourishing across the Atlantic between Spain and the Americas and A
map of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires in the period of Iberian Union under the across
the Pacific between East Asia personal union of the Spanish monarchs . and Mexico via the
Philippines. Conquistadors deposed the Aztec, Inca and Maya governments with extensive
help from local factions and laid claim to vast stretches of land in North and South America.
For a time, the Spanish Empire dominated the oceans with its experienced navy and ruled
the European battlefield with its fearsome and well trained infantry, the famous tercios in the
words of the prominent French historian Pierre Vilar, quotenacting the most extraordinary
epic in human historyquot. Spain enjoyed a cultural golden age in the th and th centuries.
This American empire was at first a disappointment, as the natives had little to trade, though
settlement did encourage trade. The diseases such as smallpox and measles that arrived
with the colonizers devastated the native populations, especially in the densely populated
regions of the Aztec, Maya and Inca civilizations, and this reduced economic potential of
conquered areas. In the s large scale extraction of silver from the rich deposits of Mexicos
Guanajuato began, to be greatly augmented by the silver mines in Mexicos Zacatecas and
Bolivias Potos from . These silver shipments reoriented the Spanish economy, leading to the
importation of luxuries and grain. They also became indispensable in financing the military
capability of Habsburg Spain in its long series of European and North African wars, though,
with the exception of a few years in the th century, Spain itself Castile in particular was by far
the most important source of revenue. The financial burden within the Columbus setting foot
in the New World peninsula was on the backs of the peasant class while the nobility enjoyed
an increasingly lavish lifestyle. From the time beginning with the incorporation of the
Portuguese empire in lost in until the loss of its American colonies in the th century, Spain
maintained the largest empire in the world even though it suffered fluctuating military and
economic fortunes from the s. Confronted by the new experiences, difficulties and suffering
created by empirebuilding, Spanish thinkers formulated some of the first modern thoughts on
natural law, sovereignty, international law, war, and economics there were even questions
about the legitimacy of imperialism in related schools of thought referred to collectively as the
School of Salamanca. Despite these innovations many motives for the empire were rooted in
the middle ages. Religion played a very strong role in the spread of the Spanish empire. The
thought that Spain could bring Christianity to the new world certainly played a strong role in
the expansion of Spains empire.
History of Spain
Spanish Kingdoms under the Habsburgs thth centuries
Spains powerful world empire of the th and th centuries reached its height and declined
under the Habsburgs. The Spanish Empire reached its maximum extent in Europe under
Charles I of Spain, as he was also Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire. Charles V
became king in , and the history of Spain became even more firmly enmeshed with the
dynastic struggles in Europe. The king was not often in Spain, and as he approached the end
of his life he made provision for the division of the Habsburg inheritance into two parts on the
one hand Spain, and its possessions in the Mediterranean and overseas, and the Holy
Roman Empire itself on the other. The Habsburg possessions in the Netherlands also
remained with the Spanish crown. This was to prove a difficulty for his successor Philip II of
Spain, who became king on Charles Vs abdication in . Spain largely escaped the religious
conflicts that were raging throughout the rest of Europe, and remained firmly Roman
Catholic. Philip saw himself as a champion of Catholicism, both against the Ottoman Turks
and the heretics. In the s, plans to consolidate control of the Netherlands Charles I of Spain
better known in the led to unrest, which gradually led to the Calvinist leadership of the
Englishspeaking world at the Holy Roman revolt and the Eighty Years War. This conflict
consumed much Emperor Charles V was the most powerful Spanish expenditure, and led to
an attempt to conquer England a European monarch of his day. cautious supporter of the
Dutch in the unsuccessful Spanish Armada, an early battle in the AngloSpanish War and war
with France . Despite these problems, the growing inflow of American silver from mid th
century, the justified military reputation of the Spanish infantry and even the navy quickly
recovering from its Armada disaster, made Spain the leading European power, a novel
situation of which its citizens were only just becoming aware. The Iberian Union with Portugal
in not only unified the peninsula, but added that countrys worldwide resources to the Spanish
crown. However, economic and administrative problems multiplied in Castile, and the
weakness of the native economy became evident in the following century rising inflation,
financially draining wars in Europe, the ongoing aftermath of the expulsion of the Jews and
Moors from Spain, and the growing dependency of Spain on the gold and silver imports,
combined to cause several bankruptcies that caused economic crisis in the country,
especially in heavily burdened Castile. The coastal villages of Spain and of the Balearic
Islands were frequently attacked by Barbary pirates from North Africa. Formentera was even
temporarily left by its population. This occurred also along long stretches of the Spanish and
Italian coasts, a relatively short distance across a calm sea from the pirates in their North
African lairs. The most famous corsair was the Turkish Barbarossa quotRedbeardquot.
According to Robert Davis between million and . million Europeans were captured by North
African pirates and sold as slaves in North Africa and Ottoman Empire between the th and th
centuries This was gradually alleviated as Spain and other Christian powers began to check
Muslim naval dominance in the Mediterranean after the victory at Lepanto, but it would be a
scourge that continued to afflict the country even in the next century. The great plague of
killed , to , people, or about of the population. Altogether more than ,, deaths resulted from
the extreme incidence of plague in th century Spain. Economically, the plague destroyed the
labor force as well as creating a psychological blow to an already problematic Spain.
History of Spain
Philip II died in , and was succeeded by his son Philip III, in whose reign a ten year truce with
the Dutch was overshadowed in by Spains involvement in the Europeanwide Thirty Years
War. Government policy was dominated by favorites, but it was also the reign in which the
geniuses of Cervantes and El Greco flourished. Philip III was succeeded in by his son Philip
IV of Spain. Much of the policy was conducted by the minister Gaspar de Guzmn,
CountDuke of Olivares. In , with the war in central Map of Europe in , after the Peace of
Westphalia. Europe having no clear winner except the French, both Portugal and Catalonia
rebelled. Portugal was lost to the crown for good, in Italy and most of Catalonia, French
forces were expelled and Catalonias independence suppressed. In the reign of Philips
developmentally disabled son and successor Charles II, Spain was essentially left leaderless
and was gradually being reduced to a secondrank power. The Habsburg dynasty became
extinct in Spain and the War of the Spanish Succession ensued in which the other European
powers tried to assume control of the Spanish monarchy. King Louis XIV of France
eventually quotwonquot the War of Spanish Succession, and control of Spain passed to the
Bourbon dynasty but the peace deals that followed included the relinquishing of the right to
unite the French and Spanish thrones and the partitioning of Spains European empire.
The Golden Age Siglo de Oro
The Spanish Golden Age in Spanish, Siglo de Oro was a period of flourishing arts and letters
in the Spanish Empire now Spain and the Spanishspeaking countries of Latin America,
coinciding with the political decline and fall of the Habsburgs Philip III, Philip IV and Charles
II. It is interesting to note how arts during the Golden Age flourished despite the decline of
the empire in the th century. The last great writer of the age, Sor Juana Ins de la Cruz, died
in New Spain in . The Habsburgs, both in Spain and Austria, were great patrons of art in their
countries. El Escorial, the great royal monastery built by King Philip II, invited the attention of
some of Europes greatest architects and painters. Diego Velzquez, regarded as one of the
most influential painters of European history and a greatly respected artist in his own time,
cultivated a relationship with King Toledo by El Greco Philip IV and his chief minister, the
CountDuke of Olivares, leaving us several portraits that demonstrate his style and skill. El
Greco, a respected Greek artist from the period, settled in Spain, and infused Spanish art
with the styles of the Italian renaissance and helped create a uniquely Spanish style of
painting. Some of Spains greatest music is regarded as having been written in the period.
Such composers as Toms Luis de Victoria, Luis de Miln and Alonso Lobo helped to shape
Renaissance music and the styles of counterpoint and polychoral music, and their influence
lasted far into the Baroque period. Spanish literature blossomed as well, most famously
demonstrated in the work of Miguel de Cervantes, the author of Don Quixote de la Mancha.
Spains most prolific playwright, Lope de Vega, wrote possibly as many as one thousand
plays over his lifetime, over four hundred of which survive to the present day.
History of Spain
Enlightenment Spain under the Bourbons th century
Philip V, the first Bourbon king, of French origin, signed the Decreto de Nueva Planta in , a
new law that revoked most of the historical rights and privileges of the different kingdoms that
formed the Spanish Crown, specially Crown of Aragon, unifying them under the laws of
Castile, where the Cortes had been more receptive to the royal wish. Spain became
culturally and politically a follower of absolutist France. The rule of the Spanish Bourbons
continued under Ferdinand VI and Charles III. Great influence was exerted over Elisabeth of
Parma on Spains foreign policy. Her principal aim was to have Spains lost territories in Italy
restored. She eventually received FrancoBritish support for this after the Congress of
Soissons. Under the rule of Charles III and his ministers, Leopoldo de Gregorio, Marquis of
Esquilache and Jos Moino, Count of Floridablanca, Spain embarked on a program of
enlightened despotism that brought Spain a new prosperity in the middle of the th century.
Fearing that Britains victory over France in the Seven Years War threatened the European
balance of power, Spain allied themselves to France but suffered a series of military defeats
and ended up having to cede Florida to the British at the Treaty of Paris. Despite being on
the losing alongside France against the British in the Seven Years War, Spain recouped
most of her territorial losses in the American Revolutionary War, and gained an improved
international standing. However, the reforming spirit of Charles III was extinguished in the
reign of his son, Charles IV, seen by some as mentally handicapped. Dominated by his wifes
lover, Manuel de Godoy, Charles IV embarked on policies that overturned much of Charles
IIIs reforms. After briefly opposing Revolutionary France early in the French Revolutionary
Wars, Spain was cajoled into an uneasy alliance with its northern neighbor, only to be
blockaded by the British. Charles IVs vacillation, culminating in his failure to honour the
alliance by neglecting to enforce the Continental System led to Napoleon I, Emperor of the
French, invading Spain in , thereby triggering Spains War of Independence.
An th century map of the Iberian Peninsula
Attacking Spanish infantry about
During most of the th century Spain had made substantial progress since its steady decline
in the latter part of the th century, under an increasingly inept Habsburg dynasty. But despite
the progress, it continued to lag in the political and mercantile developments then
transforming other parts of Europe, most notably in the United Kingdom, France and the Low
Countries. The chaos unleashed by the Napoleonic intervention would cause this gap to
widen greatly.
History of Spain
Napoleonic Wars War of Spanish Independence
Spain initially sided against France in the Napoleonic Wars, but the defeat of her army early
in the war led to Charles IVs pragmatic decision to align with the revolutionary French. Spain
was put under a British blockade, and her coloniesfor the first time separated from their
colonial rulersbegan to trade independently with Britain. The defeat of the British invasions of
the River Plate in South America emboldened an independent attitude in Spains American
colonies. A major FrancoSpanish fleet was annihilated, at the decisive Battle of Trafalgar in ,
prompting the vacillating king of Spain to reconsider his alliance The Third of May by
Francisco Goya, showing with France. Spain broke off from the Continental System Spanish
resisters being executed by Napoleons troops. temporarily, and Napoleonaggravated with
the Bourbon kings of Spaininvaded Spain in and deposed Ferdinand VII, who had just been
on the throne fortyeight days after his fathers abdication in March. The Spanish people
vigorously resisted Napoleons move, and juntas were formed across Spain that pronounced
themselves in favor of Ferdinand VII. Initially, the juntas declared their support for Ferdinand
VII, and convened a quotGeneral and Extraordinary Cortesquot for all the kingdoms of the
Spanish Monarchy. The Cortes assembled in and took refuge at Cdiz. In the Cdiz Cortes
created the first modern Spanish constitution, the Constitution of informally named La Pepa.
The British, led by the Duke of Wellington, fought Napoleons forces in the Peninsular War,
with Joseph Bonaparte ruling as king at Madrid. The brutal war was one of the first guerrilla
wars in modern Western history French supply lines stretching across Spain were mauled
repeatedly by Spanish guerrillas. The war in the Iberian Peninsula fluctuated repeatedly, with
Wellington spending several years behind his fortresses in Portugal while launching
occasional campaigns into Spain. The French were decisively defeated at the Battle of
Vitoria in , and the following year, Ferdinand VII was restored as King of Spain.
Spain in the nineteenth century
Although the juntas that had forced the French to leave Spain had sworn by the liberal
Constitution of , Ferdinand VII openly believed that it was too liberal for the country. On his
return to Spain, he refused to swear by it himself, and he continued to rule in the
authoritarian fashion of his forebears. Although Spain accepted the rejection of the
Constitution, the policy was not warmly accepted in Spains empire in the New World.
Revolution broke out. Spain, nearly bankrupt from the war with France and the reconstruction
of the country, was unable to pay her soldiers, and in was forced to sell Florida to the United
States for million dollars. In , an expedition intended for the colonies which, at the time, were
on the verge of being lost themselves, to rebels and the Monroe Doctrine revolted in Cadiz.
When armies throughout Spain pronounced themselves in sympathy with the revolters, led
by Rafael del Riego, Ferdinand relented and was forced to accept the liberal Constitution of .
Ferdinand himself was placed under effective house arrest for the duration of the liberal
experiment. The three years of liberal rule that followed coincided with a civil war in Spain
that would typify Spanish politics for the next century. The liberal government, which
reminded European statesmen entirely too much of the governments of the French
Revolution, was looked on with hostility by the Congress of Verona in , and France was
authorized to intervene. France crushed the liberal government with massive force in the
socalled Spanish expedition, and Ferdinand was restored as absolute monarch. The
American colonies, however, were completely lost in , the last Spanish army on the American
mainland was defeated at the Battle of Ayacucho in southern
History of Spain Peru. A period of uneasy peace followed in Spain for the next decade.
Having borne only a female heir presumptive, it appeared that Ferdinand would be
succeeded by his brother, Infante Carlos of Spain. While Ferdinand aligned with the
conservatives, fearing another national insurrection, he did not view the reactionary policies
of his brother as a viable option. Ferdinand resisting the wishes of his brother decreed the
Pragmatic Sanction of , enabling his daughter Isabella to become Queen. Carlos, who made
known his intent to resist the sanction, fled to Portugal. Ferdinands death in and the
accession of Isabella only three years old at the time as Queen of Spain sparked the First
Carlist War. Carlos invaded Spain and attracted support from reactionaries and
conservatives in Spain Isabellas mother, Maria Cristina of BourbonTwo Sicilies, was named
regent until her daughter came of age. The insurrection seemed to have been crushed by the
end of the year Maria Cristinas armies, called quotCristinoquot forces, had driven the Carlist
armies from most of the Basque country. Carlos then named the Basque general Toms de
Zumalacrregui his commanderinchief. Zumalacrregui resuscitated the Carlist cause, and by
had driven the Cristino armies to the Ebro River and transformed the Carlist army from a
demoralized band into a professional army of , of quality superior to the government forces.
Zumalacrreguis death in changed the Carlists fortunes. The Cristinos found a capable
general in Baldomero Espartero. His victory at the Battle of Luchana turned the tide of the
war, and in , the Convention of Vergara put an end to the first Carlist insurrection. Espartero,
operating on his popularity as a war hero and his sobriquet quotPacifier of Spainquot,
demanded liberal reforms from Maria Cristina. The Queen Regent, who resisted any such
idea, preferred to resign and let Espartero become regent instead. Esparteros liberal reforms
were opposed, then, by moderates the former generals heavyhandedness caused a series of
sporadic uprisings throughout the country from various quarters, all of which were bloodily
suppressed. He was overthrown as regent in by Ramn Mara Narvez, a moderate, who was in
turn perceived as too reactionary. Another Carlist uprising, the Matiners War, was launched
in in Catalonia, but it was poorly organized and suppressed by . Isabella II of Spain took a
more active role in government after she came of age, but she was immensely unpopular
throughout her reign. She was viewed as beholden to whoever was closest to her at court,
and that she cared little for the people of Spain. In , she attempted to form a pannational
coalition, the Union Liberal, under the leadership of Leopoldo ODonnell who had already
marched on Madrid that year and deposed another Espartero ministry. Isabellas plan failed
and cost Isabella more prestige and favor with the people. Isabella launched a successful
war against Morocco, waged by generals ODonnell and Juan Prim, in that stabilized her
popularity in Spain. However, a campaign to reconquer Peru and Chile during the Chincha
Islands War proved disastrous and Spain suffered defeat before the determined South
American powers. In , a revolt led by Juan Prim was suppressed, but it was becoming
increasingly clear that the people of Spain were upset with Isabellas approach to
governance. In , the Glorious Revolution broke out when the progresista generals Francisco
Serrano and Juan Prim revolted against her, and defeated her moderado generals at the
Battle of Alcolea. Isabella was driven into exile in Paris. Revolution and anarchy broke out in
Spain in the two years that followed it was only in that the Cortes declared that Spain would
have a king again. As it turned out, this decision played an important role in European and
world history, for a German princes candidacy to the Spanish throne and French opposition
to him served as the immediate motive for the FrancoPrussian War. Amadeus of Savoy was
selected, and he was duly crowned King of Spain early the following year. Amadeus a liberal
who swore by the liberal constitution the Cortes promulgated was faced immediately with the
incredible task of bringing the disparate political ideologies of Spain to one table. He was
plagued by internecine strife, not merely between Spaniards but within Spanish parties.
History of Spain
First Spanish Republic
Following the Hidalgo affair, Amadeus famously declared the people of Spain to be
ungovernable, and fled the country. In his absence, a government of radicals and
Republicans was formed that declared Spain a republic. The republic was immediately under
siege from all quarters the Carlists were the most immediate threat, launching a violent
insurrection after their poor showing in the elections. There were calls for socialist revolution
from the International Workingmens Association, revolts and unrest in the autonomous
regions of Navarre and Catalonia, and pressure from the Catholic Church against the
fledgling republic.
The Restoration
Although the former queen, Isabella II was still alive, she recognized that she was too
divisive as a leader, and abdicated in in favor of her son, Alfonso, who was duly crowned
Alfonso XII of Spain. After the tumult of the First Spanish Republic, Spaniards were willing to
accept a return to stability under Bourbon rule. The Republican armies in Spain which were
resisting a Carlist insurrection pronounced their allegiance to Alfonso in the winter of , led by
Brigadier General Martinez Campos. The Republic was dissolved and Antonio Canovas del
Castillo, a trusted advisor to the king, was named Prime Minister on New Years Eve, . The
Carlist insurrection was put down vigorously by the new king, who took an active role in the
war and rapidly gained the support of most of his countrymen. A system of turnos was
established in Spain in which the liberals, led by Prxedes Mateo Sagasta and the
conservatives, led by Antonio Canovas del Castillo, alternated in control of the government.
A modicum of stability and economic progress was restored to Spain during Alfonso XIIs
rule. His death in , followed by the assassination of Canovas del Castillo in , destabilized the
government. Cuba rebelled against Spain in the Ten Years War beginning in , resulting in the
abolition of slavery in Spains colonies in the New World. American interests in the island,
coupled with concerns for the people of Cuba, aggravated relations between the two
countries. The explosion of the USS Maine launched the SpanishAmerican War in , in which
Spain fared disastrously. Cuba gained its independence and Spain lost its remaining New
World colony, Puerto Rico, which together with Guam and the Philippines were ceded to the
United States for million dollars. In , Spain sold its remaining Pacific islandsthe Northern
Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands and Palauto Germany and Spanish colonial possessions
were reduced to Spanish Morocco, Spanish Sahara and Spanish Guinea, all in Africa. The
quotdisasterquot of created the Generation of , a group of statesmen and intellectuals who
demanded change from the new government. Anarchist and fascist movements were on the
rise in Spain in the early th century. A revolt in in Catalonia was bloodily suppressed. Spains
neutrality in World War I allowed it to become a supplier of material for both sides to its great
advantage, prompting an economic boom in Spain. The outbreak of Spanish influenza in
Spain and elsewhere, along with a major economic slowdown in the postwar period, hit
Spain particularly hard, and the country went into debt. A major workers strike was
suppressed in . Mistreatment of the indigenous population in Spanish Morocco led to an
uprising and the loss of this North African possession except for the enclaves of Ceuta and
Melilla in . See Muhammad Ibn Abd alKarim alKhattabi, Annual. In order to avoid
accountability, King Alfonso XIII decided to support the dictatorship of General Miguel Primo
de Rivera, ending the period of constitutional monarchy in Spain. In joint action with France,
the Moroccan territory was recovered , but in bankruptcy and massive unpopularity left the
king no option but to force Primo de Rivera to resign. Disgusted with the kings involvement in
his dictatorship, the urban population voted for republican parties in the municipal elections
of April . The king fled the country without abdicating and a republic was established.
History of Spain
Second Spanish Republic
Under the Second Spanish Republic, women were allowed to vote in general elections for
the first time. The Republic devolved substantial autonomy to the Basque Country and to
Catalonia. The first governments of the Republic, were centerleft, headed by Niceto
AlcalZamora, and Manuel Azaa. Economic turmoil, substantial debt inherited from the Primo
de Rivera regime, and fractious, rapidly changing governing coalitions led to serious political
unrest. In , the rightwing CEDA won power an armed rising of workers of October , which
reached its greatest intensity in Asturias and Catalonia, was forcefully put down by the CEDA
government. This in turn energized political movements across the spectrum in Spain,
including a revived anarchist movement and new reactionary and fascist groups, including
the Falange and a revived Carlist movement.
Spanish Civil War
In the s, Spanish politics were polarized at the left and right of the political spectrum. The
leftwing favored class struggle, land reform, autonomy to the regions and reduction in church
and monarchist power. The rightwing groups, the largest of which was CEDA, a right wing
Roman Catholic coalition, held opposing views on most issues. In , the left united in the
Popular Front and was elected to power. However, this coalition, dominated by the centreleft,
was undermined both by the revolutionary groups such as the anarchist CNT and FAI and by
antidemocratic farright groups such as the Falange and the Carlists. The political violence of
previous years began to start again. There were gunfights over strikes, landless labourers
began to seize land, church officials were killed and churches burnt. On the other side, right
wing militias such as the Falange and gunmen hired by employers assassinated left wing
activists. The Republican democracy never generated the consensus or mutual trust
between the various political groups that it needed to function peacefully. As a result, the
country slid into civil war. The right wing of the country and high ranking figures in the army
began to plan a coup, and when Falangist politician Jos CalvoSotelo was shot by Republican
police, they used it as a signal to act. On July , General Francisco Franco led the colonial
army from Morocco to attack the mainland, while another force from the north under General
Sanjurjo moved south from Navarre. Military units were also mobilised elsewhere to take
over government institutions. Francos move was intended to seize power immediately, but
successful resistance by Republicans in places such as Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, the
Basque country and elsewhere meant that Spain faced a prolonged civil war. Before long,
much of the south and west was under the control of the Nationalists, whose regular Army of
Africa was the most professional force available to either side. Both sides received foreign
military aid, the Nationalists, from Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Portugal, the Republic
from the USSR and organised farleft volunteers in the International Brigades. The Siege of
the Alczar at Toledo early in the war was a turning point, with the Nationalists winning after a
long siege. The Republicans managed to hold out in Madrid, despite a Nationalist assault in
November , and frustrated subsequent offensives against the capital at Jarama and
Guadalajara in . Soon, though, the Nationalists began to erode their territory, starving Madrid
and making inroads into the east. The north, including the Basque country fell in late and the
Aragon front collapsed shortly afterwards. The bombing of Guernica was probably the most
infamous event of the war and inspired Picassos painting. It was used as a testing ground for
the German Luftwaffes Condor Legion. The Battle of the Ebro in JulyNovember was the final
desperate attempt by the Republicans to turn the tide. When this failed and Barcelona fell to
the Nationalists in early , it was clear the war was over. The remaining Republican fronts
collapsed and Madrid fell in March . The war, which cost between , to ,, lives, ended with the
destruction of the Republic and the accession of Francisco Franco as dictator of Spain.
Franco amalgamated all the right wing parties into a reconstituted Falange and banned the
leftwing and Republican parties and trade unions. The conduct of the war was brutal on both
sides, with massacres of civilians and prisoners being widespread. After the war, many
thousands of Republicans were imprisoned and up to , were executed between and .
History of Spain Many other Republicans remained in exile for the entire Franco period.
The dictatorship of Francisco Franco
Spain remained officially neutral in World Wars I and II, but suffered through a devastating
Civil War . During Francos rule, Spain remained largely economically and culturally isolated
from the outside world, but began to catch up economically with its European neighbors.
Under Franco, Spain actively sought the return of Gibraltar by the UK, and gained some
support for its cause at the United Nations. During the s, Spain began imposing restrictions
on Gibraltar, culminating in the closure of the border in . It was not fully reopened until .
Spanish rule in Morocco ended in . Though militarily victorious in the Moroccan invasion of
Spanish West Africa, Spain gradually relinquished its remaining African colonies. Spanish
Guinea was granted independence as Equatorial Guinea in , while the Moroccan enclave of
Ifni had been ceded to Morocco in . The latter years of Francos rule saw some economic and
political liberalization, the Spanish Miracle, including the birth of a tourism industry. Francisco
Franco ruled until his death on November , when control was given to King Juan Carlos. In
the last few months before Francos death, the Spanish state went into a paralysis. This was
capitalized upon by King Hassan II of Morocco, who ordered the Green March into Western
Sahara, Spains last colonial possession.
Spain since
Transition to democracy
The Spanish transition to democracy or new Bourbon restoration was the era when Spain
moved from the dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state. The transition
is usually said to have begun with Francos death on November , while its completion is
marked by the electoral victory of the socialist PSOE on October . Between and , Spain was
led by the Unin del Centro Democrtico governments. in the F coup dtat attempt took place.
On February Antonio Tejero, with members of the Guardia Civil entered the Congress of
Deputies, and stopped the session, where Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo was about to be named
prime minister of the government. Officially, the coup dtat failed thanks to the intervention of
King Juan Carlos. Spain joined NATO before CalvoSotelo left office. Along with political
change came radical change in Spanish society. Spanish society had been extremely
conservative under Franco, but the transition to democracy also began a liberalization of
values and societal mores.
Modern Spain
From until , the social democratic PSOE governed the country, with Felipe Gonzlez as prime
minister. In , Spain joined the European Economic Community EEC, now European Union,
and the country hosted the Barcelona Olympics and Seville Expo . In , the centreright Partido
Popular government came to power, led by Jos Mara Aznar. On January , Spain exchanged
the peseta for the new Euro currency. The peseta continued to be used for cash transactions
until January , . On March a number of terrorist bombs exploded on busy commuter trains in
Madrid during the morning rushhour days before the general election, killing persons and
injuring thousands. Although Jos Mara Aznar and his ministers were quick to accuse ETA of
the atrocity, soon afterwards it became apparent that the bombing was the work of an
extremist Islamic group linked to AlQaeda. Many people believe that the fact that qualified
commentators abroad were beginning to doubt the official Spanish version the very same
day of the
History of Spain attacks while the government insisted on ETAs implication directly
influenced the results of the election. Opinion polls at the time show that the difference
between the two main contenders had been too close to make any accurate prediction as to
the outcome of the elections. The election, held three days after the attacks, was won by the
PSOE, and Jos Luis Rodrguez Zapatero replaced Aznar as prime minister. On July , the
country became the first country in the world to give full marriage and adoption rights to
homosexual couples Belgium has allowed samesex marriage since and coparenting since
April , and the Netherlands has allowed samesex marriage since and now has a law in
preparation to provide full adoption rights in equal conditions to oppositesex marriages. At
present, Spain is a constitutional monarchy, and comprises autonomous communities
Andaluca, Aragn, Asturias, Islas Baleares, Islas Canarias, Cantabria, Castile and Len,
CastileLa Mancha, Catalua, Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Community of Madrid, Region of
Murcia, Pas Vasco, Comunidad Valenciana, Navarra and two autonomous cities Ceuta and
Melilla.
Notes
European Voyages of Exploration Imperial Spain http/ / www. ucalgary. ca/ appliedhistory/
tutor/ eurvoya/ Imperial. html quotSpainquot http/ / encarta. msn. com/ text/ Spain. html.
Encarta Online Encyclopedia. . . See also quotFirst west Europe tooth foundquot http/ / www.
webcitation. org/ kwqnGivb. BBC. June . Archived from the original http/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ /
hi/ science/ nature/ . stm on . . Retrieved . quotSpain History PreRoman Spain
Prehistoryquot http/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ / Spain/ / Historytoctoc.
Britannica Online Encyclopedia. . . Robert Chapman, Emerging Complexity The Later
Prehistory of SouthEast Spain, Iberia and the West Mediterranean Koch, John . Tartessian
Celtic from the Southwest at the Dawn of History in Acta Palaeohispanica X Palaeohispanica
http/ / ifc. dpz. es/ recursos/ publicaciones/ / / koch. pdf. Palaeohispanica. pp.. ISSN. .
Retrieved . Cunliffe, Karl, Guerra, McEvoy, Bradley Oppenheimer, Rrvik, Isaac, Parsons,
Koch, Freeman and Wodtko . Celtic from the West Alternative Perspectives from
Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature http/ / www. oxbowbooks. com/ bookinfo.
cfm/ ID/ / / Location/ DBBC. Oxbow Books and Celtic Studies Publications. pp.. ISBN. .
quotRethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of IndoEuropean in Atlantic Europequot http/ /
www. oxbowbooks. com/ pdfs/ books/ Celtic West conf. pdf. University of Wales Centre for
Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies and Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford. .
Retrieved May . quotODonnell Lecture Appendixquot http/ / www. wales. ac. uk/ Resources/
Documents/ Research/ ODonnell. pdf. . http/ / www. aber. ac. uk/ aberonline/ en/ archive/ / /
au/ quotSpain History PreRoman Spain Phoeniciansquot http/ / www. britannica. com/
EBchecked/ topic/ / Spain/ / Phoenicianstoctoc. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. . . Grout,
James . quotThe Celtiberian Warquot http/ / penelope. uchicago. edu/ grout/
encyclopaediaromana/ hispania/ celtiberianwar. html. Encyclopaedia Romana. University of
Chicago. . Retrieved . quotMajor Phases in Roman Historyquot http/ / www. utsc. utoronto.
ca/ corbett/ clab/ RomChron. htm. Rome in the Mediterranean World. University of Toronto. .
Retrieved . J. S. Richardson, The Romans in Spain The latifundia sing., latifundium, large
estates controlled by the aristocracy, were superimposed on the existing Iberian landholding
system. Rinehart, Robert Seeley, Jo Ann Browning . quotA Country Study Spain
Hispaniaquot http/ / lcweb. loc. gov/ frd/ cs/ estoc. html. Library of Congress Country Series. .
Retrieved . The Roman provinces of Hispania included Provincia Hispania Ulterior Baetica
Hispania Baetica, whose capital was Corduba, presently Crdoba, Provincia Hispania Ulterior
Lusitania Hispania Lusitania, whose capital was Emerita Augusta now Mrida, Provincia
Hispania Citerior, whose capital was Tarraco Tarragona, Provincia Hispania Nova, whose
capital was Tingis Tnger in present Morocco, Provincia Hispania Nova Citerior and
AsturiaeCalleciae these latter two provinces were created and then dissolved in the
rdcentury AD. Payne, Stanley G. . quotA History of Spain and Portugal Ch. Ancient
Hispaniaquot http/ / libro. uca. edu/ payne/ spainport. htm. The Library of Iberian Resources
Online. . Retrieved . This led to the establishment of the Suebi Kingdom in Gallaecia, in the
northwest, the Vandal Kingdom of Vandalusia Andalusia and the Visigothic Kingdom in
Toledo. Roger Collins, Visigothic Spain Karen Eva Carr, Vandals to Visigoths Rural
Settlement Patterns in Early Medieval Spain Rhea Marsh Smith, Spain A Modern History
University of Michigan Ann Arbor, p. . Rhea Marsh Smith, Spain A Modern History, p. . rhea
Marsh Smith, Spain A Modern History, p. .
History of Spain
Rhea Marsh Smith, Spain A Modern History, pp. . Collins, Visigothic Spain Fletcher, Richard
. Moorish Spain. Los Angeles, CA University of California Press. pp.. ISBN. Timelines
Vikings, Saracens, Magyars http/ / www. zum. de/ whkmla/ timelines/ wh/ tlvikings. html
Granada http/ / jewishencyclopedia. com/ view. jspartidamp letterGamp searchGranada by
Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, Jewish Encyclopedia. ed. Ransoming Captives in
Crusader Spain The Order of Merced on the ChristianIslamic Frontier http/ / libro. uca. edu/
rc/ rc. htm The Almohads http/ / www. myjewishlearning. com/ historycommunity/ Medieval/
IntergroupTO/ JewishMuslim/ Almohads. htm Catalan Company AD http/ / www. umiacs.
umd. edu/ kuijt/ dba/ dba. html There is simply no consensus as to the extent, with estimates
varying by many orders of magnitude, but that it occurred is not doubted See Population
history of American indigenous peoples. Patrick, James . Renaissance and Reformation http/
/ books. google. com/ bookspgPAamp dqcharles V was the most powerful monarch of his
dayamp idiZJlLHLPYCamp outputhtml. Marshall Cavendish. pp.. ISBN, . . When Europeans
were slaves Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously
believed http/ / researchnews. osu. edu/ archive/ whtslav. htm The SeventeenthCentury
Decline http/ / libro. uca. edu/ payne/ payne. htm J.H. Elliott, quotImperial Spain quot,
Penguin Books, , p. Hugh Thomas. The Golden Age The Spanish Empire of Charles V Henry
Kamen, Philip V of Spain Simms p. Charles S. Esdaile, Spain in the Liberal Age From
Constitution to Civil War, Joseph A. Brandt, Toward the New Spain The Spanish Revolution
of and the First Republic Earl Ray Beck, Time of Triumph amp Sorrow Spanish Politics
during the Reign of Alfonso XII, Beck, Time of Triumph amp Sorrow Spanish Politics during
the Reign of Alfonso XII, John L. Offner, Unwanted War The Diplomacy of the United States
amp Spain over Cuba, H. Ramsden, quotThe Spanish Generation of The History of a
Concept,quot Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, , Vol. Issue , pp
Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain The Spanish Civil War Paul Preston, The Spanish Civil
War Reaction, Revolution, and Revenge nd ed. pp Preston, The Spanish Civil War Reaction,
Revolution, and Revenge pp Stanley G. Payne, Franco and Hitler Spain, Germany, and
World War II Jean Grugel and Tim Rees, Francos Spain
Bibliography
Barton, Simon. A History of Spain excerpt and text search http//www.amazon.com/dp/ Carr,
Raymond, ed. Spain A History excerpt and text search http//www.amazon.com/dp/ Casey,
James. Early Modern Spain A Social History excerpt and text search
http//www.amazon.com/ dp/ Edwards, John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs excerpt and
text search http//www. amazon.com/dp/ Esdaile, Charles J. Spain in the Liberal Age From
Constitution to Civil War, excerpt and text search http//www.amazon.com/dp/ Gerli, E.
Michael, ed. Medieval Iberia an encyclopedia. New York . ISBN Kamen, Henry. Spain. A
Society of Conflict rd ed. London and New York Pearson Longman . ISBN Lynch, John. The
Hispanic World in Crisis and Change excerpt and text search http//www. amazon.com/dp/
OCallaghan, Joseph F. A History of Medieval Spain excerpt and text search
http//www.amazon.com/ dp/ Payne, Stanley G. Spain A Unique History University of
Wisconsin Press pages history since the Visigothic era. Philips, William D., Jr., and Carla
Rahn Phillips. A Concise History of Spain
History of Spain Pierson, Peter. The History of Spain nd ed. excerpt and text search
http//www.amazon.com/dp/ Shubert, Adrian. A Social History of Modern Spain excerpt and
text search http//www.amazon.com/ dp/ Tusell, Javier. Spain From Dictatorship to
Democracy, to the Present excerpt and text search http/ /www.amazon.com/dp/
External links
History of Spain Primary Documents http//eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/
HistoryofSpainPrimaryDocuments Spanish History Sources amp Documents
http//www.straatvaart.com Stanley G. Payne The SeventeenthCentury Decline
http//libro.uca.edu/payne/payne.htm Henry Kamen, quotThe Decline of Spain A Historical
Mythquot, Past and Present, Explains the complexities of this subject
http//www.art.man.ac.uk/SPANISH/courses/sp/Kamendecline.html WWWVL quotSpanish
History Index http//vlib.iue.it/histspain/Index.html Carmen PereiraMuro. Culturas de Espaa.
Boston and New York Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN
Spanish language
Spanish language
Spanish, Castilian
Espaol, castellano Pronunciation Spoken in Spanish pronunciationespaol, Spanish
pronunciationkasteano see below
Total speakers First language million to million. million as first or second language. Language
family IndoEuropean
Italic
Romance
ItaloWestern
GalloIberian
IberoRomance
West Iberian
Spanish, Castilian
Writing system Latin Spanish variant Official status Official language in countries, United
Nations, European Union, Organization of American States, Organization of IberoAmerican
States, Union of South American Nations, Central American Integration System, African
Union, Caricom, World Trade Organization, North American Free Trade Agreement, Andean
Community of Nations, Mercosur, InterAmerican Development Bank, Latin Union, Antarctic
Treaty. Association of Spanish Language Academies Real Academia Espaola and other
national Spanish language academies Language codes ISO ISO ISO Linguasphere es spa
spa AAAb
Regulated by
Countries where Spanish has official status. States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official
status but is spoken by or more of the population. States of the U.S. where Spanish has no
official status but is spoken by of the population. States of the U.S. where Spanish has no
official status but is spoken by . of the population.
Spanish language
Spanish or Castilian espaol or castellano in Spanish is a Romance language in the
IberoRomance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in centralnorthern
Iberia during the th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of
Castile into central and southern Iberia during the later Medieval period. Modern Spanish
developed with the readjustment of consonants reajuste de las sibilantes that began in th
century. The language continues to adopt foreign words from a variety of other languages, as
well as developing new words. Spanish was taken most notably to the Americas as well as to
Africa and Asia Pacific with the expansion of the Spanish Empire between the th and th
centuries, where it became the most important language for government and trade. In , there
were according to Ethnologue million people speaking Spanish as a native language and a
total of million speakers worldwide. Currently these figures are up to and million people
respectively. Spanish is the second most natively spoken language in the world, after
Mandarin Chinese. Mexico contains the largest population of Spanish speakers. Spanish is
one of the six official languages of the United Nations, and used as an official language of
the European Union, and Mercosur. Spanish is the fastest growing IndoEuropean language
in the world by numbers of native speakers. Due to its increasing presence in the
demographics and popular culture of the United States, Spanish is widely considered to be
the most beneficial second language for a native speaker of American English and is also
highly regarded in the British Commonwealth, due to the languages immense geographic
extent in Latin America and Europe for tourism.
History
Castilian emerged from its ancestral Vulgar Latin common Latin dialects in the th century.
Latin had been brought to Iberia by the Romans during the Second Punic War around BC,
absorbing influences from the native Iberian languages such as Celtiberian, Basque and
other paleohispanic languages. Later, it gained other external influences, most notably from
the Arabic of the later AlAndalus period. Local versions of Vulgar Latin evolved into Castilian
in the centralnorth of Iberia, in an area defined by the then remote crossroad strips of Alava,
Cantabria, Burgos, Soria and La Rioja, within the Kingdom of Castile see Glosas
Emilianenses. In this formative stage, Castilian developed a strongly differing variant from its
close cousin, Leonese, and was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence see Iberian
Romance languages. This distinctive dialect progressively spread south with the advance of
the Reconquista, and so gathered a sizable lexical influence from AlAndalus Arabic,
especially in the later Medieval period.
A page of Cantar de Mio Cid, the oldest preserved Spanish epic poem, in mediaeval
Castilian.
Spanish language
In the fifteenth century, in a process similar to that affecting other Romance languages,
Castilian underwent a dramatic change with the Readjustment of the Consonants Reajuste
de las sibilantes. Typical features of Spanish diachronic phonology include lenition Latin vita,
Spanish vida, palatalisation Latin annum, Spanish ao, and Latin anellum, Spanish anillo and
diphthongisation stemchanging of stressed short e and o from Vulgar Latin Latin terra,
Spanish tierra Latin novus, Spanish nuevo. The Gramtica de la lengua castellana, written in
Salamanca in by Elio Antonio de Nebrija, was the first grammar written for a modern
European language. According to a popular anecdote, when Nebrija presented it to Queen
Isabella, she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is
the instrument of empire.
Antonio de Nebrija author of the Gramtica , the first Grammar of modern European
languages.
In his introduction to the grammar, dated August , , Nebrija wrote that quot... language was
always the companion of empire.quot From the th century onwards, the language was taken
to the Americas and the Spanish East Indies via Spanish colonization. Miguel de Cervantes
Saavedras influence on the Spanish language from the th century has been so great that
Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes quotthe language of Cervantesquot. In the th
century, Spanish was introduced to Equatorial Guinea and the Western Sahara, and to areas
of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as Spanish Harlem
in New York City. For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish,
see Influences on the Spanish language.
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra
Geographic distribution
Spanish is recognised as one of the official languages of the United Nations, the European
Union, the Organization of American States, the Organization of IberoAmerican States, the
African Union, the Union of South American Nations, the Latin Union, and the Caricom and
has legal status in the North American Free Trade Agreement.
Country Population
Spanish as a native language speakers
Bilingual and as a second Spanish speakers language speakers in as percentage of
countries where Spanish population is official or as a foreign language where it is not official
,, . .
Total number of Spanish speakers
Mexico
,,
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United States
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Spain
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.
,,
Spanish language
,, ,
Colombia
,,
.
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Argentina
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.
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Venezuela Peru
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Chile
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.
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Ecuador
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.
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Guatemala
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Cuba
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.,
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Dominican Republic
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Bolivia
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Honduras El Salvador France Nicaragua Morocco
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,
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..
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,
Brazil
,,
,
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,
,,
Costa Rica Paraguay Puerto Rico United Kingdom Uruguay Panama Philippines Germany
Italy Equatorial Guinea
,, ,, ,,
,, ,
..........
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,,
,, ,
, ,, , , ,, ,, ,, ,,
,, ,, ,,
,, ,, ,
,, ,, ,, ,, ,,
,, ,, ,, ,,
, , n.a.
,,
Spanish language
,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, , , ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, , ,, , ,, ,, ,, ,, , , , , , ,
Canada Portugal Netherlands Belgium Romania Sweden Australia Poland Austria Ivory
Coast Algeria Denmark Israel Switzerland Japan Bulgaria Belize Netherlands Antilles Ireland
Senegal Greece Finland Hungary Aruba Croatia Andorra Slovakia Norway Russia New
Zealand Guam
,,,,
,
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,
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,
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..
,
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US Virgin Islands
Spanish language
,,, , ,, , , ,, ,, , , ,, ,
China
,,
....
,
Lithuania Gibraltar Cyprus Turkey Jamaica Luxembourg Malta Trinidad and Tobago Western
Sahara
, , , , , , , , n.a.
,
, , , , n.a.
,
..
,
...
n.a.
n.a.
Other immigrants in the E.U. Other students of Spanish Total native speakers in the world
bilingual and as a second language where Spanish is official Total with Spanish speakers as
a foreign language
,,
,,
,, ,,
,, ,,
,,
,,
,,
Hispanosphere
It is estimated that the combined total number of Spanish speakers is between and million,
making it the third most spoken language by total number of speakers after Chinese, and
English. Spanish is the second most widely spoken language in terms of native speakers.
Global internet usage statistics for show Spanish as the third most commonly used language
on the Internet, after English
Active learning of Spanish.
and Chinese.
Spanish language
Europe
In Europe, Spanish is an official language of Spain, the country after which it is named and
from which it originated. It is widely spoken in Gibraltar, though English is the official
language. It is also commonly spoken in Andorra, though Catalan is the official language.
Spanish is spoken in different countries worldwide. It is also spoken by small communities in
other European countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Spanish is an
official language of the European Union. In Switzerland, Spanish is the native language of .
of the population, representing the largest minority after the official languages of the country.
Spain
Spanish spoken in the European Union
In Spain and in some parts of the Spanish speaking world, but not all, Spanish is called
castellano Castilian as well as espaol Spanish, that is, the language of the Castile region,
contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician, Basque, and Catalan.
In this manner, the Spanish Constitution of uses the term castellano to define the official
language of the whole Spanish State, as opposed to las dems lenguas espaolas lit. the rest
of the Spanish languages. Article III reads as follows El castellano es la lengua espaola
oficial del Estado. ... Las dems lenguas espaolas sern tambin oficiales en las respectivas
Comunidades Autnomas... Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. ... The rest
of the Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities...
The Spanish Royal Academy uses the term espaol rather than quotcastellanoquot in its
publications, due to the fact that quotthe term derives from the Provenzal word espaignol,
which in turn derives from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, which means fromor
pertaining toHispaniaquot. The Diccionario Panhispnico de Dudas a linguistic guide
published by the Spanish Royal Academy states that, although the Spanish Royal Academy
prefers to use the term espaol in its publications when referring to the Spanish language,
both terms espaol and castellano are regarded as synonymous and equally valid. Currently,
the name castellano, which refers directly to the historical context in which it was introduced
in the Americas, is preferred in Spain due to the existence of regions where other official
languages are spoken Catalonia, Basque Country, Valencia, Balearic Islands and Galicia as
well as in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela,
instead of espaol, which is more commonly used to refer to the language as a whole when
relating to a global context.
Americas
Latin America Most Spanish speakers are in Latin America of all countries with a majority of
Spanish speakers, only Spain and Equatorial Guinea are outside the Americas. Mexico has
the most native speakers of any country. Nationally, Spanish is the official languageeither de
facto or de jureof Argentina, Bolivia coofficial with Quechua and Aymara, Chile, Colombia,
Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
Mexico , Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay coofficial with Guaran , Peru coofficial with Quechua
and, in some regions, Aymara, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Spanish is also the official
language coofficial with English in Puerto Rico.
Spanish language Spanish has no official recognition in the former British colony of Belize
however, per the census, it is spoken by of the population. Mainly, it is spoken by the
descendants of Hispanics who have been in the region since the th century however, English
is the official language. Spain colonized Trinidad and Tobago first in , introducing the
Spanish language to the Carib people. Also the Cocoa Panyols, laborers from Venezuela,
took their culture and language with them they are accredited with the music of
quotParangquot quotParrandaquot on the island. Because of Trinidads location on the South
American coast, the country is greatly influenced by its Spanishspeaking neighbors. A recent
census shows that more than inhabitants speak Spanish. In , the government launched the
Spanish as a First Foreign Language SAFFL initiative in March . Government regulations
require Spanish to be taught, beginning in primary school, while thirty percent of public
employees are to be linguistically competent within five years. Spanish is important in Brazil
because of its proximity to and increased trade with its Spanishspeaking neighbors, and
because of its membership in the Mercosur trading bloc and the Union of South American
Nations. In , the National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed into law by the President,
making Spanish language teaching mandatory in both public and private secondary schools
in Brazil. In many border towns and villages especially in the UruguayanBrazilian and
ParaguayanBrazilian border areas, a mixed language known as Portuol is spoken. United
States According to census data, . million people of the U.S. population were Hispanic or
Latino by origin million people, . percent, of the population more than five years old speak
Spanish at home. Spanish has a long history in the United States because many
southwestern states were part of Mexico, and Florida was also part of Spain, and it recently
has been revitalized by Hispanic immigrants. Spanish is the most widely taught language in
the country after Spanish spoken in the United States. Darker shades of blue indicate higher
percentages of English. Although the United States Spanish speakers. has no formally
designated quotofficial languages,quot Spanish is formally recognized at the state level in
various states in addition to English in the U.S. state of New Mexico for instance, of the
population speaks the language. It also has strong influence in metropolitan areas such as
Los Angeles, Miami, San Antonio, New York City, Las Vegas, San Francisco and Chicago
and in the last decade, the language has rapidly expanded in Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston,
Charlotte, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Houston, Phoenix, Richmond, Washington, DC, and
Missouri. Spanish is the dominant spoken language in Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory. With a
total of ,, Spanish Castilian speakers, according to US Census Bureau, the U.S. has the
worlds secondlargest Spanishspeaking population. Spanish ranks second, behind English,
as the language spoken most widely at home.
Spanish language
Africa
In Africa, Spanish is official in Equatorial Guinea coofficial with French and Portuguese, as
well as an official language of the African Union. In Equatorial Guinea, Spanish is the
predominant language when native and nonnative speakers around , people are counted,
while Fang is the most spoken language by number of native speakers. Today, in Western
Sahara, a former spanish colony, an unknown number of Sahrawis are able to read and write
in Spanish, and several thousands have received university education in foreign countries as
part of aid packages mainly in Cuba and Spain. It is also spoken in the Spanish cities in
continental North Africa Ceuta and Melilla and in the autonomous community of Canary
Islands , and ,, people, respectively. Within Northern Morocco, a former FrancoSpanish
protectorate that is also geographically close to Spain, approximately , people speak Spanish
as a second language. It is spoken by some communities of Angola, because of the Cuban
influence from the Cold War, and in Nigeria by the descendants of AfroCuban exslaves.
Asia
Spanish was used by the colonial governments and the educated classes in the former
Spanish East Indies, namely the Philippines, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. From
to it was an official language of the Philippines. Up to it was the language of government,
trade and education, and spoken as a first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos. In
the mid th century the colonial government set up a free public school system with Spanish
as the medium of instruction. This increased the use of Spanish throughout the islands and
led to a class of Spanishspeaking intellectuals called the Ilustrados. Although Spanish never
became the language of a majority of the population, Philippine literature and press primarily
used Spanish up to the s. It continued as an official language until the change of Constitution
in . Following the U.S. occupation and administration of the islands in , the American
government increasingly imposed English, especially after the s. The US authorities
conducted a campaign of introducing English as the medium of instruction in schools,
universities and public spaces, and prohibited the use of Spanish in media and educational
institutions. After the country became independent in , Spanish remained an official language
along with English and Tagalogbased Filipino. However, the language lost its official status in
during the Ferdinand Marcos administration. In the Arroyo administration announced that it
would pass legislation to reintroduce Spanish in the Philippine education system. In a
Memorandum was signed between Spanish and Philippine authorities to cooperate in
implementing this decree. Today, Radio Manila broadcasts daily in Spanish. Worthy of
mention is the Chabacano language spoken by , people both in the Philippines and Sabah.
Chabacano, a SpanishPhilippine pidgin, sounds strange to Spanish speakers but is mutually
intelligible. The local languages of the Philippines retain much Spanish influence, with many
words being derived from Castilian Spanish and Mexican Spanish, due to the control of the
islands by Spain through Mexico City until , and directly from Madrid until .
Oceania
Among the countries and territories in Oceania, Spanish is also spoken in Easter Island, a
territorial possession of Chile. The U.S. Territories of Guam and Northern Marianas, and the
independent states of Palau, Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia all
once had majority Spanish speakers, since the Marianas and the Caroline Islands were
Spanish colonial possessions until the late th century see SpanishAmerican War, but
Spanish is no longer used by the masses but there are still native and secondlanguage
speakers. It also exists as an influence on the local native languages and is spoken by
Hispanic American resident populations.
Spanish language
Antarctica
The Antarctic Treaty regulates international relations with respect to Antarctica. Argentina
and Chile, both Spanish speaking countries, claim territories according to this treaty. The
Argentine Antarctica sector had a winter population of in , and in the Chilean Antarctic
Territory, according to the national census of , the population was male, female.
Accent variation
There are important variations spoken among the regions of Spain and throughout
Spanishspeaking America. One major phonological difference between Castilian, broadly
speaking, the accents spoken in most of Spain, and the accent of much of southern Spain,
the Canary Islands and all the Latin American accents of Spanish, is the absence of a
voiceless dental fricative // as in English thing in the latter. In Spain, the Castilian accent is
commonly regarded as the standard variety used on radio and television, although attitudes
towards southern accents have changed significantly in the last years. In addition to
variations in pronunciation, minor lexical and grammatical differences exist. For example,
losmo is the use of slightly different pronouns and differs from the standard. The variety with
the most speakers is Mexican Spanish. It is spoken by more than the twenty percent of the
Spanish speakers million of the total million, according to the table above. One of its main
features is the reduction or loss of the unstressed vowels, mainly when they are in contact
with the sound /s/.
Voseo
Spanish has three secondperson singular pronouns t, usted, and vos. The use of the
pronoun vos and/or its verb forms is called voseo. Grammar Vos is the subject form vos decs
you say and object of a preposition a vos digo to you I say, while quotosquot is the direct
object form os vi I saw you and indirect object without express preposition os digo I say to
you. Since vos is historically the ndperson plural, verbs are conjugated as such despite the
fact the word now refers to a single person Han luchado, aadi dirigindose a Tarradellas, ...
por mantenerse fieles a las instituciones que vos representis GaCandau MadridBara Esp. .
The possessive form is vuestro Admiro vuestra valenta, seora. Adjectives, when used in
conjunction with vos, do not agree with the pronoun but instead with the real referents in
gender and number Vos, don Pedro, sois caritativo Vos, bellas damas, sois ingeniosas.
An examination of the dominance and stress of the voseo dialect in Latin America. Data
generated as illustrated by the Association of Spanish Language Academies. The darker the
country, the stronger its dominance.
Two main types of voseo may be distinguished reverential and American dialectal. In archaic
solemn usage, voseo expressed special reverence and could be used to address both the
second person singular and the second person plural. In contrast, the more commonly
known American form of voseo is always used to address only one speaker and implies
closeness and familiarity. Unlike the first type, the second one need not involve vos and may
instead be expressed simply in the use of the plural form of the verb even in combination
with the pronoun t. The pronominal voseo employs the use of vos as a pronoun to replace t
and de ti, which are secondperson singular informal.
Spanish language As a subject vos employs Puede que vos tengs razn Herrera Casa Ven.
instead of Puede que t tengas razn As a vocative Por qu vos la tens contra lvaro Arz Prensa
Guat. .. instead of Por qu t la tienes contra lvaro Arz As a term of preposition Cada vez que
sale con vos, se enferma Penerini Aventura Arg. instead of Cada vez que sale contigo, se
enferma And as a term of comparison Es por lo menos tan actor como vos Cuzzani Corts
Arg. instead of Es por lo menos tan actor como t
However, for the pronombre tono that which uses the pronominal verbs and its complements
without preposition and for the possessive, they employ the forms of tuteo te, tu, and tuyo,
respectively Vos te acostaste con el tuerto Gen Ulf Arg. Lugar que odio ... como te odio a
vos Rossi Mara C. Rica No cerrs tus ojos Flores Siguamonta Guat. . In other words, in the
previous examples the authors conjugate the pronoun subject vos with the pronominal verbs
and its complements of t. The verbal voseo consists of the use of the second person plural,
more or less modified, for the conjugated forms of the second person singular vos vivs, vos
coms. The verbal paradigm of voseante is characterized by its complexity. On the one hand,
it affects, to a distinct extent, each verbal tense. On the other hand, it varies in functions of
geographic and social factors and not all the forms are accepted in cultured norms.
Extension in Latin America Vos is used extensively as the primary spoken form of the
secondperson singular pronoun, although with wide differences in social consideration.
Generally, it can be said that there are zones of exclusive use of tuteo in the following areas
almost all of Mexico, the West Indies, Panama, most of Peru and Venezuela, Coastal
Ecuador and the Andean coast of Colombia. They alternate tuteo as a cultured form and
voseo as a popular or rural form in Bolivia, north and south of Peru, Andean Ecuador, small
zones of the Venezuelan Andes, a great part of Colombia, and the oriental border of Cuba.
The voseo pronoun is used in Central Americas Nicaragua more frequently than in
neighboring countries.
Tuteo exists as an intermediate formality of treatment and voseo as a familiar treatment in
Chile, the Venezuelan Zulia State, the Pacific coast of Colombia, and the Mexican state of
Chiapas. Areas of generalized voseo include Argentina, Costa Rica, East of Bolivia, El
Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Uruguay and the Colombian region
of Valle and Antioquia.
Spanish language
Ustedes
Spanish forms also differ regarding secondperson plural pronouns. quotUstedquot Ud. was
initially the written abbreviation of quotvuestra mercedquot your grace. The dialects of Latin
America have only one form of the secondperson plural for daily use, ustedes formal or
familiar, as the case may be, though vosotros nonformal usage can sometimes appear in
poetry and rhetorical or literary style. In Spain there are two forms ustedes formal and
vosotros familiar. The pronoun vosotros is the plural form of t in most of Spain, but in the
Americas and in certain southern Spanish cities such as Cdiz and in the Canary Islands it is
replaced with ustedes. It is notable that the use of ustedes for the informal plural quotyouquot
in southern Spain does not follow the usual rule for pronounverb agreement e.g., while the
formal form for quotyou goquot, ustedes van, uses the thirdperson plural form of the verb, in
Cdiz or Seville the informal form is constructed as ustedes vais, using the secondperson
plural of the verb. In the Canary Islands, though, the usual pronounverb agreement is
preserved in most cases. The ustedeo is mainly used in Costa Rica and Colombia In
Honduras especially in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, quotustedquot is used as a formal
pronoun between couples. It is used to portray respect between the romantic couple, while
between colleagues and friends quotvosquot is used. quotUstedquot is also used to portray
respect between someone whom is a generation older or is of higher authority.
Vocabulary
Some words can be different, even significantly so, in different Hispanophone countries.
Most Spanish speakers can recognize other Spanish forms, even in places where they are
not commonly used, but Spaniards generally do not recognize specifically American usages.
For example, Spanish mantequilla, aguacate and albaricoque respectively, butter, avocado,
apricot correspond to manteca, palta, and damasco, respectively, in Argentina, Chile except
manteca, Paraguay, Peru except manteca and damasco, and Uruguay. The everyday
Spanish words coger to take, pisar to step on and concha seashell are considered extremely
rude in parts of Latin America, where the meaning of coger and pisar is also quotto have
sexquot and concha means quotvulvaquot. The Puerto Rican word for quotbobby pinquot
pinche is an obscenity in Mexico, but in Nicaragua it simply means quotstingyquot, and in
Spain refers to a chefs helper. Other examples include taco, which means
quotswearwordquot among other meanings in Spain and quottraffic jamquot in Chile, but is
known to the rest of the world as a Mexican dish. Pija in many countries of Latin America and
Spain itself is an obscene slang word for quotpenisquot, while in Spain the word also
signifies quotposh girlquot or quotsnobbyquot. Coche, which means quotcarquot in Spain,
central Mexico and Argentina, for the vast majority of Spanishspeakers actually means
quotbabystrollerquot, while carro means quotcarquot in some Latin American countries and
quotcartquot in others, as well as in Spain. Papaya is the slang term for quotvaginaquot in
the parts of Cuba and Venezuela, where the fruit is instead called fruta bomba and
quotlechosaquot, respectively.
Royal Spanish Academy
The Real Academia Espaola Royal Spanish Academy, founded in , together with the other
national ones see Association of Spanish Language Academies, exercises a standardizing
influence through its publication of dictionaries and widely respected grammar and style
guides. Because of influence and for other sociohistorical reasons, a standardized form of
the language Standard Spanish is widely acknowledged for use in literature, academic
contexts and the media.
The Royal Spanish Academy Headquarters in Madrid, Spain
Spanish language
Association of Spanish Language Academies
The Association of Spanish Language Academies Spanish Asociacin de Academias de la
Lengua Espaola, or ASALE is the entity which regulates the Spanish language. It comprises
the academies of countries, ordered by date of Academy foundation Spain , Colombia ,
Ecuador , Mexico , El Salvador , Venezuela , Chile , Countries members of the ASALE. Peru
, Guatemala , Costa Rica , Philippines , Panama , Cuba , Paraguay , Dominican Republic ,
Bolivia , Nicaragua , Argentina , Uruguay , Honduras , Puerto Rico , and United States .
Classification and related languages
Spanish is closely related to the other West Iberian Romance languages Asturian, Galician,
Ladino, Leonese and Portuguese. Catalan, an East Iberian language which exhibits many
GalloRomance traits, is more similar to Occitan to the east than to Spanish or Portuguese. It
should be noted that although Portuguese and Spanish are very closely related, particularly
in vocabulary lexically similar according to the Ethnologue of Languages, syntax and
grammar, there are also some differences. While Spanish and Portuguese are widely
considered to be mutually intelligible, it has been noted that while most Portuguese speakers
can understand spoken Spanish with little difficulty, Spanish speakers face more difficulty in
understanding spoken Portuguese. The written forms are considered to be equally
intelligible, however.
JudaeoSpanish
JudaeoSpanish also known as Ladino, which is essentially medieval Spanish and closer to
modern Spanish than any other language, is spoken by many descendants of the Sephardi
Jews who were expelled from Spain in the th century. Therefore, its relationship to Spanish is
comparable with that of the Yiddish language to German. Ladino speakers are currently
almost exclusively Sephardi Jews, with family roots in Turkey, Greece or the Balkans current
speakers mostly live in Israel and Turkey, and the United States, with a few pockets in Latin
America. It lacks the Native American vocabulary which was influential during the Spanish
colonial period, and it retains many archaic features which have since been lost in standard
Spanish. It contains, however, other vocabulary which is not found in standard Castilian,
including vocabulary from Hebrew, French, Greek and Turkish, and other languages spoken
where the Sephardim settled. JudaeoSpanish is in serious danger of extinction because
many native speakers today are elderly as well as elderly olim immigrants to Israel who have
not transmitted the language to their children or grandchildren. However, it is experiencing a
minor revival among Sephardi communities, especially in music. In the case of the Latin
American communities, the danger of extinction is also due to the risk of assimilation by
modern Castilian. A related dialect is Haketia, the JudaeoSpanish of northern Morocco. This
too tended to assimilate with modern Spanish, during the Spanish occupation of the region.
Spanish language
Vocabulary comparison
Spanish and Italian share a similar phonological system. At present, the lexical similarity with
Italian is estimated at . The lexical similarity with Portuguese is greater at . Mutual
intelligibility between Spanish and French or Romanian is lower lexical similarity being
respectively and comprehension of Spanish by French speakers who have not studied the
language is low at an estimated the same as English. The common features of the writing
systems of the Romance languages allow for a greater amount of interlingual reading
comprehension than oral communication would.
Latin nos Spanish nosotros ns Galician Portuguese AsturLeonese ns outros irmo ns,
nosotros Aragonese nusatros Catalan Italian French Romanian English noi nous autres frre
frate we
nosaltres noi altri archaically also ns fratello germ archaically also frare marted
frater hermano germanum lit. quottrue brotherquot dies Martis martes Classical feria tertia
Ecclesiastical canti nem, acc., canticum magis or plus cancin
irmn
hermanu
chirmn
brother
martes
terafeira
martes
martes,quotmartzquot dimarts
mardi
mari
Tuesday
cancin/canom cano
cancin in asturian canciu
canta
can
canzone
chanson cntec
song
ms mis archaically also plus
mais ms archaically also chus/plus mo esquerda archaically also sestra nada neca and nula
rs in some expressions archaically also rem mano esquierda in asturian manzorga
ms,quotmsquot
ms pi archaically also pus
plus
mai/plus
more
manum sinistram acc.
mano izquierda also mano siniestra
man esquerda
man cucha
m esquerra
mano sinistra
main gauche
mna stng
left hand
nihil or nullam nada rem natam acc. lit. quotno thing bornquot
nada/ren
nada in cosa asturian un res is the same of nada
res
niente/nulla rien/nul nimic/nul
nothing
. also ns outros in early modern Portuguese e.g. The Lusiads . noi altri in Southern Italian
dialects and languages . Alternatively nous autres . Depending on the written norm used.
See Reintegracionismo . Medieval Catalan, e.g. Llibre dels feits del rei en Jacme
Spanish language
Characterisation
A defining feature of Spanish was the diphthongization of the Latin short vowels e and o into
ie and ue, respectively, when they were stressed. Similar sound changes are found in other
Romance languages, but in Spanish, they were significant. Some examples Lat. petram gt
Sp. piedra, It. pietra, Fr. pierre, Rom. piatr, Port./Gal. pedra, Ar. piedra, Ast. piedra, Cat.
pedra quotstonequot. Lat. moritur gt Sp. muere, It. muore, Fr. meurt / muert, Rom. moare,
Port./Gal. morre, Ar. muere, Ast. muerre, Cat. mor quotdiequot. Peculiar to early Spanish as
in the Gascon dialect of Occitan, and possibly due to a Basque substratum was the mutation
of Latin initial f into h whenever it was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize.
Compare for instance Lat. filium gt It. figlio, Port. filho, Ar. fillo, Gal. fillo, Ast. fu, Fr. fils, Cat.
fill, Occitan filh, Rom. fiu, but Gascon hilh Sp. hijo but Ladino fijo Lat. fabulari gt Lad. favlar,
Port./Gal. falar, Ar. fablar, Ast. falar, Sp. hablar but Lat. focum gt It. fuoco, Port./Gal. fogo,
Rom. foc, Ar. fuego, Ast. fueu Cat. foc, Sp./Lad. fuego. Some consonant clusters of Latin
also produced characteristically different results in these languages, for example Lat.
clamare, acc. flammam, plenum gt Lad. lyamar, flama, pleno Sp. llamar, llama, lleno.
However, in Spanish there are also the forms clamar, flama, pleno Port. chamar, chama,
cheio Rom. chema, flacr, plin Gal. chamar, chama, cheo Ast. llamar, llama, llenu. Lat. acc.
octo, noctem, multum gt Lad. ocho, noche, muncho Sp. ocho, noche, mucho Port. oito, noite,
muito Gal. oito, noite, moito Rom. opt, noapte, mult Ast. ocho, nueche, munchu. By the th
century, the consonant system of Spanish underwent the following important changes that
differentiated it from neighbouring Romance languages such as Portuguese and Catalan
Initial /f/, when it had evolved into a vacillating /h/, was lost in most words although this
etymological h is preserved in spelling and in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects it is
still aspirated in some words. The consonant written u or v in Latin, this was w, at the time of
the merger it may have been a bilabial fricative // merged with the consonant written b a
voiced bilabial plosive, /b/. In contemporary Spanish, there is no difference between the
pronunciation of orthographic b and v, excepting emphatic pronunciations that cannot be
considered standard or natural. The voiced alveolar fricative /z/ which existed as a separate
phoneme in medieval Spanish merged with its voiceless counterpart /s/. The phoneme which
resulted from this merger is currently spelled s. The voiced postalveolar fricative // merged
with its voiceless counterpart //, which evolved into the modern velar sound /x/ by the th
century, now written with j, or g before e, i. Nevertheless, in most parts of Argentina and in
Uruguay, y and ll have both evolved to // or //. The voiced alveolar affricate /dz/ merged with
its voiceless counterpart /ts/, which then developed into the interdental //, now written z, or c
before e, i. But in Andalusia, the Canary Islands and the Americas this sound merged with /s/
as well. See Ceceo, for further information. The consonant system of Mediaeval Spanish has
been better preserved in Ladino and in Portuguese, neither of which underwent these shifts
Spanish language
Writing system
Spanish is written in the Latin alphabet, with the addition of the character ee, representing
the phoneme //, a letter distinct from n, although typographically composed of an n with a
tilde and the digraphs ch che, representing the phoneme /t/ and ll elle, representing the
phoneme //. However, the digraph rr erre fuerte, strong rquot, erre doble, double r, or simply
erre, which also represents a distinct phoneme /r/, is not similarly regarded as a single letter.
Since ch and ll have been treated as letter pairs for collation purposes, though they remain a
part of the alphabet. Words with ch are now alphabetically sorted between those with cg and
ci , instead of following cz as they used to. The situation is similar for ll. Thus, the Spanish
alphabet has the following letters and digraphs a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, , o, p, q, r, s,
t, u, v, w, x, y, z. ch, ll. The letters quotkquot and quotwquot are used only in words and
names coming from foreign languages kilo, folklore, whiskey, William, etc.. With the
exclusion of a very small number of regional terms such as Mxico see Toponymy of Mexico,
pronunciation can be entirely determined from spelling. Under the orthographic conventions,
a typical Spanish word is stressed on the syllable before the last if it ends with a vowel not
including y or with a vowel followed by n or an s it is stressed on the last syllable otherwise.
Exceptions to this rule are indicated by placing an acute accent on the stressed vowel. The
acute accent is used, in addition, to distinguish between certain homophones, especially
when one of them is a stressed word and the other one is a clitic compare el the, masculine
singular definite article with l he or it, or te you, object pronoun, de preposition of, and se
reflexive pronoun with t tea, d give formal imperative/thirdperson present subjunctive and s I
know or imperative be. The interrogative pronouns qu, cul, dnde, quin, etc. also receive
accents in direct or indirect questions, and some demonstratives se, ste, aqul, etc. can be
accented when used as pronouns. The conjunction o or is written with an accent between
numerals so as not to be confused with a zero e.g., should be read as diez o veinte rather
than diez mil veinte ,. Accent marks are frequently omitted in capital letters a widespread
practice in the days of typewriters and the early days of computers when only lowercase
vowels were available with accents, although the Real Academia Espaola advises against
this. When u is written between g and a front vowel e i, it indicates a quothard gquot
pronunciation. A diaeresis indicates that it is not silent as it normally would be e.g., cigea,
stork, is pronounced iwea if it were written ciguea, it would be pronounced iea. Interrogative
and exclamatory clauses are introduced with inverted question and exclamation marks and ,
respectively.
Phonology
The phonemic inventory listed in the following table includes phonemes that are preserved
only in some accents, other accents having merged them such as yesmo or seseo these are
marked with an asterisk . Where symbols appear in pairs, the symbol to the right represents
a voiced consonant.
Spanish language
Table of consonant phonemes of Spanish
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Nasal Stop Fricative Trill Tap Lateral p f m b t d s r l n t k
x
Lexical stress
Spanish is a syllabletimed language, so each syllable has the same duration regardless of
stress. Stress most often occurs on any of the last three syllables of a word, with some rare
exceptions at the fourth last or earlier syllables. The tendencies of stress assignment are as
follows In words ending in vowels and /s/, stress most often falls on the penultimate syllable.
In words ending in all other consonants, the stress more often falls on the last syllable.
Preantepenultimate stress stress on the syllable that comes three before the last in a word
occurs rarely and only in words like guardndoselos saving them for him/her/them where
clitics follow certain verbal forms. In addition to the many exceptions to these tendencies,
there are numerous minimal pairs which contrast solely on stress such as sbana sheet and
sabana savannah, as well as lmite boundary, limite that he/she limits and limit I limited, or
also quotlquidoquot, quotliquidoquot and quotliquidquot. The spelling system unambiguously
reflects where the stress occurs in the absence of an accent mark, the stress falls on the last
syllable unless the last letter is quotnquot, quotsquot, or a vowel, in which cases the stress
falls on the nexttolast syllable if and only if the absence of an accent mark would give the
wrong stress information, an acute accent mark appears over the stressed syllable. An
amusing example of the significance of intonation in Spanish is the phrase Cmo quotcmo
comoquot Como como como What do you mean, how do I eat I eat the way I eat.
V and B
The letters V and B are both normally pronounced identically as /b/ or similar, and academic
authorities now state that this is the only correct pronunciation. The Royal Spanish Academy
considers the /v/ pronunciation for the letter V to be incorrect and affected. However some
Spanish speakers maintain the pronunciation of the /v/ sound as it is in other western
European languages. The sound /v/ is used for the letter V, in the Spanish language, by a
few secondlanguage speakers in Spain whose native language is Catalan, in the Valencian
Community, Mallorca, and southern Catalonia. In the USA it is also common due to the
proximity and influence of English phonology, and the /v/ is also occasionally used in Mexico.
Some parts of Central America also use /v/ which the Royal Academy attributes to the
interference of local indigenous languages. Historically, the /v/ pronunciation was uncommon
but considered correct well into the th century. Spanish schools taught a /v/ pronunciation for
most of the th century. Some Spaniards consider the pronunciation of /v/ for the letter V to be
more poetic, and it is used by many singers such as Julio Iglesias, Juan Pardo, Paloma San
Basilio, Amaia Montero and Alejandro Sanz.
Spanish language
Grammar
Spanish is a relatively inflected language, with a twogender system and about fifty
conjugated forms per verb, but limited inflection of nouns, adjectives, and determiners. For a
detailed overview of verbs, see Spanish verbs and Spanish irregular verbs. It is
rightbranching, uses prepositions, and usually, though not always, places adjectives after
nouns, as do most other Romance languages. Its syntax is generally Subject Verb Object,
though variations are common. It is a prodrop language or null subject language that is, it
allows the deletion of pronouns which are pragmatically unnecessary and is verbframed.
Instituto Cervantes
The Instituto Cervantes Cervantes Institute is a worldwide nonprofit organization created by
the Spanish government in . This organization has branched out in over different countries
with centres devoted to the Spanish and Hispanic American culture and Spanish Language.
The ultimate goals of the Institute are to promote the education, the study and the use of
Spanish universally as a second language, to support the methods and activities that would
help the process of Spanish language education, and to contribute to the advancement of the
Spanish and Hispanic American cultures throughout nonSpanishspeaking countries.
Cervantes Institute headquarters, Madrid
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Spanish language
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Europe countries Spanish students for countries out of Europe according to Instituto
Cervantes http/ / cvc. cervantes. es/ lengua/ anuario/ anuario/ pdf/ cifras. pdf There arent
concrete sources about Spanish speakers as a second language except to Europe and Latin
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Census Bureau Hispanics older than years old US Census Bureau http/ / factfinder. census.
gov/ servlet/ STTablebmyamp geoidUSamp qrnameACSYRGSamp dsnameACSYRGamp
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http/ / www. elcastellano. org/ noticia. phpid, Jos Ma. Ansn noticias elcastellano.org http/ /
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historico/ sevilla/ Cultura/
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nytimes.com http/ / www. nytimes. com/ / / / arts/ television/
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than million according to the Census Bureau http/ / www. census. gov/ popest/ states/ asrh/
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acceso directo //quot http/ / www. ine. es/ . Ine.es. . . Retrieved . . speak Spanish as a first
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quotInformacin Demgrafica quot http/ / www. ine. gob. gt/ index. php/ demografiaypoblacion/
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datos/ . . xls. . Retrieved . quotquot http/ / www. ine. gov. bo/ indice/ visualizador. aspxahPC.
HTM. INE. . Retrieved . quotINE quot http/ / www. ine. gob. hn/ drupal/ sites/ default/ files/
Resumen de la Proyeccion de Poblacion de Honduras . xls. . Retrieved . Census estimation
http/ / www. digestyc. gob. sv/ Portada/ Presentacion Poblacion. pdf page of ,, population of
France older than years in . Source Eurobarometer . There are , immigrants from Spain
according to INE // Morocco census http/ / www. hcp. ma/ quotethnologue.comquot http/ /
www. ethnologue. com/ showcountry. aspnameMA. ethnologue.com. . Retrieved . there are
between and million Spanish speakers in Morocco Ammadi, educacion.es http/ / www.
educacion. es/ exterior/ ma/ es/ File/ MI ARTICULO PDF OK. pdf According to a survey
made in by CIDOB realinstitutoelcano.org http/ / www. realinstitutoelcano. org/ wps/ portal/
rielcano/ contenidoWCMGLOBALCONTEXT/ elcano/ elcanoes/ zonases/ lengua y cultura/
ari, afapredesa.org http/ / www. afapredesa. org/ index. phpoptioncomcontentamp
taskviewamp idamp Itemid. According to the Morocco Census of , the Morocco population is
,, hcp.ma http/ / www. hcp. ma/ IBGE http/ / www. ibge. gov. br/ home/ presidencia/ noticias/
noticiavisualiza. phpidnoticiaamp idpagina of , foreigners in Brazil are from Mercosur Page
http/ / eprints. ucm. es/ / / DT. pdf , spanish immigrants INE // http/ / www. ine. es/ jaxi/ tabla.
dopath/ t/ p/ a/ l/ amp file. pxamp typepcaxisamp L. Annuary of the Instituto Cervantes http/ /
www. cervantes. es/ imagenes/ File/ prensa/ anuario. pdf More than million students are
learning Spanish. elcastellano.org http/ / www. elcastellano. org/ noticia. phpid,
elespectador.com http/ / editor. elespectador. com/ brasil/
articulopresidentebrasilenoesperalosninoshablenespanol, oei.org.co http/ / www. oei. org. co/
noticias/ noticia. htm Luiz Incio Lula da Silva, president of Brazil Near million students are
learning Spanish and the forecast is million in . Instituto Cervantes http/ / www. cervantes.
es/ docs/ EspanolenBrasil. pdf More than million of spanish students in the private school
and almost million estimated for in the public school. quotPrimera variacin del ao registr un
,quot http/ / www. inec. go. cr/ Web/ Home/ GeneradorPagina. aspx. INEC. . Retrieved . , of
the population speaks Spanish U.S. Census Bureau http/ / factfinder. census. gov/ servlet/
GRTTablebmyamp geoidUSamp boxheadnbrRamp dsnameACSYRGamp langenamp
redoLogtrueamp formatUSamp mtnameACSESTGRUSamp CONTEXTgrt , immigrants from
Spain Spanish census , immigrants from Colombia. Open Channels and Colombian consul
http/ / www. bolpress. com/ art. phpCod Ethnologue http/ / www. ethnologue. com/
showcountry. aspnamePH. There are , immigrants from Spain according to INE http/ / www.
ine. es/ jaxi/ menu. dotypepcaxisamp path/ t/ pamp fileinebaseamp L // ,, Spanish ,, Spanish
creole Antonio Quilis quotLa lengua espaola en Filipinasquot, pag. cervantesvirtual.com http/
/ www. cervantesvirtual. com/ servlet/ SirveObras/ / . pdf, mepsyd.es http/ / www. mepsyd.
es/ exterior/ au/ es/ File/ TenReasonslowres. pdf page , mepsyd.es http/ / www. mepsyd. es/
redele/ Biblioteca/ DavidSanchez/ Memoria. pdf page , spanishdifferences.com http/ /
spanishdifferences. com/ Spanish/ PhilippinesSpanish. php, aresprensa.com http/ / www.
aresprensa. com/ cms/ cms/ frontcontent. phpidart. The figure ,, Spanish speakers, we can
find in quotPluricentric languages differing norms in different nationsquot http/ / books.
google. es/ bookseivCXASpSLqXkmwOlZnlBgamp ctresultamp qPluricentric languages
differing norms in different nations spanish philippines speakersamp btnGBuscar libros page
by R.W.Thompson, or in sispain.org http/ / www. sispain. org/ spanish/ language/ worldwid.
html./ More than million Spanish speakers and around million with Chavacano speakers
according to quotInstituto Cervantes de Manilaquot elcastellano.org http/ / www. elcastellano.
org/ noticia. phpid Britannica Book of the Year http/ / cvc. cervantes. es/ lengua/ anuario/
anuario/ otero/ p. htm. There are , immigrants from Spain according to INE // quot, Spanish
Census , from Ecuadorquot http/ / web. archive. org/ web/ / http/ / www. mmrree. gov. ec/
mre/ documentos/ novedades/ boletines/ ano/ julio/ bol. htm. Mmrree.gov.ec. Archived from
the original http/ / www. mmrree. gov. ec/ mre/ documentos/ novedades/ boletines/ ano/ julio/
bol. htm on June , . . Retrieved . quotEquatorial Guinea census quot http/ / www.
populationstatistics. com/ wg. phpxamp mengproamp lngesamp datamp srtpnanamp
coldqamp geo. Populationstatistics.com. . Retrieved . , of the population speaks Spanish with
native knowladge and other as a second language cvc.cervantes.es http/ / cvc. cervantes.
es/ lengua/ anuario/ anuario/ pdf/ paises. pdf. PMB Statistics mediaincanada.com http/ /
www. mediaincanada. com/ articles/ mic/ / profile. htmlpage Spanishspeaking people over
the age of . Although Canada Census told about , people who speaks Spanish in , Hispanic
organizations claim about , Hispanics in , and more than , in hispanosencanada.ca http/ /
hispanosencanada. ca/ portal/ content/ view/ / , dialogos.ca http/ / dialogos. ca/ revista/
numero/ articulo. htm, and currently there are near million tlntv.com http/ / www. tlntv. com/
pressReleases/ / TLN EN ESPANOL is born. pdf.
Spanish language
Spanish census of ,, population of Belgium older than years in . Source Eurobarometer
Sweden Census SCB Page of the quotDemogeafa de la lengua espaolaquot http/ / www.
ucm. es/ info/ icei/ pdf/ DT . pdf. , according to Britannica Book of the Year Page of the
Demografa de la lengua espaola quotDemografa de la lengua espaolaquot http/ / eprints.
ucm. es/ / / DT. pdf Between , and , in Tinduf aprendemas.com http/ / www. aprendemas.
com/ Noticias/ html/ NF. HTML , in Wilaya of Oran page of Demografa de la lengua espaola
http/ / www. ucm. es/ info/ icei/ pdf/ DT . pdf , sefardes Britannica Book of the Year http/ /
cvc. cervantes. es/ obref/ anuario/ anuario/ otero/ p. htm , from Iberoamerica http/ / cvc.
cervantes. es/ obref/ congresos/ sevilla/ comunicacion/ ponencshadas. htm Pages , of the
quotDemografa de la lengua espaolaquot http/ / www. ucm. es/ info/ icei/ pdf/ DT . pdf.
Centro Virtual Cervantes. quotBritannica Book of the Year quot http/ / cvc. cervantes. es/
lengua/ anuario/ anuario/ otero/ p. htm. Cvc.cervantes.es. . Retrieved .
quotallaboutswitzerland.infoquot http/ / www. allaboutswitzerland. info/
swisspopulationlanguages. html. allaboutswitzerland.info. . Retrieved . quot, from Peruquot
http/ / www. publico. es/ / losjaponeseslatinossesientendiscriminados. publico.es. . .
Retrieved . Page of Demografa de la lengua espaola http/ / www. ucm. es/ info/ icei/ pdf/ DT .
pdf . speak Spanish as a first language www.iea.ad http/ / www. iea. ad/ cres/ observatori/
temes/ llenguatrimestre. htm quotwww.iea.adquot http/ / www. iea. ad/ cres/ observatori/
temes/ llenguatrimestre. htm. www.iea.ad. . Retrieved . quotANUARIO IC quot http/ / www.
cervantes. es/ imagenes/ File/ prensa/ anuario. pdf PDF. . Retrieved . New Zealand census
Page of the Demografa de la Lengua Espaola http/ / eprints. ucm. es/ / / DT. pdf Spanish
residents in China INE, http/ / www. ine. es/ jaxi/ menu. dotypepcaxisamp path/ t/ pamp
fileinebaseamp L Page of the Demografa de la lengua espaola http/ / www. ucm. es/ info/
icei/ pdf/ DT . pdf The Spanish census claims . Spanish speakers in Western Sahara http/ /
cvc. cervantes. es/ lengua/ anuario/ anuario/ otero/ p. htm but probably most of them were
people born in Spain who left after the Moroccan annexation There are ,, immigrants from
Spain and Latin America according to the page of the quotDemografa de la lengua
espaolaquot http/ / www. ucm. es/ info/ icei/ pdf/ DT . pdf , already counted According to the
Instituto Cervantes, there are million of Spanish students. But there are already counted
students from U.S. ,, because it is considered the current ,, students, E.U ,, because they are
considered in the eurobarometer figures demografa del espaol, page http/ / www. ucm. es/
info/ icei/ pdf/ DT . pdf, Brazil mill. with million new students in the public schools, Morocco .
and Philippines ,, Canada ,, Australia ,, Ivory Coast ,, Switzerland ,, Japan ,, Senegal ., Occ.
Shara ,, Norway ,, Russia , and China ,. million Spanish speakers I http/ / www. fundacionblu.
org/ actaslengua/ actaconclusioneslenguaespanola. aspid and IV http/ / www. fundacionblu.
org/ actaslengua/ actalenguaespanola. aspid International minutes of the Spanish language,
and Instituto Cervantes http/ / www. cervantes. es/ sobreinstitutocervantes/ prensa/ /
noticias/ caffarelcasaamerica. htm. million Spanish speakers diariohoy.net http/ / pdf.
diariohoy. net/ / / / pdf/ c. pdf, lne.es http/ / www. lne. es/ sociedadcultura/ /
colombiaconviertecapitallenguaespanola/ . html quotInstituto Cervantes quot http/ / cvc.
cervantes. es/ lengua/ anuario/ anuario/ pdf/ cifras. pdf PDF. . Retrieved . quotMost widely
spoken Languages in the Worldquot http/ / www. nationsonline. org/ oneworld/
mostspokenlanguages. htm. Nations Online. . Retrieved . quotCIA The World Factbook
United Statesquot https/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ theworldfactbook/ geos/ us.
html. Cia.gov. . Retrieved . quotInternet World Users by Languagequot http/ / www.
internetworldstats. com/ stats. htm. Miniwatts Marketing Group. . . quotCIA World Factbook
Gibraltarquot https/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ theworldfactbook/ geos/ gi. html.
Cia.gov. . Retrieved . quotBackground Note Andorraquot http/ / www. state. gov/ r/ pa/ ei/
bgn/ . htm. U.S. Department of State Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. January . .
Retrieved . BBC Education Languages http/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ languages/
europeanlanguages/ languages/ spanish. shtml, Languages Across Europe Spanish.
quotSwitzerlands Four National Languagesquot http/ / www. allaboutswitzerland. info/
swisspopulationlanguages. html. allaboutswitzerland.info. . Retrieved . quotDiccionario de la
lengua espaolaquot http/ / buscon. rae. es/ draeI/ in Spanish. Buscon.rae.es. . Retrieved .
Diccionario Panhispnico de Dudas, , pg. . Ethnologue Paraguay http/ / www. ethnologue.
com/ showcountry. aspnamePY. Guaran is also the mostspoken language in Paraguay by its
native speakers. quotPuerto Rico Elevates Englishquot http/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/
fullpage. htmlresFCEDAFAACAamp nTop/ Reference/ Times Topics/ Subjects/ E/ English
Language. the New York Times. January . . Retrieved .
Spanish language
quotPopulation Census , Major Findingsquot http/ / web. archive. org/ web/ / http/ / www.
cso. gov. bz/ publications/ MF. pdf PDF. Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Budget
Management, Belize. . Archived from the original http/ / www. cso. gov. bz/ publications/ MF.
pdf on . . Retrieved . quotBelize Population and Housing Census quot http/ / censos. ccp.
ucr. ac. cr/ . Censos.ccp.ucr.ac.cr. . Retrieved . quotCIA World Factbook Belizequot https/ /
www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ theworldfactbook/ geos/ bh. html. Cia.gov. . Retrieved .
Williams, Carol J. . quotTrinidad Says It Needs Spanish to Talk Businessquot http/ / articles.
latimes. com/ / aug/ / world/ fgspanish. Los Angeles Times. p.A. . Retrieved . quotThe
Secretariat for The Implementation of Spanish, Government of the Republic of Trinidad and
Tobagoquot http/ / www. tradeind. gov. tt/ SIS/ FAQ. htm. Tradeind.gov.tt. . Retrieved .
Mercosul, Portal Oficial http/ / www. mercosur. int/ msweb/ portal intermediario/ pt/ index.
htm Portuguese quotSpanish becomes second language in Brazil, Mercopressquot http/ / en.
mercopress. com/ / / / spanishbecomessecondlanguageinbrazil. En.mercopress.com. . .
Retrieved . Lipski, John M. PDF. Too close for comfort the genesis of
quotportuol/portunholquot http/ / www. lingref. com/ cpp/ hls/ / paper. pdf. Selected
Proceedings of the th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. ed. Timothy L. Face and Carol A.
Klee, . Somerville, MA Cascadilla Proceedings Project. . Retrieved . U.S. Census Bureau
http/ / factfinder. census. gov/ servlet/ ACSSAFFPeopleeventamp geoidUSamp
geoContextUSamp streetamp countyamp cityTownamp stateamp zipamp langenamp
sseonamp ActiveGeoDivamp useEVamp pctxtfphamp pgslamp submenuIdpeopleamp
dsnamenullamp cinbrnullamp qrnamenullamp regnullnullamp keywordamp industry Hispanic
or Latino by specific origin. U.S. Census Bureau . http/ / factfinder. census. gov/ servlet/
GRTTablebmyamp boxheadnbrRamp dsnameACSESTGamp formatUS Percent of People
Years and Over Who Speak Spanish at Home , U.S. Census Bureau . http/ / factfinder.
census. gov/ servlet/ STTablebmyamp geoidUSamp qrnameACSESTGSamp
dsnameACSESTGamp langenamp redoLogfalse ,, People Years and Over Who Speak
Spanish at Home U.S. Census Bureau . quotUnited States. S. Language Spoken at
Homequot http/ / factfinder. census. gov/ servlet/ STTablebmyamp geoidUSamp
qrnameACSYRGSamp dsnameACSYRG. American Community Survey Year Estimates. .
Retrieved September , . El Pas http/ / www. elpais. com/ articulo/ cultura/ speak/ spanish/
Espana/ elpepucul/ elpepicul/ Tes Spanish United States Census Bureau http/ / www.
census. gov/ prod/ pubs/ statab/ pop. pdfPDF.MB, Statistical Abstract of the United States
page Table Languages Spoken at Home by Language quotEthnologue Equatorial Guinea
quot http/ / www. ethnologue. com/ showcountry. aspnameEquatorial Guinea.
Ethnologue.com. . Retrieved . quotCIA World Factbook Equatorial Guinea Last updated
September quot https/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ theworldfactbook/ geos/ ek. html.
Cia.gov. . Retrieved . Morocco.com http/ / www. morocco. com/ culture/ language/ , The
Languages of Morocco. quotEstadisticas El idioma espaol en Filipinasquot http/ /
buscoenlaces. es/ kaibigankastila/ rivera. html. Buscoenlaces.es. . . Retrieved . quot
Constitution of the Republic of the Philippinesquot http/ / www. thecorpusjuris. com/ laws/
constitutions/ philippineconstitutions/ constitution. html. thecorpusjuris.com. . Retrieved See
Article XV, Section Spanish Instituto Nacional de Estadsticas http/ / www. ine. cl/ canales/
chileestadistico/ censospoblacionvivienda/ censopoblvivi. php Harris Random House
Unabridged Dictionary. Random House Inc.. . The American Heritage Dictionary of the
English Language th ed.. Houghton Mifflin Company. . Websters Revised Unabridged
Dictionary. MICRA, Inc.. . quotEncarta World English Dictionaryquot http/ / encarta. msn.
com/ dictionary/ Castilian. html. Encarta World English Dictionary. Bloomsbury Publishing
Plc.. . . Retrieved . Eleanor Greet Cotton, John M. Sharp Spanish in the Americas, Volumen ,
pp., URL http/ / books. google. com. mx/ booksidKXRCGxCamp pgPAamp dqMexican
vowelsamp clientfirefoxavonepageamp qMexican vowelsamp ffalse Lope Blanch, Juan M. En
torno a las vocales caedizas del espaol mexicano, pp. a , Estudios sobre el espaol de Mxico,
editorial Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Mxico URL http/ / www. filos. unam. mx/
LICENCIATURA/ PaginaFyF/ introduccion/ LopeVocalescaedizas. pdf. quotReal Academia
Espaolaquot http/ / buscon. rae. es/ dpdI/ in Spanish. Buscon.rae.es. . Retrieved . quot Guys
From Miami Fruta Bombaquot http/ / cubanfoodusa. com/ terms/ frutabomba. html.
Cubanfoodusa.com. . Retrieved . quotpapayaquot http/ / www. urbandictionary. com/ define.
phptermpapayaamp defid. Urban Dictionary. . Retrieved . quotScholarly Societies
Projectquot http/ / www. lib. uwaterloo. ca/ society/ history/ rae. html. Lib.uwaterloo.ca. .
Retrieved . quotAssociation of Spanish Language Academies Spanishquot http/ / www.
asale. org/ ASALE/ asale. html in Spanish. Asale.org. . Retrieved .
Spanish language
quotReal Academia Espaolaquot http/ / www. rae. es/ rae/ gestores/ gespub. nsf/
voTodosporId/ CEDFEDDFCCCOpenDocumentamp i. Rae.es. . Retrieved . quotAcademia
Colombiana de la Lenguaquot http/ / www. asale. org/ ASALE/ ConAALEBDIDDOCamp
menu in Spanish. Asale.org. . Retrieved . quotAcademia Ecuatoriana de la Lenguaquot http/
/ www. asale. org/ ASALE/ ConAALEBDIDDOCamp menu in Spanish. Asale.org. . Retrieved
. quotAcademia Mexicana de la Lenguaquot http/ / www. academia. org. mx/ historia. php.
Academia.org.mx. . . Retrieved . quotAcademia Salvadorea de la Lenguaquot http/ / www.
asl. org. sv/ Informacion institucional. htm. Asl.org.sv. . Retrieved . quotAcademia
Venezolana de la Lenguaquot http/ / www. asale. org/ ASALE/ ConAALEBDIDDOCamp
menu in Spanish. Asale.org. . Retrieved . quotAcademia Chilena de la Lenguaquot http/ /
www. institutodechile. cl/ lengua/ resena. htm. Institutodechile.cl. . Retrieved . quotAcademia
Peruana de la Lenguaquot http/ / www. academiaperuanadelalengua. org/ academia/
historia. Academia Peruana de la Lengua. . Retrieved . quotAcademia Guatemalteca de la
Lenguaquot http/ / www. asale. org/ ASALE/ ConAALEBDIDDOCamp menu in Spanish.
Asale.org. . Retrieved . quotAcademia Costarricense de la Lenguaquot http/ / www. acl. ac.
cr/ iq. php. Acl.ac.cr. . Retrieved . quotAcademia Filipina de la Lengua Espaolaquot http/ /
www. asale. org/ ASALE/ ConAALEBDIDDOCamp menu in Spanish. Asale.org. . Retrieved .
quotAcademia Panamea de la Lenguaquot http/ / apalengua. apalengua. org/ historia.
Apalengua.apalengua.org. . Retrieved . quotAcademia Cubana de la Lenguaquot http/ /
www. acul. ohc. cu/ . Acul.ohc.cu. . Retrieved . quotAcademia Paraguaya de la Lengua
Espaolaquot http/ / www. aparle. org/ origenes. asp. Aparle.org. . Retrieved . quotAcademia
Dominicana de la Lenguaquot http/ / www. academia. org. do/ content/ blogsection/ / / .
Academia.org.do. . Retrieved . quotAcademia Boliviana de la Lenguaquot http/ / www.
abolen. org/ Historia. html. Abolen.org. . Retrieved . quotAcademia Nicaragense de la
Lenguaquot http/ / www. asale. org/ ASALE/ ConAALEBDIDDOCamp menu in Spanish.
Asale.org. . Retrieved . quotAcademia Argentina de Letrasquot http/ / www. letras. edu. ar/
index. html. Letras.edu.ar. . . Retrieved . quotAcademia Nacional de Letras del Uruguayquot
http/ / www. mec. gub. uy/ academiadeletras/ MarcoPrincipal. htm. Mec.gub.uy. . Retrieved .
quotAcademia Hondurea de la Lenguaquot http/ / www. asale. org/ ASALE/
ConAALEBDIDDOCamp menu in Spanish. Asale.org. . Retrieved . quotAcademia
Puertorriquea de la Lengua Espaolaquot http/ / www. academiapr. org/ index.
phpoptioncomcontentamp viewcategoryamp layoutblogamp idamp Itemid. Academiapr.org. .
Retrieved . quotAcademia Norteamericana de la Lengua Espaolaquot http/ / www. anle. us/ .
Anle.us. . Retrieved . http/ / www. jstor. org/ pss/ Alfassa, Shelomo December .
quotLadinokomunitaquot http/ / www. sephardicstudies. org/ quickladino. html. Foundation
for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture. . Retrieved February .
quotSpanishquot http/ / www. ethnologue. com/ showlanguage. aspcodespa. ethnologue. .
Diccionario Panhispnico de Dudas http/ / buscon. rae. es/ dpdI/ SrvltConsultalemach, st ed.
Real Academia Espaola http/ / www. rae. es/ , Explanation http/ / www. spanishpronto. com/
spanishpronto/ spanishalphabet. html at Spanish Pronto http/ / www. spanishpronto. com/
Spanish, English quotAbecedarioquot http/ / buscon. rae. es/ dpdI/
SrvltConsultalemaabecedario in Spanish. Diccionario panhispnico de dudas. Real Academia
Espaola. . . Retrieved . Ch http/ / buscon. rae. es/ draeI/ SrvltConsultaTIPOBUSamp
LEMAch, en Diccionario de la lengua espaola de la Real Academia Espaola Ll http/ / buscon.
rae. es/ draeI/ SrvltConsultaTIPOBUSamp LEMAll, en Diccionario de la lengua espaola de la
Real Academia Espaola MartnezCeldrn, FernndezPlanas amp CarreraSabat Cressey
Abercrombie Eddington se da de forma espontnea en hablantes valencianos o mallorquines
y en los de algunas zonas del sur de Catalua DICCIONARIO PANHISPNICO DE DUDAS
Primera edicin octubre article V paragraph
Spanish language
Bibliography
Abercrombie, David . Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press
Cressey, William Whitney . Spanish Phonology and Morphology A Generative View.
Georgetown University Press. ISBN Eddington, David . quotSpanish Stress Assignment
within the Analogical Modeling of Languagequot http//
linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/eddingtond/STRESS.pdf. Language Language, Vol. , No. . doi./.
JSTOR Harris, James . quotSound Change in Spanish and the Theory of Markednessquot
http//jstor.org/stable/ . Language Language, Vol. , No. . doi./ MartnezCeldrn, Eugenio
FernndezPlanas, Ana Ma. CarreraSabat, Josefina . quotCastilian Spanishquot. Journal of the
International Phonetic Association . doi./S
External links
Spanish Dictionary of the RAE http//buscon.rae.es/draeI/ Real Academia Espaolas official
Spanish language dictionary Spanish http//www.bbc.co.uk/languages/spanish/ BBC
Languages Basic Spanish Grammar http//www.mylovespanish.com/ Spanish evolution from
Latin http//mertsahinoglu.com/research/spanishforspeakersoflatin/ Spanish phrasebook on
WikiTravel Instituto Cervantes http//www.cervantes.es/default.htm Practical Spanish
http//www.learnpracticalspanishonline.com/
kbd ltgSpanu volda
Spanish cuisine
Spanish cuisine consists of a variety of dishes, which stem from differences in geography,
culture and climate. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters that
surround the country, and reflects the countrys deep maritime roots. Spains extensive history
with many cultural influences has led to an array of unique cuisines with literally thousands of
recipes and flavors. It is also renowned for its health benefits and fresh ingredients. A famous
spanish dish called Paella is consited from rice and seafood and can also be vegetarian.
Seafood paella.
History
The first introduction of a product to the ancient Iberia was that of wheat. Wheat was thought
to be brought by Iberians from the south of the peninsula. It was perhaps brought from
Aquitaine in the north of the peninsula,
Spanish cuisine
due to the difficulty of transporting from the south. In time, the wheat of Iberia came to be
considered to be the best in the Roman Empire, and became one of the main commodities of
foreign trade. The Romans early approval of the wheat led to the spread of wheat from Spain
to Greece and Egypt and easternly parts of Russia. There were two major kinds of diet in the
peninsula. One was found in the northwest part of the peninsula, with more animal fats that
correspond to the husbandry of the North. The other could be considered the precursor of
the Mediterranean diet and was found in the southerly parts of the peninsula.
Gastronoma manchega, Pedro Muoz, Spain
Roman cuisine
As early as Roman times one can say that, with the exception of products later imported from
the Americas, many modern foods were consumed, although mostly by the aristocracy, not
the middle class. Cooking references from that era discuss the eating habits in Rome, where
foods from all of the Empires provinces were brought. So, for an example, it is known that
thousands of amphorae of olive oil were sent to Rome from Spain. Nonetheless, and
especially in the Celtic areas, consumption of animal products from lamb, beef, etc. was
more common than consumption of vegetables. Already in that era, cabbages were well
known and appreciated, and considered a panacea for various aliments. Other popular
vegetables of that time were thistles such as artichokes and onions. In Roman Spain the
hams of Pomeipolis Pamplona had great prestige. The export of pork products became the
basis of a strong local economy. It is almost certain that lentils were already consumed in
Roman Spain, because they formed a staple food for the army and because they are easy to
preserve and transport. Fava beans were known from antiquity and were considered sacred
by the Romans. In the Saturnalia, the later December festival in honor of Saturn, fava beans
were used to choose the king of the festival. This custom is believed to be the source of the
present day custom of hiding an object in the roscn de reyes similar to the sixpence
traditional in a Christmas pudding until quite recently, that object was a fava bean.
Garbanzos were also popular, primarily among the poorer classes. Mushrooms were
common and popular in the northern part of the country. They mastered the science of
grafting. According to Pliny, Tibur saw a tree that produced a distinct fruit on each of its
branches nuts, apples, pomegranates, cherries, pears, but he added that they dried out
quickly. Viticulture already was known and practiced by the Romans, but it seemed as well
the fact that it was the Greeks who extended the vine across the Mediterranean region. This
includes those wines that were most popular in the Empire. In this era the wealthy typically
ate while lying on a couch a custom acquired from the Greeks and using their hands,
because forks were not used for eating. Tablecloths were introduced in the st century. They
came to use two plates, one flat platina or patella and the other deep catinus, which they
held with the left hand. That hand could not be used for many other things while eating, given
that they ate with their left arms while reclining in bed, so that only the right hand was free.
They used spoons, which, like today, had different sizes, depending on what they were used
for. The first spoons were made from clam shells hence, the name cuchara, with silver
handles. The mode of flavoring and cooking was quite distinct from what is found in modern
times.
Spanish cuisine
Typical dishes
Among the multitude of recipes that make up the varied cuisines of Spain, a few can be
considered common to all or almost all of Spains regions, even though some of them have
an origin known and associated with specific places. Examples include most importantly
potato omelette quottortilla de patataquot, quottortilla espaolaquot or just quottortillaquot,
paella, various stews, migas, sausages such as embutidos, chorizo, and morcilla, jamn
serrano, and cheeses. There are also many dishes based on beans chickpeas, lentils, green
beans soups, with many regional variations and bread, that has numerous forms, with
distinct varieties in each region. The regional variations are less pronounced in Spanish
desserts and cakes flan, custard, rice pudding arroz con leche, torrijas, churros, and
madeleines are some of the most representative examples. Other foods include Arroz con
leche rice pudding Calamares a la romana Fried squid Cocido a chickpea and meat stew of
sorts Cocido montas typical from Cantabria Chorizo spicy sausage Chuletillas grilled chops
of milkfed lamb Gazpacho cold bread and tomato soup Gooseneck barnacles typical from
Galicia Hake fish Fabada asturiana bean stew Jamn serrano cured ham Butifarra Lechazo
asado roasted milkfed lamb Shellfish Marmita typical from Cantabria Paella saffron rice
Fideu Peladillas, Sugared almonds, typical from Valencian Community especially, Casinos.
Asturian chuletillas Andalusian quotpescatoquot frito. Iberian pork embutidos.
Pescaito frito, battered sometimes in adobo fried fish, typical from Mlaga and Western
Andalusia Tortilla de patatas or tortilla espaola potato omelette Turrn, a type of nougat with
almonds and honey, typical at Christmas Polvorn, a type of Spanish shortbread, typical at
Christmas Tortas de aceite, from Seville, a sweet olive oil pastry Olla podrida Gofio, roasted
flour used in a type of porridge in the Canary islands. Meat is also very popular in Spanish
cuisine sheep, lamb, pork, and beef are staples.
Madrid the cocido madrileo Madrids chickpea stew and the tripe dish callos a la madrilea,
strawberries from Aranjuez or melons from Villaconejos, the wines from Navalcarnero and
the Ans anisette liqueur of Chinchn.
Spanish cuisine Asturias is especially known for its seafood, such as fresh squid, crab,
shrimp and sea bass. Salmon are caught in Asturian rivers, notably the Sella the first fish of
the season is called campanu Bable word for campana, a bell tolled to signal the first catch.
The most famous regional dish is Fabada Asturiana, a rich stew made with large white beans
fabes, pork shoulder lacn, morcilla, chorizo, and saffron azafrn. Apple groves foster the
production of the traditional alcoholic drink, a natural cider sidra. It is a very dry cider, and
unlike French or English natural ciders, uses predominantly acidic apples, rather than sweet
or bittersweet. The proportions are acidic , subacidic , sweet , bittersweet , bitter . Sidra is
traditionally poured in by an expert server or escanciador the bottle is raised high above his
or her head to oxygenate the brew as it moves into the glass below. A small amount ml is
poured at a time called a culn, as it must be drunk immediately before the sidra loses its
carbonation. Any sidra left in the glass is poured onto a woodchipstrewn floor or a trough
along the bottom of the bar. Asturian cheeses, especially Cabrales, are also famous
throughout Spain and beyond Cabrales is known for its pungent odour and strong flavour.
Asturias is often called quotthe land of cheesesquot el pais de los quesos due to the
products diversity and quality in this region. Other major dishes include faba beans with
clams, Asturian stew, frixuelos, and rice pudding. Catalonia Alongside Valencia, Catalonia
has a long tradition of ricedishes and seafood. In addition, cooked and cured sausages from
Vic are famous. Perhaps the most wellknown dish is the Catalan cream, similar to crme brle.
Catalan cuisine is rich, pa amb tomquet and botifarra are typical food of Catalonia. La Rioja
above all its international Rioja wines, as well as its vegetable soups and its pepper and
potato dishes. Extremadura Cocido extremeo a rich stew of bacon, fowl, ham, meats, and
vegetables, embutidos of Iberian pork, cheeses including the indispensable torta del casar, a
close relative of the Portuguese queijo da serra, pitarra wine. Andalusia Andalucia fried fish,
salmorejo and gazpacho. Seafood, especially shrimp, squid, mackerel and flatfish. Jabugo
ham and Sherry wine. Aragn Somontano, Borja and other wines. Jamn serrano cured ham in
Teruel. Migas, very typical in small villages. Nuestra Seora del Pilar sweets in Zaragoza.
quotTernasco con patatas a lo pobrequot, one of the most popular dishes in Aragn.
quotBorrajasquot, vegetable typical of this zone. Peaches with red wine from Calanda, in
Teruel. And quotchiretasquot, very popular in quotRibagorzaquot and quotSomontano de
Barbastroquot. Murcia products of its rich gardens, such as zarangollo fish and lamb stews
and the wines of Jumilla, Yecla or Bullas. They are also fantastic murcia migas. Valencia The
Valencian region, specialises amongst others in the famous Paella, and is its birthplace. This
dish is very popular, and its common to cook one each Sunday for family lunch. In fact, in
Valencia, during Falles, one of the biggest holidays there, it is quite normal to find big paellas
being cooked in the street. The typical Valencian pael contains meat and vegetables, but
many other variants of ricebased dishes can be found, with shellfish, meatballs or just
covered in egg quotArrs amb crostaquot. Balearic IslandsA typical islandbased diet of
seafood and simple, vegetablebased dishes as well as Sobrasada. Samfaina Ratatouille and
Cocas are typical of Catalan cuisine generally. Majorcas biggest export is the Ensaimada, a
pastry. Basque country skillfully cooked dishes such as quottxangurro rellenoquot spider
crab quotmarmitakoquot and hake and clams. Idiazabal cheese and a distinctive wine called
quottxakoliquot. Piquillo peppers, filled with cod or tuna. Navarre vegetable stews, Tudelas
lettuce hearts with anchovies, salmon, or a simple vinaigrette oil, salt and vinegar piquillo
peppers, which are often stuffed with meat trout la Navarra cooked stuffed with bacon and
cheese, Roncal and Idiazabal cheeses, curd from Ultzama, claret wine, and patxaran liquor.
Galicia Caldo gallego an array of seafoods, especially octopus, cod and goose barnacles
Tarta de Santiago, a tart made of almonds and lemon empanadas Albario wine from the Rias
Baixas.
Spanish cuisine Castilla y Len Morcilla from Len, Burgos or Valladolid black pudding made
with blood and different spices, Judin de la Granja, Sopa de Ajo Garlic soup, Cochinillo
asado little roast pig, Lechazo Roast Lamb, Botillo del Bierzo, Hornazo from Salamanca, a
great variety of sausages like Salchichas de Zaratn and cheeses like Cheese of Serrada or
Burgoss Fresh Cheese and various of the best wines in Spain Ribera del Duero wines. Dont
forget Jamn de Guijuelo Spanish cured ham from Guijuelo Salamanca
Chefs
Today, Spanish cooking is quotin fashionquot, especially thanks in part to Ferran Adri, who in
the summer of attained international renown thanks to praise in the Sunday supplement of
the New York Times. His restaurant El Bulli is located in the province of Girona, near Roses.
In a long article, the New York Times declared him the best chef in the world, and postulated
the supremacy of Spanish cooking over French cuisine. Four other Spanish chefs hold three
stars in the prestigious Michelin Guide Juan Mari Arzak /quot in San Sebastin, Guipzcoa,
since Santi Santamara quotEl Racoquot of Can Fabes, Barcelona, since Martn Berasategui
quotBerasateguiquot in Lasarte, Guipzcoa since Carme Ruscalleda quotSant Pauquot in
Sant Pol de Mar, Barcelona since
Karlos Arguiano, who over the years has presented cooking programmes on various
Spanish television channels, in which he shows his communication skills and sense of
humour while cooking. Simone Ortega, author of the bestselling cookbook in Spain, quot
recetasquot. Sergi Arola, chef at quotLa Brochquot and a disciple of Adri. Jos Andrs,
chef/owner of quotMinibar by Jos Andrsquot in Washington D.C., and a disciple of Adri.
Current host of Made in Spain, airing on PBS networks. Prominent names in the history of
Spanish cuisine include ngel Muro th century food expert and author of the book
quotPracticnquot, which is equivalent to Ma cuisine by Escoffier. Mara Mestayer de Echage,
quotMarquesa de Paraberequot author of a twovolume cooking encyclopedia with the
second dedicated to the pantry that is still in print, and that contains a large number of
recipes, as well as chapters dedicated to table manners. Other notable chefs specializing in
Spanish cuisine Ilan Hall, winner of Top Chef Season , was known for his Spanishinspired
dishes. He has worked at the acclaimed Casa Mono Spanish restaurant in Manhattan.
References
Museo de la Sidra, Nava Asturias, Spain. http/ / www. museodelasidra. com/ http/ / www.
newsday. com/ entertainment/ tv/ nyetteloct,,. storycollnytelevisionheadlines
This article draws heavily on the corresponding article in the Spanishlanguage Wikipedia,
which was accessed in the version of January .
External links
Spanish Food amp culinary treasures http//www.uniquealmeria.com/spanishfood.html,
discovered by Spanish food photographer Map of Spain http//www.red.com/spain/gmap.html,
with information on the cuisine in different areas Introduction to food from Spain
http//www.spanishfoodfinder.com/spanishfood.html The essence of Spanish cuisine Spanish
food
Spanish cuisine AZ guide to Spanish food
http//www.iberianature.com/spainblog/aguidetospanishfooda/ Culture, history and dictionary
Spanish food
Francisco Franco
Don
Francisco Franco
His Excellency Generalsimo
Francisco Franco in
Spanish Head of State Regent of the Kingdom
Inoffice April November Precededby Succeededby Manuel Azaa Alejandro Rodrguez de
Valcrcel
th Leader of the Government of Spain
Inoffice February June Precededby Succeededby Born Died Restingplace Nationality
Politicalparty Spouses Residence Religion Signature Military service Allegiance
Service/branch Army Juan Negrn Luis Carrero Blanco December Ferrol, Galicia, Spain
November agedMadrid, Spain Valley of the FallenN W Spanish FET y de las JONS Carmen
Polo, st Lady of Meirs El Pardo, Madrid Roman Catholicism
Francisco Franco
Yearsof service Rank Battles/wars Chief of the General Staff Rif War Spanish Civil War
As President For the handover to Juan Carlos I King of Spain
Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco y Bahamonde December November , known
simply as Francisco Franco Spanish pronunciationfanisko fako, was a Spanish military
general and head of state of Spain from October whole nation from onwards, and de facto
regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from until his death in November . As
head of state, Franco used the title Caudillo de Espaa, por la gracia de Dios, meaning
Leader of Spain, by the grace of God. From a military family, originally intent on entering the
Spanish Navy, Franco instead became a soldier. He participated in the Rif War in Morocco,
becoming the youngest general in Europe by . After returning to the Spanish mainland, he
saw service suppressing an anarchistled strike in , defending the stability of AlcalZamoras
conservative government. Following the formation of a Popular Front government, made up
of Marxist, liberal republican and anarchist factions, instability heightened. Violence between
militant groups spiraled out of control with assassination of conservative parliamentary leader
Jos Calvo Sotelo in retaliation for the killing of Jos Castillo. Franco and his coconspirators
used Calvos death as their pretext for war, even though they had already initiated the plan
for their rebellion. Franco and the military participated in a coup dtat against the Popular
Front government. The coup failed and devolved into the Spanish Civil War during which
Franco emerged as the leader of the Nationalists against the Popular Front government.
After winning the civil war with military aid from Italy and Nazi Germanywhile the communist
Soviet Union and various Internationalists aided certain forces of the lefthe dissolved the
Spanish Parliament. He then established a rightwing authoritarian regime that lasted until ,
when a new constitution was drafted. During World War II, Franco officially maintained a
policy of nonbelligerency and later of neutrality, in part because Spain had not recovered
from the considerable damage of the civil war. However, he supported the volunteer Blue
Division who fought with the Axis on the Eastern Front. After the end of World War II, Franco
maintained his control in Spain through the implementation of austere measures the
systematic suppression of dissident views through censorship and coercion, the
imprisonment of ideologically opposed enemies in concentration camps throughout the
country such as Los Merinales in Seville, San Marcos in Len, Castuera in Extremadura, and
Miranda de Ebro, the implementation of forced labor in prisons, and the use of the death
penalty and heavy prison sentences as deterrents for his ideological enemies. During the
Cold War, the United States established a diplomatic and trade alliance with Spain, due to
Francos strong antiCommunist policy. American President Richard Nixon toasted Franco,
and, after Francos death, stated quotGeneral Franco was a loyal friend and ally of the United
States.quot After his death, Spain gradually began its transition to democracy. Today,
preconstitutional symbols from the Franco regimesuch as the national Coat of arms or flag
with the Imperial Eagleare banned by law in Spain.
Early life
Francisco Franco was born at on December , at Number Calle Frutos Saavedra, Ferrol
currently known as Calle Mara in the citys old town. He was baptised on December at the
parish church of San Francisco with the baptismal names Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo
Tedulo Francisco for his paternal grandfather, Hermenegildo for his maternal grandmother
and godmother, Paulino for his godfather and Tedulo for the saint day of his birth.
Francisco Franco The Franco family was originally from Andalucia. Since relocating to
Galicia they were strongly involved in the Spanish Navy and over two centuries produced
naval officers for six generations uninterrupted, right down to Francos father Nicols Franco y
SalgadoArajo November February . Francos mother was Mara del Pilar Bahamonde y Pardo
de Andrade February , and his parents married in . The young Franco spent much of his
childhood with his two brothers, Nicols Ferrol, , a naval officer and diplomat who in time was
married to Mara Isabel Pascual del Pobil y Ravello, and Ramn a pioneering aviator and a
member of Esquerra Republicana, and his two sisters, Mara del Pilar Ferrol, Madrid, , later
wife of Alonso Jariz y Jerz, and Mara de la Paz Ferrol, Ferrol, .
Military career
Rif War and rise through the ranks
Francisco was to follow his father into the Navy but as a result of the SpanishAmerican War
the country lost much of its navy as well as most of its colonies. Not needing more officers,
entry into the Naval Academy was closed from to . To his fathers chagrin, he decided to join
the Spanish Army. In , he entered the Infantry Academy in Toledo, from which he graduated
in . He was commissioned as a lieutenant. Two years later, he obtained a commission to
Morocco. Spanish efforts to physically occupy their new African protectorate provoked the
protracted Rif War from to with native Moroccans. Tactics at the time resulted in heavy
losses among Spanish military officers, but also gave the chance of earning promotion
through merit. It was said that officers would get either la caja o la faja a coffin or a generals
sash. Franco soon gained a reputation as a good officer. He joined the newly formed
regulares, colonial native troops with Spanish officers, who acted as shock troops. In , at the
age of and already a captain, he was badly wounded in a skirmish at El Biutz and possibly
lost a testicle. His survival marked him permanently in the eyes of the native troops as a man
of baraka good luck. He was also recommended unsuccessfully for Spains highest honor for
gallantry, the coveted Cruz Laureada de San Fernando. Instead, he was promoted to major
comandante, becoming the youngest field grade officer in the Spanish Army. From to , he
was posted on the Spanish mainland. That last year, Lieutenant Colonel Jos Milln Astray, a
histrionic but charismatic officer, founded the Spanish Foreign Legion, along similar lines to
the French Foreign Legion. Franco became the Legions secondincommand and returned to
Africa. On July , the poorly commanded and overextended Spanish Army suffered a crushing
defeat at Annual at the hands of the Rif tribes led by the Abd elKrim brothers. The Legion
symbolically, if not materially, saved the Spanish enclave of Melilla after a threeday forced
march led by Franco. In , already a lieutenant colonel, he was made commander of the
Legion. The same year, he married Mara del Carmen Polo y MartnezValds they had one
child, a daughter, Mara del Carmen, born in . As a special mark of honor, his best man
padrino at the wedding was King Alfonso XIII, a fact that would mark him during the Republic
as a monarchical officer. Promoted to colonel, Franco led the first wave of troops ashore at
Al Hoceima in . This landing in the heartland of Abd elKrims tribe, combined with the French
invasion from the south, spelled the beginning of the end for the shortlived Republic of the
Rif. Becoming the youngest general in Spain in , Franco was appointed in director of the
newly created General Military Academy of Zaragoza, a new college for all Army cadets,
replacing the former separate institutions for young men seeking to become officers in
infantry, cavalry, artillery, and other branches of the army.
Francisco Franco
During the Second Spanish Republic
With the fall of the monarchy in , in keeping with his longstanding apolitical record, Franco
did not take any notable stand. But the closing of the Academy, in June, by War Minister
Manuel Azaa, provoked his first clash with the Republic. Azaa found Francos farewell speech
to the cadets insulting. For six months, Franco was without a post and under surveillance. On
February , he was given a command in A Corua. Franco avoided involvement in Jos
Sanjurjos attempted coup that year, and even wrote a hostile letter to Sanjurjo expressing his
anger over the attempt. As a side result of Azaas military reform, in January , Franco was
relegated from the first to the th in the list of Brigadiers conversely, the same year February,
he was given the military command of the Balearic Islands a post above his rank. New
elections held in October resulted in a centerright majority. In opposition to this government,
a revolutionary movement broke out October . This uprising was rapidly quelled in most of
the country, but gained a stronghold in Asturias, with the support of the miners unions.
Franco, already general of a Division and aide to the war minister, Diego Hidalgo, was put in
command of the operations directed to suppress the insurgency. The forces of the Army in
Africa were to carry the brunt of this, with General Eduardo Lpez Ochoa as commander in
the field. After two weeks of heavy fighting and a death toll estimated between , and ,, the
rebellion was suppressed. The insurgency in Asturias sharpened the antagonism between
Left and Right. Franco and Lpez Ochoawho, prior to the campaign in Asturias, was seen as a
leftleaning officerwere marked by the left as enemies. At the start of the Civil War, Lpez
Ochoa was assassinated. Some time after these events, Franco was briefly
commanderinchief of the Army of Africa from February onwards, and from May on, Chief of
the General Staff. General election of After the ruling centreright coalition collapsed amid the
Straperlo corruption scandal, new elections were scheduled. Two wide coalitions formed the
Popular Front on the left, ranging from Republican Union Party to Communists, and the
Frente Nacional on the right, ranging from the center radicals to the conservative Carlists. On
February , the left won by a narrow margin. Growing political bitterness surfaced again. The
government and its supporters, the Popular Front, had launched a campaign against the
Opposition whom they accused of plotting against the Republic. The Opposition parties, on
the other hand, had reacted with increasing vigour. The latter claimed that the Popular Front
had illegally obtained two hundred seats in a Parliament of members. After the loss of seats,
the Opposition Parties claimed the government represented only a small minority, adding
claims that the Popular Fronts parliamentary majority was the result of largescale electoral
fraud, of Governmentsponsored mob terror and intimidation, of the arbitrary annulment of all
election certificates in many Rightwing constituencies, and of the expulsion, the arrest, or
even the assassination, of many legally elected deputies of the Right. According to the right
wing opposition, the real enemies of the Republic were not on the Right but on the Left Spain
was in imminent danger of falling under a Communist dictatorship, and therefore by fighting
the Popular Front they, the opposition, were merely doing their duty in defence of law and
order and of the freedom and the fundamental rights of the Spanish people. The days after
the election were marked by nearchaotic circumstances. On February, Franco was sent to
the distant Canary Islands to serve as the islands military commander, a position in which he
had few troops under his command. Meanwhile, a conspiracy led by Emilio Mola was taking
shape. In June, Franco was contacted and a secret meeting was held in Tenerifes La
Esperanza Forest to discuss a military coup. An obelisk commemorating this historic meeting
can be found in a clearing at Las Races. Outwardly, Franco maintained an ambiguous
attitude almost up until July. On June , he wrote to the head of the government, Casares
Quiroga, offering to quell the discontent in the army, but was not answered. The other rebels
were determined to go ahead, con Paquito o sin Paquito with Franco or without him, as it
was put by Jos
Francisco Franco Sanjurjo, the honorary leader of the military uprising. After various
postponements, July was fixed as the date of the uprising. The situation reached a point of
no return and, as presented to Franco by Mola, the coup was unavoidable and he had to
choose a side. He decided to join the rebels and was given the task of commanding the
Army of Africa. A privately owned DH De Havilland Dragon Rapide, flown by two British MI
agents, Cecil Bebb and Hugh Pollard, was chartered in England July to take Franco to Africa.
The assassination of the rightwing opposition leader Jos Calvo Sotelo by government police
troops, possibly acting on their own in retaliation for the murder of Jos Castillo, precipitated
the uprising. On July one day earlier than planned, the African Army rebelled, detaining their
commanders. On July, Franco published a manifesto and left for Africa, where he arrived the
next day to take command. A week later, the rebels, who soon called themselves the
Nationalists, controlled a third of Spain, but most navy units remained under control of the
Republican loyalist forces, which left Franco isolated. The coup had failed, but the Spanish
Civil War had begun.
From the Spanish Civil War to World War II
The Spanish Civil War began in July and officially ended with Francos victory in April ,
leaving , to , dead. Despite the NonIntervention Agreement of August , the war was marked
by foreign intervention on behalf of both sides, leading to international repercussions. The
nationalist side was supported by Fascist Italy, which sent the Corpo Truppe Volontarie, and
later by Nazi Germany, which assisted with the Condor Legion infamous for their bombing of
Guernica in April . Britain and France strictly adhered to the arms embargo, provoking
dissensions within the French Popular Front coalition led by Lon Blum, but the Republican
side was nonetheless supported by volunteers fighting in the International Brigades and the
Soviet Union. See for example Ken Loachs Land and Freedom. Because Adolf Hitler and
Joseph Stalin used the war as a testing ground for modern warfare, some historians, such as
Ernst Nolte, have considered the Spanish Civil War, along with the Second World War, part
of a quotEuropean Civil Warquot lasting from to and characterized mainly as a Left/Right
ideological conflict. However, this interpretation has not found acceptance among most
historians, who consider the Second World War and the Spanish Civil War two distinct
conflicts. Among other things, they point to the political heterogeneity on both sides See
Spanish Civil War other factions and criticize a monolithic interpretation which overlooks the
local nuances of Spanish history.
The first months
Despite Francos having no money, while the state treasury was in Madrid with the
government, there was an organized economic lobby in London looking after his financial
needs with Lisbon as their operational base. Eventually, he was to receive important help
from his economic and diplomatic boosters abroad. Following the July , pronunciamiento,
Franco assumed the leadership of the , soldiers of the Spanish Army of Africa. The first days
of the insurgency were marked with a serious need to secure control over the Spanish
Moroccan Protectorate. On one side, Franco managed to win the support of the natives and
their nominal authorities, and, on the other, to ensure his control over the army. This led to
the summary execution of some senior officers loyal to the Republic one of them his own first
cousin. Also his loyal bodyguard was shot by a man known as Manuel Blanco. Francos first
problem was how to move his troops to the Iberian Peninsula, since most units of the Navy
had remained in control of the Republic and were blocking the Strait of Gibraltar. He
requested help from Mussolini, who responded with an unconditional offer of arms and
planes Wilhelm Canaris, the head of the Abwehr military intelligence, persuaded Hitler, as
well, to support the Nationalists. From July onward he was able, with a small group of mainly
German Junkers Ju airplanes, to initiate an air bridge to Seville, where his troops helped to
ensure the rebel control of the city. Through representatives, Franco started to negotiate with
the United Kingdom, Nazi Germany and Italy for more military support, and above all for
more airplanes. Negotiations
Francisco Franco were successful with the last two on July and airplanes began to arrive in
Tetouan on August. On August Franco was able to break the blockade with the newly arrived
air support, successfully deploying a ship convoy with some , soldiers. In early August, the
situation in western Andalusia was stable enough to allow him to organize a column some ,
men at its height, under the command of then LieutenantColonel Juan Yage, which would
march through Extremadura towards Madrid. On August Mrida was taken, and on August
Badajoz, thus joining both nationalistcontrolled areas. Additionally, Mussolini ordered a
voluntary army, the Corpo Truppe Volontarie CTV of some , Italians of fully motorized units to
Seville and Hitler added to them a professional squadron from the Luftwaffe JG/ with about
planes. All these planes had the Nationalist Spanish insignia painted on them, but were flown
by Italian and German troops. The backbone of Francos aviation in those days were the
Italian SM. and SM. bombers, the biplane Fiat CR. fighter and the German Junkers Ju
cargobomber and the Heinkel He biplane fighter. On September, with the head of the column
at the town of Maqueda some km away from Madrid, Franco ordered a detour to free the
besieged garrison at the Alczar of Toledo, which was achieved September. This
controversial decision gave the Popular Front time to strengthen its defenses in Madrid and
hold the city that year but was an important morale and propaganda success.
Rise to power
The designated leader of the uprising, Gen. Jos Sanjurjo died on July in an airplane crash.
Therefore, in the nationalist zone, quotPolitical life ceased.quot Initially, only military
command mattered this was divided into regional commands Emilio Mola in the North,
Gonzalo Queipo de Llano in Seville commanding Andalusia, Franco with an independent
command and Miguel Cabanellas in Zaragoza commanding Aragon. The Spanish Army of
Morocco itself was split into two columns, one commanded by General Juan Yage and the
other commanded by Colonel Jos Varela. From July, a coordinating junta was established,
based at Burgos. Nominally led by Cabanellas, as the most senior general, it initially included
Mola, three other generals, and two colonels Franco was later added in early August. On
September it was decided that Franco was to be commanderinchief this unified command
was opposed only by Cabanellas, and, after some discussion, with no more than a lukewarm
agreement from Queipo de Llano and from Mola, also head of government. He was,
doubtlessly, helped to this primacy by the fact that, in late July, Hitler had decided that all of
Germanys aid to the nationalists would go to Franco. Mola considered Franco as unfit and
not part of the initial rebel group. But Mola himself had been somewhat discredited as the
main planner of the attempted coup that had now degenerated into a civil war, and was
strongly identified with the Carlists monarchists and not at all with the Falange, a party with
Fascist leanings and connections quotphalanxquot, a farright Spanish political party founded
by Jos Antonio Primo de Rivera, nor did he have good relations with Germany Queipo de
Llano and Cabanellas had both previously rebelled against the dictatorship of Miguel Primo
de Rivera and were therefore discredited in some nationalist circles and Falangist leader Jos
Antonio Primo de Rivera was in prison in Alicante he would be executed a few months later
and the desire to keep a place open for him prevented any other falangist leader from
emerging as a possible head of state. Francos previous aloofness from politics meant that he
had few active enemies in any of the factions that needed to be placated, and had
cooperated in recent months with both Germany and Italy. On October , in Burgos, Franco
was publicly proclaimed as Generalsimo of the National army and Jefe del Estado Head of
State. When Mola was killed in another air accident a year later which some believe was an
assassination June , no military leader was left from those who organized the conspiracy
against the Republic between and .
Francisco Franco
Military command
From that time until the end of the war, Franco personally guided military operations. After
the failed assault on Madrid in November , Franco settled to a piecemeal approach to
winning the war, rather than bold maneuvering. As with his decision to relieve the garrison at
Toledo, this approach has been subject of some debate some of his decisions, such as, in
June , when he preferred to head for Valencia instead of Catalonia, remain particularly
controversial from a military viewpoint. It was however, in Valencia, Castellon and Alicante
where the last troops were defeated by Franco. Francos army was supported by Nazi
Germany in the form of the Condor Legion, infamous for the bombing of Guernica on April .
These German forces also provided maintenance personnel and trainers, and some
Germans and Italians served over the entire war period in Spain. Principal assistance was
received from Fascist Italy Corpo Truppe Volontarie, but the degree of influence of both
powers on Francos direction of the war seems to have been very limited. Nevertheless, the
Italian troops, despite not being always effective, were present in most of the large
operations in big numbers, while the CTV helped the Nationalist airforce dominate the skies
for most of the war. Antnio de Oliveira Salazars Portugal also openly assisted the
Nationalists from the start, contributing some , troops. It is said that Francos direction of the
Nazi and Fascist forces was limited, particularly in the direction of the Condor Legion,
however, he was officially, by default, their supreme commander and they rarely made
decisions on their own. For reasons of prestige, it was decided to continue assisting Franco
until the end of the war, and Italian and German troops paraded on the day of the final victory
in Madrid.
Political command
In April , Franco managed to fuse the ideologically incompatible nationalsyndicalist Falange
quotphalanxquot, a farright Spanish political party founded by Jos Antonio Primo de Rivera
and the Carlist monarchist parties under a singleparty under his rule, dubbed Falange
Espaola Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva NacionalSindicalista FET y de las
JONS, which became the only legal party in . The Falangists hymn, Cara al Sol, became the
seminational anthem of Francos not yet established regime. This new political formation
appeased the proNazi Falangists while tempering them with the antiGerman Carlists.
Francos brotherinlaw Ramn Serrano Ser, who was his main political advisor, was able to turn
the various parties under Franco against each other to absorb a series of political
confrontations against Franco himself. At a certain moment he even expelled the original
leading members of both the Carlists Manuel Fal Conde and the Falangists Manuel Hedilla to
secure Francos political future. Franco also appeased the Carlists by exploiting the
Republicans anticlericalism in his propaganda, in particular concerning the quotMartyrs of the
warquot. While the loyalist forces presented the war as a struggle to defend the Republic
against Fascism, Franco depicted himself as the defender of quotCatholic Spainquot against
quotatheist Communism.quot
The end of the Civil War
Before the fall of Catalonia in February , the Prime Minister of Spain Juan Negrn
unsuccessfully proposed, in the meeting of the Cortes in Figueres, capitulation with the sole
condition of respecting the lives of the vanquished. Negrn was ultimately deposed by Colonel
Segismundo Casado, later joined by Jos Miaja. Thereafter, only Madrid see History of Madrid
and a few other areas remained under control of the government forces. On February
Chamberlain and Daladiers governments recognized the Franco regime, before the official
end of the war. The PCE the Spanish Communist Party attempted a mutiny in Madrid with
the aim of reestablishing Negrns leadership, but Jos Miaja retained control. Finally, on March
, with the help of proFranco forces inside the city the quotfifth columnquot General Mola had
mentioned in propaganda broadcasts in , Madrid fell to the Nationalists. The next day,
Valencia, which had held out under the guns of the Nationalists for close to two years, also
surrendered. Victory was proclaimed on April , when the last of the Republican
Francisco Franco forces surrendered. On this very date, Franco placed his sword upon the
altar in a church and in a vow, promised that he would never again take up his sword unless
Spain itself was threatened with invasion. At least , people were executed during the civil
war. Francos victory was followed by thousands of summary executions from , to , people
and imprisonments, while many were put to forced labour, building railways, drying out
swamps, digging canals La Corchuela, the Canal of the Bajo Guadalquivir, construction of
the Valle de los Cados monument, etc. The shooting of the president of the Catalan
government, Llus Companys, was one of the most notable cases of this early suppression of
opponents and dissenters. Although leftists suffered from an important deathtoll, the Spanish
intelligentsia, atheists and military and government figures who had remained loyal to the
Madrid government during the war were also targeted for oppression. In his recent, updated
history of the Spanish Civil War, Antony Beevor quotreckons Francos ensuing white terror
claimed , lives. The red terror had already killed ,.quot Julius Ruiz concludes that
quotalthough the figures remain disputed, a minimum of , executions were carried out in the
Republican zone with a maximum of , executions including , after the war in Nationalist
Spain.quot In Checas de Madrid, Csar Vidal comes to a nationwide total of , victims of
Republican violence , people being killed in Madrid alone. Despite the official end of the war,
guerrilla resistance to Franco known as quotthe maquisquot was widespread in many
mountainous regions, and continued well into the s. In , a group of republican veterans,
which also fought in the French resistance against the Nazis, invaded the Val dAran in
northwest Catalonia, but they were quickly defeated. The end of the war led to hundreds of
thousands of exilees, mostly to France but also Mexico, Chile, Cuba, the USA and so on.. On
the other side of the Pyrenees, refugees were confined in internment camps of the French
Third Republic, such as Camp Gurs or Camp Vernet, where , Republicans were housed in
squalid conditions mostly soldiers from the Durruti Division . The , refugees housed in Gurs
were divided into four categories Brigadists, pilots, Gudaris and ordinary Spaniards. The
Gudaris Basques and the pilots easily found local backers and jobs, and were allowed to quit
the camp, but the farmers and ordinary people, who could not find relations in France, were
encouraged by the Third Republic, in agreement with the Francoist government, to return to
Spain. The great majority did so and were turned over to the Francoist authorities in Irn.
From there they were transferred to the Miranda de Ebro camp for quotpurificationquot
according to the Law of Political Responsibilities. After the proclamation by Marshal Philippe
Ptain of the Vichy France regime, the refugees became political prisoners, and the French
police attempted to roundup those who had been liberated from the camp. Along with other
quotundesirablesquot, they were sent to the Drancy internment camp before being deported
to Nazi Germany. , Spaniards thus died in Mauthausen concentration camp. The Chilean
poet Pablo Neruda, who had been named by the Chilean President Pedro Aguirre Cerda
special consul for immigration in Paris, was given responsibility for what he called quotthe
noblest mission I have ever undertakenquot shipping more than , Spanish refugees, who had
been housed by the French in squalid camps, to Chile on an old cargo ship, the Winnipeg.
Francisco Franco
World War II
In September , World War II broke out in Europe, and although Hitler met Franco once in
Hendaye, France October , to discuss Spanish entry on the side of the Axis, Francos
demands food, military equipment, Gibraltar, French North Africa etc. proved too much and
no agreement was reached. An oftcited remark attributed to Hitler is that the German leader
would rather have some teeth extracted than to have to deal further with Franco. Francos
tactics received important support from Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini during Front row in
order from left to right Spains Foreign Minister Serrano Ser, the civil war. He remained
emphatically Heinrich Himmler, and Franco in Madrid, October neutral in the Second World
War, but nonetheless offered various kinds of support to Italy and Germany. He allowed
Spanish soldiers to volunteer to fight in the German Army against the USSR the Blue
Division, but forbade Spaniards to fight in the West against the democracies. Francos
common ground with Hitler was particularly weakened by Hitlers propagation of Nazi
mysticism and his attempts to manipulate Christianity, which went against Francos fervent
commitment to defending Christianity and Catholicism. Contributing to the disagreement was
an ongoing dispute over German mining rights in Spain. Some historians argue that Franco
made demands that he knew Hitler would not accede to in order to stay out of the war. Other
historians argue that he, as leader of a destroyed country in chaos, simply had nothing to
offer the Germans and their military. Yet, after the collapse of France in June , Spain did
adopt a proAxis nonbelligerency stance for example, he offered Spanish naval facilities to
German ships until returning to complete neutrality in when the tide of the war had turned
decisively against Germany and its allies. Some volunteer Spanish troops the Divisin Azul, or
quotBlue Divisionquotnot given official state sanction by Francowent to fight on the Eastern
Front under German command from . Some historians have argued that not all of the Blue
Division were true volunteers and that Franco expended relatively small but significant
resources to aid the Axis powers battle against the Soviet Union. According to the recent
discovery of a World War II Document, Franco ordered his provincial governors to compile a
list of Jews while he negotiated an alliance with the Axis powers. Franco supplied Heinrich
Himmler with a list of , Jews in Spain, for the Nazis quotFinal Solutionquot. It is true that
Franco built no concentration camps on Spanish territory, nor did he voluntarily hand Jews
over to Germany. Plans for alliance fell through and Spain never carried out the Nazis plans.
During the entire war, especially after , the Spanish borders were more or less kept open for
Jewish refugees from Vichy France and Nazioccupied territories in Europe. Spanish
diplomats, acting outside of Francos authority, extended their diplomatic protection over
Jews in Hungary, Czechoslovakia and the Balkans. Spain was a safe haven for all Jewish
refugees and antisemitism was not official policy under the Franco regime. In alone, roughly ,
Jewish refugees found safe haven in Spain. Overall, per some estimates, during World War
II, Francos policies saved the lives of almost , European Jews. On June , the Spanish forces
in Morocco occupied Tangier a city under the rule of the League of Nations and did not leave
it until .
Francisco Franco
Spain under Franco
Franco was recognized as the Spanish head of state by Britain and France in February , two
months before the war officially ended. Already proclaimed Generalsimo of the Nationalists
and Jefe del Estado Head of State in October , he thereafter assumed the official title of
quotSu Excelencia el Jefe de Estadoquot quotHis Excellency the Head of Statequot.
However, he was also referred to in state and official documents as quotCaudillo de
Espaaquot quotthe Leader of Spainquot, and sometimes called quotel Caudillo de la ltima
Cruzada y de la Hispanidadquot quotthe Leader of the Last Crusade and of the Hispanic
heritagequot and quotel Caudillo de la Guerra de Liberacin contra el Comunismo y sus
Cmplicesquot quotthe Leader of the War of Liberation Against Communism and Its
Accomplicesquot. The use of quotJefequot alone also occurred, similar to Fhrer and Il Duce,
but never caught any wide use. In , Franco proclaimed Spain a monarchy, but did not
designate a monarch. This gesture was largely done to appease the Movimiento Nacional
Carlists and Alfonsists. Although a selfproclaimed monarchist himself, Franco had no
particular desire to proclaim himself King of Spain, nor have a King to rule the country yet,
and as such, he left the throne vacant, with himself as a de facto Regent. He wore the
uniform of a Captain General a rank traditionally reserved for the King and resided in the El
Pardo Palace. In addition, he appropriated the royal privilege of walking beneath a canopy,
and his portrait appeared on most Spanish coins and postage stamps. He also added quotby
the grace of Godquot, a phrase usually part of the styles of monarchs, to his style.
Flag of The Spanish State
Flag of The Spanish State
Franco initially sought support from various groups. He initially garnered support from the
fascist elements of the Falange, but Franco visiting the inauguration of INIA, March distanced
himself from fascist ideology after the defeat of the Axis in World War II. Francos
administration marginalized fascist ideologues in favor of technocrats, many of whom were
linked with Opus Dei, who promoted the economic modernization under Franco. Although
Franco and Spain under his rule adopted some trappings of fascism, he, and Spain under his
rule, are not generally considered to be fascist among the distinctions, fascism entails a
revolutionary aim to transform society, where Franco and Francos Spain did not seek to do
so, and, to the contrary, although authoritarian, were conservative and traditional. Stanley
Payne notes quotscarcely any of the serious historians and analysts of Franco consider the
generalissimo to be a core fascistquot. The consistent points in Francos long rule included
above all authoritarianism, nationalism, the defense of Catholicism and the family,
antiFreemasonry, and antiCommunism. The aftermath of the Civil War was socially bleak
many of those who had supported the Republic fled into exile. Spain lost thousands of
doctors, nurses, teachers, lawyers, judges, professors, businessmen, artists, etc. Many of
those who had to stay lost their jobs or lost their rank. Sometimes those jobs were given to
unskilled and even untrained personnel. This deprived the country of many of its brightest
minds, and also of a very capable workforce. However, this was done to keep Spains citizens
consistent with the ideals sought by the Nationalists and Franco.
Francisco Franco
With the end of World War II, Spain suffered from the economic consequences of its isolation
from the international community. This situation ended in part when, due to Spains strategic
location in light of Cold War tensions, the United States entered into a trade and military
alliance with Spain. This historic alliance commenced with United States President
Eisenhowers visit in which resulted in the Pact of Madrid. Spain was then admitted to the UN
in . In , a syndicate from Dallas, Texas, including Jack Crichton, Everette Lee DeGolyer, and
Clint Murchison sought drilling rights to petroleum in Spain. The operation was handled by
Delta Drilling Company.
Franco and U.S. President Eisenhower in Madrid, Spain.
Political oppression
Personal Standard Franco as Head of State. Coat of arms of Franco as Head of State. The
Victor, another emblem used by Franco.
The first decade of Francos rule in the s following the end of the Civil War in saw continued
oppression and the killing of an undetermined number of political opponents. Estimation is
difficult and controversial, but the number of people killed probably lies somewhere between ,
and , see above, The end of the Civil War.
Francisco Franco Subsequently, Francos state became less violent, but during his rule
nongovernment trade unions and all political opponents across the political spectrum, from
communist and anarchist organizations to liberal democrats and Catalan or Basque
separatists, were either suppressed or tightly controlled by all means, up to and including
violent police repression. The Confederacin Nacional del Trabajo CNT and the Unin General
de Trabajadores UGT tradeunions were outlawed, and replaced in by the corporatist
Sindicato Vertical. The Spanish Socialist Workers Party and the Esquerra Republicana de
Catalunya ERC were banned in , while the Communist Party of Spain PCE went
underground. The Basque Nationalist Party PNV went into exile, and in , the ETA armed
group was created to wage a lowintensity war against Franco. Francos Spanish nationalism
promoted a unitary national identity by repressing Spains cultural diversity. Bullfighting and
flamenco were promoted as national traditions while those traditions not considered
quotSpanishquot were suppressed. Francos view of Spanish tradition was somewhat
artificial and arbitrary while some regional traditions were suppressed, Flamenco, an
Andalusian tradition, was considered part of a larger, national identity. All cultural activities
were subject to censorship, and many were plainly forbidden often in an erratic manner. This
cultural policy relaxed with time, most notably in the late s and early s. Franco also used
language politics in an attempt to establish national homogeneity. He promoted the use of
Castilian Spanish and suppressed other languages such as Catalan, Galician, and Basque.
The legal usage of languages other than Castilian was forbidden. All government, notarial,
legal and commercial documents were to be drawn up exclusively in Castilian and any
written in other languages were deemed null and void. The usage of any other language was
forbidden in schools, in advertising, and on road and shop signs. Publications in other
languages were generally forbidden. Citizens continued to speak these languages in private.
This was the situation throughout the s and, to a lesser extent, during the s, but after the
nonCastilian Spanish languages were freely spoken and written and reached bookshops and
stages, although they never received official status. On the other hand, the Catholic Church
was upheld as the established church of the Spanish State, and regained many of the
traditional privileges it had lost under the Republic. Civil servants had to be Catholic, and
some official jobs even required a quotgood behaviorquot statement by a priest. Civil
marriages which had taken place under Republican Spain were declared null and void unless
confirmed by the Catholic Church, a difficult if not impossible requirement considering civil
marriages were only possible after the couple made a public renunciation of the Catholic
faith. Divorce was forbidden, and also contraceptives and abortion. Francoism professed a
devotion to the traditional role of women in society, that is loving child to her parents and
brothers, faithful to her husband, residing with her family. Official propaganda confined her
role to family care and motherhood. Immediately after the war, most progressive laws passed
by the Republic aimed at equality between the sexes were made void. Women could not
become judges, or testify in trial. They could not become university professors. Their affairs
and economy had to be managed by their father or by their husbands. Even in the s a
woman fleeing from an abusive husband could be arrested and imprisoned for
quotabandoning the homequot abandono del hogar. Until the s a woman could not have a
bank account without a cosign by her father or husband. In the s and s the situation was
somewhat relieved, but it was not until after Francos death that a more egalitarian view of the
sexes was adopted. The enforcement by public authorities of traditional Catholic values was
a stated intent of the regime, mainly by using a law the Ley de Vagos y Maleantes, Vagrancy
Act enacted by Azaa. The remaining nomads of Spain Gitanos and Mercheros like El Lute
were especially affected. In , homosexuality, pedophilia, and prostitution were, through this
law, made criminal offenses, although its application was seldom consistent. Most country
towns, and rural areas, were patrolled by pairs of Guardia Civil, a military police for civilians,
which functioned as his chief means of social control. Larger cities, and capitals, were mostly
under the Policia Armada, or grises quotgreysquot as they were called. Franco, like others at
the time, evidenced a concern about a possible Masonic conspiracy against his regime.
Some nonSpanish authors have described it as being an quotobsessionquot.
Francisco Franco Student revolts, at universities in the late s and early s, were violently
repressed by the heavily armed Polica Armada Armed Police. Plainclothes secret police
worked inside Spanish universities. In May , an American student was arrested by university
secret police in Barcelona and charged and imprisoned under martial law for the crime of
wearing an old Spanish Army jacket. Although the US State Department, through its
consulate in Barcelona, was notified, it elected not to intervene. Franco continued to
personally sign all death warrants until just a few months before he died, despite international
campaigns requesting him to desist.
Spanish colonial empire and decolonisation
Spain attempted to retain control of its colonial empire throughout Francos rule. During the
Algerian War , Madrid became the base of the Organisation de larme secrte OAS rightwing
French Army group which sought to preserve French Algeria. Despite this, Franco was
forced to make some concessions. When French Morocco became independent in , he
surrendered Spanish Morocco to Mohammed V, retaining only a few enclaves the Plazas de
soberana. The year after, Mohammed V invaded Spanish Sahara during the Ifni War known
as the quotForgotten Warquot in Spain. Only in , with the Green March, did Morocco take
control of all of the former Spanish territories in the Sahara. In , under United Nations
pressure, Franco granted Spains colony of Equatorial Guinea its independence, and the next
year, ceded the exclave of Ifni to Morocco. Under Franco, Spain also pursued a campaign to
force a negotiation on the British overseas territory of Gibraltar, and closed its border with
that territory in . The border would not be fully reopened until .
Economic policy
The Civil War had ravaged the Spanish economy. Infrastructure had been damaged, workers
killed, and daily business severely hampered. For more than a decade after Francos victory,
the economy improved little. Franco initially pursued a policy of autarky, cutting off almost all
international trade. The policy had devastating effects, and the economy stagnated. Only
black marketeers could enjoy an evident affluence. According to Francos detractor Nicols
Sartorius, a Czech engineer and conman managed to convince the general that with the
waters of the River Jarama, certain herbs and secret powders, Spain could get all the
petroleum it needed. On another, he was convinced of a plan to Spanish peseta coin with the
image of solve the countrys terrible hunger of the s by feeding the Franco saying Francisco
Franco, Leader of population of million with dolphin sandwiches. Some , Spain, by the grace
of God people died of hunger in the early years of Francoism, a period known as Los Aos de
Hambre The Years of Hunger, or the Hungry Years. On the brink of bankruptcy, a
combination of pressure from the USA, the IMF and technocrats from the Opus Dei managed
to quotconvincequot the regime to adopt a free market economy in in what amounted to a
mini coup dtat which removed the old guard in charge of the economy, despite the opposition
of Franco. This economic liberalisation was not, however, accompanied by political reforms
and repression continued unabated, though these very reforms would lead to socioeconomic
changes in Spanish society which would make the regimes continuation years later
untenable. Economic growth picked up after after Franco took authority away from these
ideologues and gave more power to the apolitical technocrats. The country implemented
several development policies and growth took off creating an
Francisco Franco economic boom that became known as the quotSpanish Miraclequot.
Concurrent with the absence of social reforms, and the economic power shift, a tide of mass
emigration commenced to European countries, and to lesser extent, to South America.
Emigration helped the regime in two ways. The country got rid of populations it would not
have been able to keep in employment, and the emigrants supplied the country with much
needed monetary remittances. During the s, the wealthy classes of Francoist Spains
population experienced further increases in wealth, particularly those who remained
politically faithful. International firms established their factories in Spain where salaries were
low, taxes nearly nonexistent, strikes forbidden and workers health or real state regulations
were unheard of. Furthermore, Spain was virtually a new market. Spain became the
secondfastest growing economy in the world, just behind Japan. By the time of Francos
death in , Spain still lagged behind most of Western Europe, but the gap between its GDP
per capita and that of the leading Western European countries had narrowed greatly and the
country had developed a large industrialised economy.
Regions
Franco was reluctant to enact any form of administrative and legislative decentralisation and
kept a fully centralised government with a similar administrative structure to that established
by the House of Bourbon and General Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja. Such structures
were both based on the model of the French centralised State.The main drawback of this
kind of management is that government attention and initiatives were irregular, and often
depended more on the goodwill of regional Government representatives than on regional
needs. Thus, inequalities in schooling, health care or transport facilities among regions were
patent classically affluent regions like Madrid, Catalonia, or the Basque Country fared much
better than Extremadura, Galicia or Andalusia. Some regions, like Extremadura or La
Mancha did not have a university. The Basque Country and Catalonia were among the
regions that offered the strongest resistance to Franco in the Civil War. Franco dissolved the
autonomy granted by the Second Spanish Republic to these two regions and to Galicia.
Franco abolished the centuriesold fiscal privileges and autonomy the fueros in two of the
three Basque provinces Guipuzcoa and Biscay, but kept them for Alava which had sided with
the nationalists in the civil war. Among Francos greatest area of support during the civil war
was Navarre, also a Basque speaking region in its north half. Navarre remained a separate
region from the Basque Country and Franco decided to preserve its also centuries old fiscal
privileges and autonomy, the socalled Fueros of Navarre. The regional privileges for Alava
and Navarre were kept because Alava and Navarre had participated in the initial coup dtat
against the Republican government on July . Franco abolished the official statute and
recognition for the Basque, Galician, and Catalan languages that the Second Spanish
Republic had granted for the first time in the history of Spain. He returned to Castilian as the
only official language of the State and education. The Franco era corresponded with the
popularisation of the compulsory national educational system and the development of
modern mass media, both controlled by the State and in the Castilian language, and heavily
reduced the number of speakers of Basque, Catalan and Galician, as happened during the
second half of the twentieth century with other European minority languages which were not
officially protected such as Scottish Gaelic or French Breton. By the s the majority of the
population in the urban areas could not speak the minority language or, as in some Catalan
towns, their use had been abandoned. The most endangered case was the Basque
language. By the s Basque had reached the point where the language was close to
extinction and it is now recognised that the language would have disappeared in a few
decades. This was the main reason that drove the Francoist provincial government of Alava
to create a network of Basque medium schools Ikastola in which were Statefinanced.
Francisco Franco
Francos death and funeral
In , Franco designated Prince Juan Carlos de Borbn, who had been educated by him in
Spain, with the new title of King of Spain, as his successor. This designation came as a
surprise for the Carlist pretender to the throne, as well as for Juan Carloss father, Don Juan,
the Count of Barcelona, who technically had a superior right to the throne. By , Franco had
surrendered the function of prime minister Presidente del Gobierno, remaining only as head
of state and commander in chief of the military.
Franco is entombed in the monument of Santa
As his final years progressed, tension within the various Cruz del Valle de los Cados factions
of the Movimiento would consume Spanish political life, as varying groups jockeyed for
position to control the countrys future. On July , the aged Franco fell ill from various health
problems, and Juan Carlos took over as Head of State. Franco soon recovered on
September and resumed his duties as Head of State, but one year later he fell ill once again
from more health problems including a long battle with Parkinsons Disease. On October , he
fell into a coma and was put on life support. Franco died just after midnight on November , at
the age of , just two weeks before his rd birthday the same date as the death of Jos Antonio
Primo de Rivera, founder of the Falange. It is suspected that his doctors were ordered to
keep him alive by respirator and life support machines until this symbolic date of the farright.
The historian Ricardo de la Cierva claims that on November around pm, he was told that
Franco had already died. After Francos death, Prince Juan Carlos Francos tomb decided to
bury him at Valle de los Cados, a colossal memorial that nominally honors all the casualties
of the Spanish Civil War, but designed by Franco and with a distinctly nationalist tone.
Chilean dictator and selfproclaimed president General Augusto Pinochet, who revered
Franco and modeled himself in his image, attended his funeral, as did Bolivias dictator
General Hugo Banzer.
Francos legacy
In Spain and abroad, the legacy of Franco remains controversial. The length of his rule, the
suppression of opposition, and the effective propaganda sustained through the years has
made a detached evaluation impossible. For years, Spaniards, and particularly children at
school were told that Divine Providence had sent him to save Spain from chaos and poverty.
With time, the regime had evolved somewhat, and the ferocious oppression of the early s
was decreased to some degree in later years. The relative economic success of this period
created a considerable group of grateful citizens, who found the increase in everyday
standard of living more significant than any human rights abuses.
Francisco Franco
All public references to the Franco regime, including statues, portraits, street names, public
buildings, parks, and symbols that were named after him during his reign, are currently
banned by the Spanish government, while the national anthem of Spain, the Marcha Real, is
no longer accompanied by the lyrics introduced by Franco. In , the BBC reported that Maciej
Giertych, an MEP of the League of Polish Families, had expressed admiration for Franco,
stating that he quotguaranteed the maintenance of traditional values in Europequot.
Many Spaniards, particularly those who suffered under Francos rule, have sought to remove
official recognition of his regime. Most government buildings and street names that were
named after him during his long rule, have been renamed to their original name. Several
statues of Franco and other public Francoist symbols have been removed, with reportedly
the last statue in Santander having been removed in . Curiously, the city of Melilla, an
autonomous city of Spain located in North Africa, has the distinction of being the only place
in Spain where a statue of Franco is still visible on a public street. In , Jos Maria Aznars
conservative government had voted against proposals to remove street names, statues and
other symbols of the Franco era. In March , the Permanent Commission of the European
Parliament unanimously adopted a resolution quotfirmlyquot condemning the quotmultiple
and serious violationsquot of human rights committed in Spain under the Francoist regime
from to . The resolution was at the initiative of the MEP Leo Brincat and of the historian Luis
Mara de Puig, and is the first international official condemnation of the repression enacted by
Francos regime. The resolution also urged to provide public access to historians professional
and amateurs to the various archives of the Francoist regime, including those of the private
Fundacin Francisco Franco which, as well as other Francoist archives, remain as of
inaccessible to the public. The Fundacin Francisco Franco received various archives from
the El Pardo Palace, and is alleged to have sold some of them to private individuals.
Furthermore, it urged the Spanish authorities to set up an underground exhibition in the Valle
de los Caidos monument, in order to explain the quotterriblequot conditions in which it was
built. Finally, it proposes the construction of monuments to commemorate Francos victims in
Madrid and other important cities. In Spain, a commission to repair the dignity and restore
the memory of the victims of Francoism Comisin para reparar la dignidad y restituir la
memoria de las vctimas del franquismo was approved in the summer of , and is directed by
the socialist vicepresident Mara Teresa Fernndez de la Vega. Recently the Association for
the Recovery of Historical Memory ARHM initiated a systematic search for mass graves of
people executed during Francos regime, which has been supported since the Spanish
Socialist Workers Partys PSOE victory during the elections by Jos Luis Rodrguez Zapateros
government. A Ley de la memoria histrica de Espaa Law on the Historical Memory of Spain
was approved on July by the Council of Ministers, but it took until October for the Congress
of Deputies to approve an amended version as quotThe Bill to recognise and extend rights
and to establish measures in favour of those who suffered persecution or violence during the
Civil War and the Dictatorshipquot in common parlance still known as Law of Historical
Memory. The Senate approved the bill on December . Among other things, the law is
supposed to enforce an official recognition of the crimes committed against civilians during
the Francoist rule and organize under state supervision the search for mass graves. The
accumulated wealth of Francos family including much real estate inherited from Franco, such
as the Pazo de Meirs, the Canto del Pico in Torrelodones or the Cornide Palace in the Corua
has also been discussed. Estimates of the familys wealth have ranged from million to million
euros. When Franco was sick, the
A statue of Franco in Santander which was removed in
Francisco Franco Cortes voted a pension for his wife, Carmen Polo. At the time of her death
in , Carmen Polo was receiving more than .million pesetas four million more than Felipe
Gonzlez, then head of the government. Due to Francos human rights record, in , the Spanish
government banned all public references to the Franco regime and removed any statues,
street names, memorials and symbols associated with the regime. Churches which retain
plaques commemorating Franco and the victims of his Republican opponents may lose state
aid.
Franco in popular media
Series and documentary portrayals
Raza or Espritu de una Raza Spirit of a Race , based on a script by quotJaime de
Andradequot Franco himself, is the semiautobiographical story of a military officer played by
Alfredo Mayo. Franco, ese hombre That man, Franco is a proFranco documentary film
directed by Jos Luis Senz de Heredia The film version of Evita includes archive footage of
Franco. Argentine actor Jos quotPepequot Soriano played both Franco and his double in
Esprame en el cielo Wait for Me in Heaven . Ramon Fontser played him in Buen Viaje,
Excelencia Bon Voyage, Your Excellency . The movie Dragon Rapide deal about the events
previous to the Spanish Civil War, with the actor Juan Diego performing Franco in the almost
one of the two quotnoncomicalquot performances of Franco. Manuel Alexandre played the
ultimate Franco in the TV Movie N Los ultimos dias de Franco N The Last Days of Franco ,
the other quotrealisticquot performance of Franco. The Goya Winner Juan Echanove played
the dictator in the surrealistic movie MadreGilda MotherGilda . The comic actor Xavier Deltell
played Franco in the movie Operacion Gonada Operation Gonad Various biopics from the
Spanish TV, show the character of Franco in cameo appearances the biopic about the
Spanish president Adolfo Suarez, the biopic about the Spanish Queen Sofia de Grecia, the
biopic about the Spanish Kings cousin Alfonso de Borbon y Dampierre... ...Y al tercer ao
resucito ...And On the Third Year He Rose Again deal what would happen if Franco rose
from the dead. Juan Viadas played Franco in the lex de La Iglesias movie Balada Triste de
Trompeta The Last Circus
Other appearances
The Swedish film Together depicts a celebration triggered by the radio announcement of
Francos death. Franco was a running gag on Saturday Night Live, where Weekend Update
anchor Chevy Chase would frequently report that quotGeneralissimo Francisco Franco is
Still Deadquot. Franco is featured in the novel Triage by Scott Anderson. Franco is revealed
to be Birdies former lover in Youve Got Mail
Francisco Franco
References
Footnotes
quotFrancisco Francoquot http/ / www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/ WWfranco. htm.
Spartacus.Schoolnet.co.uk. . Retrieved December . Beevor, Anthony. The Spanish Civil War.
London Penguin, . p . Beevor, Anthony. The Spanish Civil War. London Penguin, . p .
Sinova, J. La censura de prensa durante el franquismo/ The Media Censorship During
Franco Regime. Random House Mondadori. ISBN X. Lzaro, A. James Joyces encounters
with Spanish censorship, . Joyce Studies Annual, Jan . Rodrigo, J. Cautivos Campos de
concentracin en la Espaa franquista, , Editorial Crtica. Gastn Aguas, J. M. amp Mendiola
Gonzalo, F. eds. quotLos trabajos forzados en la dictadura franquista Bortxazko lanak
diktadura frankistan.quot ISBN Duva, J. Octavio Alberola, jefe de los libertarios ajusticiados
en , regresa a Espaa para defender su inocencia Diario El Pas, November John T. Woolley
and Gerhard Peters, Toasts of the President and General Francisco Franco of Spain at a
State Dinner in Madrid http/ / www. presidency. ucsb. edu/ ws/ index. phppid, The American
Presidency Project. Santa Barbara, California University of California hosted, Gerhard Peters
database. Accessed online May . New York Times. quotNixon Asserts Franco Won Respect
for Spain.quot November , Friday, page . After the Spanish Government allowed Sephardi
and other Jews to seek refuge via Spain from National Socialist areas, an urban legend
appeared as a form of derision claiming that the Francos were of Sephardi ancestry.
However Payne explains quotPersistent rumours about Francos alleged Jewish ancestry
have no clear foundation, and Harry S. May, Francisco Franco The Jewish Connection is
somewhat fancifulquot. Furthermore, quota significant portion of the Spanish and Portuguese
populations have some remote Jewish ancestry if this were true of Franco he would simply
be in the position of millions of other Spaniards.quotPayne , p.. quotSpains Franco had one
testiclequot http/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ / hi/ world/ europe/ . stm. BBC News. May . . Retrieved
March . Carmen Franco y Polo, st Duquesa de Franco http/ / www. thepeerage. com/ p. htmi
on thePeerage.com. Retrieved August . quotDiscurso de Franco a los cadetes de la
academia militar de Zaragozaquot http/ / www. generalisimofranco. com/ discurso. htm in
Spanish. June . . Retrieved July . quotRiots Sweep Spain on Lefts Victory Jails Are
Stormedquot, The New York Times, February . Muggeridge, Malcolm, editor, Cianos
Diplomatic Papers, Odhams, London, Mathieson, David July . quotarticle in the Guardian
about Cecil Bebbquot http/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ commentisfree/ / jul/ / post. Guardian
UK. . Retrieved March . quotManifesto de las palmasquot http/ / www. generalisimofranco.
com/ discurso. htm in Spanish. July . . Retrieved July . Santos Juli, coord. Vctimas de la
guerra civil, Madrid, , ISBN quotSpanish Civil Warquot http/ / concise. britannica. com/ ebc/
article/ SpanishCivilWar. Enyclopdia Britannica. Concise.britannica.com. . Retrieved March .
quotLa Memoria de los Nuestrosquot http/ / www. memoriahistocheeserica. org/ alojados/
periquete/ paginas/ noticias. html in Spanish. . Retrieved July . Hugh Thomas, The Spanish
Civil War, revised and enlarged edition , New York Harper amp Row. ISBN . p. Thomas
writes, quotto pacify, rather than to dignify, him.quot op. cit., p. . Thomas, op. cit., p. .
Thomas, op. cit., p. . Thomas, op. cit., pp . Thomas, op. cit., p. . Thomas, op. cit., pp .
Thomas, op. cit., p. . Thomas, op. cit., pp . The Spanish Republic and the civil war , by
Gabriel Jackson, New Jersey, Giles Tremlett in Madrid December . quotSpain torn on tribute
to victims of Francoquot http/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ spain/ article/ ,,,. html. Guardian UK. .
Retrieved March . quotSpanish Civil War Casualtiesquot http/ / www. spartacus. schoolnet.
co. uk/ SPcasualties. htm. Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. . Retrieved March . Recent searches
conducted with parallel excavations of mass graves in Spain in particular by the Association
for the Recovery of Historical Memory, ARMH estimate that the total of people executed after
the war may arrive at a number between , to ,. See for example Fosas Comunes Los
desaparecidos de Franco. La Guerra Civil no ha terminado http/ / www. elmundo. es/
cronica/ / / . html, El Mundo, July Spanish
Francisco Franco
quotMen of La Manchaquot http/ / www. economist. com/ books/ displaystory. cfmstoryid.
Rev. of Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain. The Economist June . Julius Ruiz,
quotDefending the Republic The Garca Atadell Brigade in Madrid, quot http/ / jch. sagepub.
com/ cgi/ content/ abstract/ / / . Journal of Contemporary History . . International justice
begins at home http/ / www. firmaspress. com/ . htm by Carlos Alberto Montaner, Miami
Herald, August Caistor, Nick February . quotSpanish Civil War fighters look backquot http/ /
news. bbc. co. uk/ / hi/ programmes/ fromourowncorrespondent/ . stm. BBC News. .
Retrieved March . quotFrench, ,Camp Vernet, Websitequot http/ / cheminsdememoire. gouv.
fr/ page/ afficheLieu. phpidLangframp idLieu. Cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr. . Retrieved March
. Film documentary http/ / www. histoireimmigration. fr/ index. phplgframp navamp flash on
the website of the Cit nationale de lhistoire de limmigration French quotPablo Neruda The
Poets Callingquot http/ / www. redpoppy. net/ pabloneruda. php. Redpoppy.net. . Retrieved
March . Aderet, Ofer. quotWorld War II document reveals General Franco handed Nazis list
of Spanish Jews.quot http/ / www. haaretz. com/ printedition/ news/
wwiidocumentrevealsgeneralfrancohandednazislistofspanishjews. Haaretz News Agency.
June quotThe Franco Years Policies, Programs, and Growing Popular Unrest.quot A Country
Study Spain lthttp//lcweb.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.htmlesgt Laqueur, Walter Fascism Past,
Present, Future http/ / books. google. com/ booksidfWggQTqioXcCamp dq p. Oxford
University Press De Menses, Filipe Ribeiro Franco and the Spanish Civil War http/ / books.
google. com/ booksidInPGwKfCICamp dq, p. , Routledge Gilmour, David, The
Transformation of Spain From Franco to the Constitutional Monarchy http/ / books. google.
com/ booksidOSEAAAAIAAJamp qamp pgis, p. Quartet Books Payne, Stanley Fascism in
Spain, http/ / books. google. com/ booksidNiDUeOCSGsCamp dq, p. University of Wisconsin
Press Payne, Stanley Fascism in Spain, http/ / books. google. com/
booksidNiDUeOCSGsCamp dq, p. , Univ. of Wisconsin Press Laqueur, Walter Fascism Past,
Present, Future http/ / books. google. com/ booksidfWggQTqioXcCamp dq, p. , Oxford
University Press US quotJack Alston Crichtonquot http/ / www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/
MDcrichton. htm. spartacus.schoolnet.co. . Retrieved April . Roman, Mar. quotSpain frets
over future of flamenco.quot October . Associated Press. http/ / news. yahoo. com/ s/ ap/ /
apenmu/ flamencoforforeigners http/ / search. boe. es/ g/ es/ basesdatos/ tifs.
phpcolecciongazetaamp anyoamp nboamp limAamp pubBOEamp pcoamp pfi http/ / search.
boe. es/ datos/ imagenes/ BOE/ / / A. tif Hamilos, Paul October . quotRallies banned at
Francos mausoleumquot http/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ world/ / oct/ / spain. paulhamilos. The
Guardian UK. . Retrieved January . Europe diary Franco and Finland http/ / news. bbc. co.
uk/ / hi/ europe/ . stm, BBC News, July English retira la estatua de Franco http/ / www.
elpais. com/ articulo/ espana/ Santander/ retira/ estatua/ Franco/ elpepuesp/ elpepunac/
TesSantander, El Pas, December Melilla no retirar la estatua de Franco si Defensa no le da
otra ubicacin http/ / www. elmundo. es/ elmundo/ / / / espana/ . html April Primera condena al
rgimen de Franco en un recinto internacional http/ / www. elmundo. es/ elmundo/ / / /
espana/ . html, EFE, El Mundo, March Spanish Von Martyna Czarnowska, Almunia, Joaquin
EUKommission Ein halbes Jahr Vorsprung http/ / www. wienerzeitung. at/ DesktopDefault.
aspxTabIDamp AliasDossiersamp cobamp DosCob, Weiner Zeitung, February article in
German language. Retrieved August . Luis Gomez and Mabel Galaz, La cosecha del
dictador http/ / www. elpais. com/ articulo/ reportajes/ cosecha/ dictador/ elpepusocdmg/
elpdmgrep/ Tes, El Pais, September Spanish Spain OKs Reparations to Civil War Victims
http/ / www. sfgate. com/ cgibin/ article. cgif/ n/ a/ / / / international/ iD. DTL, Associated
Press, July Politics As Usual The Trials and Tribulations of The Law of Historical Memory in
Spain http/ / www. eumed. net/ entelequia/ pdf/ / ea. pdf, Georgina Blakeley The Open
University, September Proyecto de Ley por la que se reconocen y amplan derechos y se
establecen medidas en favor de quienes padecieron persecucin o violencia durante la
Guerra Civil y la Dictadura http/ / www. senado. es/ legis/ expedientes/ / index. html Spanish
Francisco Franco
Bibliography
Blinkhorn, Martin . Democracy and civil war in Spain . Routledge. ISBN. Carroll, Warren H .
The Last Crusade Spain . Christendom Press. ISBN. Payne, Stanley G . The Phoenix Franco
Regime . Phoenix Press. ISBN. Preston, Paul . Franco A Biography. Basic Books. ISBN.
Notes External links
National Foundation Francisco Franco. http//www.fnff.org Works by or about Francisco
Franco http//worldcat.org/identities/lccnn in libraries WorldCat catalog
Bullfighting
Bullfighting also known as tauromachy, from Greek tauromachia, quotbullfightquot or as
corrida de toros in Spanish is a traditional spectacle of Spain, Portugal, southern France and
some Latin American countries Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru and Ecuador , in which
one or more bulls are baited in a bullring for sport and entertainment. It is often called a blood
sport by its detractors but followers of the spectacle regard it as a fine art and not a sport as
there are no elements of competition in the proceedings. In Portugal it is illegal to kill a bull in
the arena, so it is removed and slaughtered in the pens as fighting bulls can only be used
once. A nonlethal variant stemming from Portuguese influence is also practised on the
Tanzanian island of Pemba.
Bullfighting, douard Manet,
The tradition, as it is practiced today, involves professional toreros also called toreadors, who
execute various formal moves which can be interpreted and innovated according to the
bullfighters style or school, toreros seek to elicit inspiration and art from their work and an
emotional connection with the crowd transmitted
Bullfighting
through the bull . Such maneuvers are performed at close range, which places the bullfighter
at risk of being gored or trampled. The bullfight usually concludes with the killing of the bull
by a single sword thrust which is called estocada. In Portugal the finale consists of a tradition
called the pega, where men forcados try to grab and hold the bull by its horns when it runs at
them. Supporters of bullfighting argue that it is a culturally important tradition and a fully
developed art form on par with painting, dancing and music, while animal rights advocates
hold that it is a blood sport resulting in the suffering of bulls and horses. There are many
historic fighting venues in the Iberian Peninsula, France and Latin America. The largest
venue of its kind is the Plaza de toros Mxico in central Mexico City, which seats , people, and
the oldest is the La Maestranza in Sevilla, Spain, which was first used for bullfighting in .
Bullfighting in provinces of Spain at , exceptions should be noted as the area of Pamplona in
northern, with major bullfighting. In , the Canary Islands became the first Spanish
Autonomous Community to ban bullfighting and Catalonia will become the second Spanish
Autonomous Community to ban bullfighting in January .
Bullfighting in provinces of Spain in the th century, when bullfights were promoted by the
governments as national symbol.
History
Bullfighting traces its roots to prehistoric bull worship and sacrifice. The killing of the sacred
bull tauroctony is the essential central iconic act of Mithras, which was commemorated in the
mithraeum wherever Roman soldiers were stationed. The oldest representation of what
seems to be a man facing a bull is on the celtiberian tombstone from Clunia and the cave
painting quotEl toro de hachosquot, both found in Spain. Bullfighting is often linked to Rome,
where many humanversusanimal events were held. There are also theories that it was
introduced into Hispania by the Emperor Claudius, as a substitute for gladiators, when he
instituted a shortlived ban on gladiatorial combat. The latter theory was supported by Robert
Graves. Picadors are the remnants of the javelin, but their role in the contest is now a
relatively minor one limited to quotpreparingquot the bull for the matador. Bullfighting spread
from Spain to its Central and South American colonies, and in the th century to France,
where it developed into a distinctive form in its own right.
Bullleaping Fresco from Knossos
Bullfighting
Religious festivities and royal weddings were celebrated by fights in the local plaza, where
noblemen would ride competing for royal favor, and the populace enjoyed the excitement.
The Spanish introduced the practice of fighting on foot around . Francisco Romero is
generally regarded as having been the first to do this. This type of fighting drew more
attention from the crowds. Thus the modern corrida, or fight, began to take form, as riding
noblemen were substituted by commoners on foot. This new style prompted the construction
of dedicated bullrings, initially square, like the Plaza de Armas, and later round, to
discourage the cornering of the action. The modern style of Spanish bullfighting is credited to
Juan Belmonte, Mithras killing a bull generally considered the greatest matador of all time.
Belmonte introduced a daring and revolutionary style, in which he stayed within a few inches
of the bull throughout the fight. Although extremely dangerous Belmonte himself was gored
on many occasions, his style is still seen by most matadors as the ideal to be emulated.
Today, bullfighting remains similar to the way it was in , when Francisco Romero, from
Ronda, Spain, used the estoque, a sword, to kill the bull, and the muleta, a small cape used
in the last stage of the fight.
Styles of bullfighting
Originally, there were at least five distinct regional styles of bullfighting practised in
southwestern Europe Andalusia, AragonNavarre, Alentejo, Camargue, Aquitaine. Over time,
these have evolved more or less into standardized national forms mentioned below. The
quotclassicquot style of bullfight, in which the bull is killed, is the form practised in Spain and
many Latin American countries.
Spanishstyle bullfighting
Spanishstyle bullfighting is called corrida de toros literally quotrunning of bullsquot or la fiesta
quotthe festivalquot. In a traditional corrida, three matadores, each fight two bulls, each of
which is between four and six years old and weighs no less than kg ,lb Each matador has six
assistantstwo picadores quotlancers on horsebackquot mounted on horseback, three
banderilleros who along with the matadors are collectively known as toreros
quotbullfightersquot and a mozo de espadas Monument to a bull, Plaza de Toros de Ronda
Ronda bullring, Spain quotsword pagequot. Collectively they comprise a cuadrilla
quotentouragequot. The word quotmatadorquot is only used in English whereas in Spanish
the more general quottoreroquot is used and only when needed to distinguish the full title
quotmatador de torosquot is used. The modern corrida is highly ritualized, with three distinct
stages or tercios quotthirdsquot, the start of each being announced by a bugle sound. The
participants first enter the arena in a parade, called the pasello, to salute the presiding
dignitary, accompanied by band music. Torero costumes are inspired by th century
Andalusian clothing, and matadores are easily distinguished by the gold of their traje de
luces quotsuit of lightsquot as opposed to the lesser banderilleros who are also called toreros
de plata quotbullfighters of silverquot.
Bullfighting
Next, the bull enters the ring to be tested for ferocity by the matador and banderilleros with
the magenta and gold capote quotcapequot. This is the first stage, the tercio de varas
quotthe lancing thirdquot, and the matador first confronts the bull with the capote, performing
a series of passes and observing the behavior and quirks of the bull.
Next, a picador enters the arena on horseback armed with a vara quotlancequot. To protect
the horse from the bulls horns, the horse is surrounded by a protective, padded covering
called quotpetoquot. Prior to , the horse did not wear any protection, and the bull would
usually Plaza de Toros Las Ventas in Madrid disembowel the horse during this stage. Until
this change was instituted, the number of horses killed during a fight was higher than the
number of bulls killed. At this point, the picador stabs just behind the morrillo, a mound of
muscle on the fighting bulls neck, weakening the neck muscles and leading to the animals
first loss of blood. The manner in which the bull charges the horse provides important clues
to the matador about which side the bull favors. If the picador is successful, the bull will hold
its head and horns slightly lower during the following stages of the fight. This ultimately
enables the matador to perform the killing thrust later in the performance. The encounter with
the picador often fundamentally changes the behaviour of a bull, distracted and unengaging
bulls will become more focused and stay on a single target instead of charging at everything
that moves. In the next stage, the tercio de banderillas quotthe third of banderillasquot, the
three banderilleros each attempt to plant two banderillas, sharp barbed sticks into the bulls
shoulders. These anger and invigorate, but further weaken, the bull who has been tired by
his attacks on the horse and the damage he has taken from the lance. Sometimes a matador
will place his own banderillas. If they do so they usually embellish this part of their
performance and employ more varied manoeuvres than the standard quotal cuarteoquot
method usually used by Banderilleros that are part of a Matadors cuadrilla. In the final stage,
the tercio de muerte quotthe third of deathquot, the matador reenters the ring alone with a
small red cape, or muleta, and a sword. It is a common misconception that the color red is
supposed to anger the bull, because bulls, in fact, are colorblind. The cape is thought to be
red to mask the bulls blood, although this is now also a matter of tradition. The matador uses
his cape to attract the bull in a series of passes which serve the dual purpose of wearing the
animal down for the kill and producing a beautiful display or faena. He may also demonstrate
his domination over the bull by caping it especially close to his body. The faena is the entire
performance with the muleta and it is usually broken down into tandas, quotseriesquot, of
passes. The faena ends with a final series of passes in which the matador with a muleta
attempts to maneuver the bull into a position to stab it between the shoulder blades and
through the aorta or heart. The sword is called quotestoquequot and the act of thrusting the
sword is called an estocada. If the matador has performed particularly well, the crowd may
petition the president to award the matador an ear of the bull by waving white handkerchiefs.
If his performance was exceptional, he will award two, and in certain more rural rings a tail
can still be awarded. Very rarely, if the public or the matador believe that the bull has fought
extremely bravely, they may petition the president of the event to grant the bull a pardon
indulto and if granted the bulls life is spared and it is allowed to leave the ring alive and return
to the ranch where it came from. Then the bull becomes a stud bull for the rest of its life.
Bullfighting
Recortes
Recortes, a style of bullfighting practised in Navarra, La Rioja, North of Castille and
Valencian Region, has been far less popular than the traditional corridas. There has been a
recent resurgence of recortes in Spain where they are sometimes shown on TV. This style
was common in the early th century. Etchings by painter Francisco de Goya depict these
events. Recortes claims to differ from a corrida in the following ways
Goya The Speed and Daring of Juanito Apiani in the Ring of
The bull is not physically injured. Drawing blood is Madrid Etching and aquatint rare and the
bull returns to his pen at the end of the performance. The men are dressed in common street
clothes and not in traditional bullfighting dress. Acrobatics are performed without the use of
capes or other props. Performers attempt to evade the bull solely through the swiftness of
their movements. Rituals are less strict so the men have freedom to perform stunts as they
please. Men work in teams but with less role distinction than in a corrida. Teams compete for
points awarded by a jury. Animal rights groups such as PETA object to recortes however,
some people find recortes less objectionable than traditional bullfighting since the bull
survives the ordeal. Since horses are not used, and performers are not professionals,
recortes are less costly to produce.
Portuguese
Most Portuguese bullfights are held in two phases the spectacle of the cavaleiro, and the
pega. In the cavaleiro, a horseman on a Portuguese Lusitano horse specially trained for the
fights fights the bull from horseback. The purpose of this fight is to stab three or four
bandeiras small javelins in the back of the bull. In the second stage, called the pega
quotholdingquot, the forcados, a group of eight men, challenge the bull directly without any
protection or Cavaleiro and bull weapon of defense. The front man provokes the bull into a
charge to perform a pega de cara or pega de caras face grab. The front man secures the
animals head and is quickly aided by his fellows who surround and secure the animal until he
is subdued. Forcados are dressed in a traditional costume of damask or velvet, with long
knitted hats as worn by the campinos bull headers from Ribatejo. The bull is not killed in the
ring and, at the end of the corrida, leading oxen are let into the arena and two campinos on
foot herd the bull among them back to its pen. The bull is usually killed, away from the
audiences sight, by a professional butcher. It can happen that some bulls, after an
exceptional performance, are healed, released to pasture until their end days and used for
breeding.
Bullfighting
French
Since the th century Spanishstyle corridas have been increasingly popular in Southern
France where they enjoy legal protection in areas where there is an uninterrupted tradition of
such bull fights, particularly during holidays such as Whitsun or Easter. Among Frances most
important venues for bullfighting are the ancient Roman arenas of Nmes and Arles, although
there are bull rings across the South from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic coasts. The
French version of bullfighting is unique in that the bulls have a choice not to fight. A more
indigenous genre of bullfighting is widely common in the Provence and Languedoc areas,
and is known alternately as quotcourse librequot or quotcourse camarguaisequot. This is a
bloodless spectacle for the bulls in which the objective is to snatch a rosette from the head of
a young bull. The participants, or raseteurs, begin training in their early teens against young
bulls from the Camargue region of Provence before graduating to regular contests held
principally in Arles and Nmes but also in other Provenal and Languedoc towns and villages.
Before the course, an encierroa quotrunningquot of the bulls in the streetstakes place, in
which young men compete to outrun the charging bulls. The course itself A bullfight in Arles
in . takes place in a small often portable arena erected in a town square. For a period of
about minutes, the raseteurs compete to snatch rosettes cocarde tied between the bulls
horns. They do not take the rosette with their bare hands but with a clawshaped metal
instrument called a raset or crochet hook in their hands, hence their name. Afterwards, the
bulls are herded back to their pen by gardians Camarguais cowboys in a bandido, amidst a
great deal of ceremony. The star of these spectacles are the bulls, who get top billing and
stand to gain fame and statues in their honor, and lucrative product endorsement contracts.
The Roman amphitheatre at Arles being fitted for a corrida
Bullfighting
Another type of French bullfighting is the quotcourse landaisequot style, in which cows are
used instead of bulls. This is a competition between teams named cuadrillas, which belong to
certain breeding estates. A cuadrilla is made up of a teneur de corde, an entraneur, a
sauteur, and six carteurs. The cows are brought to the arena in boxes and then taken out in
order. Teneur de corde controls the dangling rope attached to cows horns and the entraneur
positions the cow to face and attack the player. The carteurs will try, at the last possible
moment, to dodge A raseteur takes a rosette around the cow and the sauteur will leap over
it. Each team aims to complete a set of at least one hundred dodges and eight leaps. This is
the main scheme of the quotclassicquot form, the course landaise formelle. However,
different rules may be applied in some competitions. For example, competitions for Coupe
Jeannot Lafittau are arranged with cows without ropes. At one point it resulted in so many
fatalities that the French government tried to ban it, but had to back down in the face of local
opposition. The bulls themselves are generally fairly small, much less imposing than the
adult bulls employed in the corrida. Nonetheless, the bulls remain dangerous due to their
mobility and vertically formed horns. Participants and spectators share the risk it is not
unknown for angry bulls to smash their way through barriers and charge the surrounding
crowd of spectators. The course landaise is not seen as a dangerous sport by many, but
carteur JeanPierre Rachou died in when a bulls horn tore his femoral artery.
Tamil Nadu or Indian style Jallikattu
Jallikattu or Sallikattu or Eruthazhuvuthal is a bulltaming sport played in Tamil Nadu as a part
of Pongal celebration. It is one of the oldest in the modern era. Although it sounds similar to
the Spanish running of the bulls, it is different. In Jallikattu, the bull is not killed and the
matadors are not supposed to use any weapon. It is held in the villages of Tamil Nadu as a
part of the village festivals held from January to July, every year. The one held in
Alanganallur, near Madurai, is one of the more popular events. This sport is also known as
quotManju Virattuquot, meaning quotchasing the bullquot. Understanding Jallikattu or Manju
Virattu Jallikattu is based on the simple concept of quotflight or fightquot. Cattle are herd and
prey animals and run away from dangerous situations, but there are exceptions. Cape
buffalos stand up against lions and often kill them. The Indian Gaur bull is known for standing
its ground against predators and tigers are wary of attacking a full grown Gaur bull. Aurochs,
the ancestors of domestic cattle, were known for their pugnacious nature. Jallikattu bulls
belong to a few specific breeds of cattle that descended from the kangayam breed of cattle
and these cattle are pugnacious by nature. These cattle are reared in large herds numbering
in the hundreds, with a few cowherds tending to them. These cattle are for all practical
comparisons, wild and only the cowherds can mingle with them without fear of being
attacked. It is from these herds that calves with good characteristics and body conformation
are selected and reared to become jallikattu bulls. These bulls attack not because they are
irritated or agitated or frightened, but because that is their basic nature. There are three
versions of Jallikattu . Vadi manju virattu this version takes place mostly in the districts of
Madurai, Pudukkottai, Theni, Tanjore, and Salem. It has been popularised by television and
films and involves the bull being released from an enclosure through an opening. As the bull
comes out of the enclosure, one person clings to the hump of the bull. The bull in its attempt
to shake him off will bolt in most cases, but some will hook the man with their horns and
throw him off. The rules specify that the person has to hold on to the running bull for a
predetermined distance to win the prize. In this version, only one person is supposed to
attempt catching the bull. Some bulls acquire a reputation and that is enough for them to be
given a unhindered passage out of the enclosure and arena. . Vaeli virattu this version is
more popular in the districts of sivagangai, manamadurai and madurai. The bull is released
in an open ground. This version is the most natural, as the bulls are not restricted in any way
no rope or
Bullfighting determined path. The bulls once released simply run away from the field in any
direction. Most do not even come close to any human. There are a few bulls that do not run
but stand their ground and attack anyone who tries to come near them. These bulls will
quotplayquot for some time from a few minutes to several hours providing a spectacle for
viewers, players and owners alike. . Vadam manjuvirattu quotvadamquot means rope in
Tamil. The bull is tied to a footlong rope m and is free to move within this space. A team of
seven or nine members must attempt to subdue the bull within minutes. This version is safe
for spectators, as the bull is tied and the spectators are shielded by barricades. Training of
jallikattu bulls the calves that are chosen to become jallikattu bulls are fed a nutritious diet so
they develop into strong, sturdy beasts. The bulls are made to swim for exercise. The calves,
once they reach adolescence are taken to small jallikattu events to familiarise them with the
atmosphere. Specific training is given to vadam manju virattu bulls to understand the
restraints of the rope. Apart from this, no other training is provided to jallikattu bulls.
Bullfighting in Oman
Oman is perhaps the only country in the Persian Gulf in which bullfighting is carried out. In
the interiors of the country, temporary bullrings are set up for the events. AlBatena area is
prominent for such events. Wide audiences turn up to see the events unfold. Omani
bullfighting is however not a violent event. The origins of bullfighting in Oman are unknown
though many locals here believe it was brought to Oman by the Moors of Spanish origin. Yet
others say it has a direct connection with Portugal which colonized the Omani coastline for
nearly centuries.
Bullfighting in Oman
Freestyle bullfighting
Freestyle bullfighting is a style of bullfighting developed in American rodeo. The style was
developed by the rodeo clowns who protect bull riders from being trampled or gored by an
angry bull. Freestyle bullfighting is a second competition in which the bullfighter rodeo clown
avoids the bull by means of dodging, jumping and use of a barrel. Competitions are
organized in the US as the World Bullfighting Championship WBC and the Dickies National
Bullfighting Championship under auspices of the Professional Bull Riders PBR.
Comic bullfighting
Comical spectacles based on bullfighting, called espectculos cmicotaurinos or charlotadas,
are still popular in Spain and Mexico, with troupes like El empastre or El bombero torero.
Hazards
Bullfighting
Spanishstyle bullfighting is normally fatal for the bull but it is also dangerous for the matador.
Picadors and banderilleros are sometimes gored, but this is not common. Some matadors,
notably Juan Belmonte, have been gored many times according to Ernest Hemingway,
Belmontes legs were marred by many ugly scars. A special type of surgeon has developed,
in Spain and elsewhere, to treat cornadas, or hornwounds. The bullring has a chapel where a
matador can pray before the corrida, and where a priest can be found in case a sacrament is
needed. The most relevant sacrament is now called quotAnointing of the Sickquot it was
formerly known as quotExtreme Unctionquot, or the quotLast Ritesquot. The media often
reports the more horrific of bullfighting injuries, such as the May piercing of matador Julio
Aparicios chin by a bulls horn.
Dead bullfighter douard Manet, c.
Cultural aspects
Many supporters of bullfighting regard it as a deeply ingrained, integral part of their national
cultures. The aesthetic of bullfighting is based on the interaction of the man and the bull.
Rather than a competitive sport, the bullfight is more of a ritual which is judged by
aficionados bullfighting fans based on artistic impression and command. Ernest Hemingway
said of it in his nonfiction book Death in the Afternoon quotBullfighting is the only art in which
the artist is in danger of death and in which the degree of brilliance in the performance is left
to the fighters honour.quot Bullfighting is seen as a symbol of Spanish culture. The bullfight is
above all about the demonstration of style, technique and courage by its participants. While
there is usually no doubt about the outcome, the bull is not viewed as a sacrificial victimit is
instead seen by the audience as a worthy adversary, deserving of respect in its own right.
Muerte del Maestro Death of the Master Jose Villegas Cordero,
Stuffed bull head in a bar in San Sebastian
Popularity, controversy and criticism
Public opinion
Bullfighting
A Gallup poll found that . of Spaniards express quotno interestquot in bullfighting while .
expressed quotsome interestquot and . quota lot of interest.quot The poll also found
significant generational variety, with of those and older expressing interest, compared with of
those between and years of age. Popularity also varies significantly according to regions in
Spain with it being least popular in Galicia and Catalonia with and of those polled expressing
no interest. Interest is greatest in the zones of the north, centre, east and south, with around
declaring themselves fans and having no interest.
Antibullfight demonstration in Zaragoza
According to a poll conducted by the Sports Marketing Group in Atlanta in , . of Americans
polled hated or strongly disliked bull fighting.
Animal rights
Bullfighting is criticized by animal rights activists, referring to it as a cruel or barbaric blood
sport, in which the bull suffers severe stress and a slow, torturous death. A number of animal
rights or animal welfare activist groups undertake antibullfighting actions in Spain and other
countries. In Spanish, opposition to bullfighting is referred to as antitaurina. Bullfighting guide
The Bulletpoint Bullfight warns that bullfighting is quotnot for the squeamishquot, advising
spectators to quotbe prepared for blood.quot The guide details prolonged and profuse
bleeding caused by horsemounted lancers, the charging by the bull of a blindfolded, armored
horse who is quotsometimes doped up, and unaware of the proximity of the bullquot, the
placing of barbed darts by banderilleros, followed by the matadors fatal sword thrust. The
guide stresses that Bull dying in a bullfight these procedures are a normal part of bullfighting
and that death is rarely instantaneous. The guide further warns those attending bullfights to
quotBe prepared to witness various failed attempts at killing the animal before it lies
down.quot
Funding
It has also been noted by critics that bullfighting is financed with public money. In , the
Spanish fighting bull breeding industry was allocated million euros in grants, and in almost
million. Some of this money comes from European funds to livestock. Bullfighting supporters
argue that almost every single cultural endeavour in Europe is partially financed by public
money and few of them generate the kind of revenue and taxes in return that bullfighting
does through its impact on businesses like hotels, restaurants, insurances and other
industries directly or indirectly linked to the spectacle.
Bullfighting
Style
Another current of criticism comes from aficionados themselves, who may despise modern
developments such as the defiant style quotanticsquot for some of El Cordobs or the lifestyle
of Jesuln de Ubrique, a common subject of Spanish gossip magazines. His quotfemale
audiencequotonly corridas were despised by veterans, many of whom reminisce about times
past, comparing modern bullfighters with early figures.
Politics
Late th century / early th century Findesicle Spanish regeneracionista intellectuals protested
against what they called the policy of pan y toros quotbread and bullsquot, an analogue of
Roman panem et circenses promoted by politicians to keep the populace content in its
oppression. During the Franco dictatorship bullfights were supported by the state as
something genuinely Spanish, as the fiesta nacional, so that bullfights became associated
with the regime and, for this reason, many thought they would decline after the transition to
democracy, but this did not happen. Later socialdemocratic governments, particularly the
current government of Jos Luis Rodrguez Zapatero, have generally been more opposed to
bullfighting, prohibiting children under from attending and limiting or prohibiting the broadcast
of bullfights on national TV. Some in Spain despise bullfighting because of its association
with the Spanish nation and the Franco regime. Despite the long history and popularity of
bullfighting in Barcelona, in it was banned in the Catalonia region, although this move has
been criticized by some as being motivated by issues of Catalan independentism rather than
animal rights, even when the law that banned it was proposed by an animal rights civic
platform called quotProuquot quotEnoughquot in Catalan. The Spanish Royal Family is
divided on the issue, from Queen Sophia who does not hide her dislike for bullfights, to King
Juan Carlos who occasionally presides over a bullfight from the royal box as part of his
official duties, to their daughter Princess Elena who is well known for her liking of bullfights
and who often accompanies the king in the presiding box or attends privately in the general
seating. The King has allegedly stated, that quotthe day the EU bans bullfighting is the day
Spain leaves the EUquot.
Religion
In Judaism, the Talmud Nezikin Avodah Zarah discusses the Rabbis warning against visiting
quotstadiums and circuses.quot Prominent eleventhcentury scholar Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaki
Rashi interpreted quotstadiumsquot as referring to quota place where they taunt the bull.quot
Eighteenthcentury scholar Rabbi Yechezkel Landau Noda BiYehuda was asked if one may
hunt for sport. He answered that one may not, for it involves putting oneself in danger and is
a demonstration of cruelty toward animals. Former Chief Rabbi of Israel Rav Ovadia Yosef
was asked specifically if one may watch a bullfight. He answered that it is forbidden one must
not go to places where performing acts of cruelty against animals is made into a form of
amusement.
Media prohibitions
Staterun Spanish TVE cancelled live coverage of bullfights in August , claiming that the
coverage was too violent for children who might be watching, and that live coverage violated
a voluntary, industrywide code attempting to limit quotsequences that are particularly crude
or brutalquot. In October , in a statement to Congress, Luis Fernndez, the President of
Spanish State Broadcaster TVE, confirmed that the station will no longer broadcast live
bullfights due to the high cost of production and a rejection of the events by advertisers.
However the station will continue to broadcast Tendido Cero, a bullfighting magazine
programme. Having the national Spanish TV stop broadcasting it, after years of history, was
considered a big step for its abolition. Nevertheless, other regional and private channels
keep broadcasting it with good audiences. A Portuguese television station also prohibited the
broadcasting of bullfights in January , because they are too violent for minors. In March ,
Viana do Castelo, a city in northern Portugal, became the first city in that
Bullfighting country to ban bullfighting. Mayor Defensor Moura cited torture and imposition of
unjustifiable suffering as a factor in arriving at the ban. The citys bullfighting arena will be torn
down to accommodate a new cultural centre.
Bans
Preth century Pope Pius V issued a papal bull titled De Salute Gregis in November which
forbade fighting of bulls and any other beasts as the voluntary risk to life endangered the soul
of the combatants, but it was abolished eight years later by his successor, Pope GregoryXIII,
at the request of king PhilipII. Bullfighting was introduced in Uruguay in by Spain and
abolished by Uruguayan law in February . Bullfighting was also introduced in Argentina by
Spain but after Argentinas independence the event drastically diminished in popularity and
was abolished in under law . Bullfighting also saw a presence in Cuba during its colonial
period but was quickly abolished after its independence in . During the th and th centuries
bullfighting in Spain was banned at several occasions for instance by PhilipV but always
reinstituted later by other governments. th century onwards Bullfighting is now banned in
many countries people taking part in such activity would be liable for terms of imprisonment
for animal cruelty. quotBloodlessquot variations, though, are permitted and have attracted a
following in California, and France. In , the Canary Islands became the first Spanish
Autonomous Community to ban bullfighting, when they legislated to ban bullfights and other
spectacles that involve cruelty to animals, with the exception of cockfighting, which is
traditional in some towns in the Islands. Some supporters of bullfighting and even Lorenzo
Olarte Cullen, Canarian head of government at the time, have argued that the fighting bull is
not a quotdomestic animalquot and hence the law does not ban bullfighting. The absence of
spectacles since would be due to lack of demand. In the rest of Spain, national laws against
cruelty to animals have abolished most blood sports, but specifically exempt bullfighting.
Several cities around the world have symbolically declared themselves to be AntiBullfighting
Cities, including Barcelona, where the last bullfighting ring closed in . On December ,
Ecuadors president Rafael Correa announced that in a upcoming referendum, the country
will be asked whether to ban bullfighting. Catalonia On December , the parliament of
Catalonia, one of Spains seventeen Autonomous Communities, approved by majority the
preparation of a law to ban bullfighting in Catalonia, as a response to a popular initiative
against bullfighting that gathered more than , signatures. On July , with the two main parties
allowing their members a free vote, the ban was passed to , with abstentions. This meant
Catalonia became the second Community of Spain first was Canary Islands in , and the first
on the mainland, to ban bullfighting. The ban takes effect in January , and would only affect
the one remaining functioning Catalonian bullring, the Plaza de toros Monumental de
Barcelona. It would not affect the correbous, a traditional game of the Ebro where lit flares
are attached to a bulls horns. The correbous however is only seen in the municipalities in the
south of
Plaza de toros de Acho in Lima, Peruthe oldest bullring in South America, dating back to
Bullfighting Tarragona, and is essentially Catalan. Ecuador In a referendum in May ,
Ecuadorians agree on banning bullfighting in the country after centuries.
References
http/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ hopper/ textdocPerseustext. . entrytauromaxi/ a, Henry
George Liddell, Robert Scott, A GreekEnglish Lexicon, on Perseus http/ / www.
casinternational. org/ es/ home/ sufrimientodetorosycaballos/ corridasdetoros/
corridasdetorosenlatinoamerica/ online descriptions in English most available references are
in Swahili http/ / janus. lib. cam. ac. uk/ db/ node. xspidEAD/ GBR/ / RCMS / YQ/ / Photos of
Pemba bullfight on Flikr http/ / www. flickr. com/ photos/ alaindsn/ sets/
quotwww.worldstadiums.comquot http/ / www. worldstadiums. com/ northamerica/ countries/
mexico/ centralmexico. shtml. www.worldstadiums.com. . Retrieved . http/ / www.
realmaestranza. com/ PAGINASR/ historiapt. htm Guillaume ROUSSEL. quotPierre tombale
de Clunia Lencyclopdie LArbre Celtiquequot http/ / www. arbreceltique. com/ encyclopedie/
pierretombaledeclunia. htm. Arbreceltique.com. . Retrieved . Toro de Lidia . quotToro de
Lidia Toro de lidiaquot http/ / www. cetnotorolidia. es/ opencmswf/ opencms/ torodelidia/
origenehistoria/ index. html. Cetnotorolidia.es. . Retrieved . Royal Decree /, of February, to
modify and reword the Regulations of Taurine Spectacles http/ / legislacion. . es/ idesidweb.
html quotbullfighting.quot Encyclopdia Britannica. . Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Jan. http/ /
www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ / bullfightinggt. quotLonghornInformation
handlingquot http/ / www. itla. net/ index. cfmsecLonghornInformationamp conhandling. ITLA.
. Retrieved . http/ / iacuc. tennessee. edu/ pdf/ PoliciesAnimalCare/ CattleBasicCare. pdf
Isaacson, Andy, , quotCalifornias bloodless bullfights keep Portuguese tradition alivequot
http/ / sfgate. com/ cgibin/ article. cgifile/ c/ a/ / / / TRURCGLG. DTL, San Francisco
Chronicle. Vaches Pour Cash LEconomie de LEncierro Provenale, Dr. Yves OMalley,
Nanterre University . http/ / www. mangalorean. com/ browsearticles. phparttypeFeatureamp
articleid Bullfighting Spactacles State Norms in Spanish http/ / www. ganaderoslidia. com/
webroot/ rd. htm Example Los espectculos cmicotaurinos no podrn celebrarse
conjuntamente con otros festejos taurinos en los que se d muerte a las reses. quotSpanish
bull fighter suffers horrific injury as bulls horn enters beneath the chin and comes out of
mouthquot http/ / www. nationalturk. com/ en/
bullfightinjuryasmatadorgoredthroughchininmadridspain. May , . . Retrieved May .
quotEncuesta Gallup Inters por las corridas de toros In Spanishquot http/ / www. columbia.
edu/ itc/ spanish/ cultura/ texts/ GallupCorridasToros. htm. Columbia.edu. . Retrieved .
quotMost hated sports Going to the dogsquot http/ / nbcsports. msnbc. com/ id/ / .
nbcsports.msnbc.com. . . Retrieved . quotWhat is bullfightingquot http/ / www. league. org.
uk/ content. aspCategoryID. . quotRunning of the Bulls Factsheetquot http/ / www.
runningofthenudes. com/ bullfightingfacts. asp. . quotICABS calls on Vodafone to drop
bullfighting from adquot http/ / www. banbloodsports. com/ lnc. htm. . quotThe suffering of
bullfighting bullsquot http/ / english. stieren. net/ index. phpid. . The Bulletpoint Bullfight, p. ,
ISBN No permitas que tus impuestos financien la tortura a los toros Acta ya. http/ / www.
animanaturalis. org/ post/ NopermitasquetusimpuestosfinancienlatorturaalostorosiActuaya
AnimaNaturalis Spanish Parte de nuestros impuestos se dedican a financiar estas prcticas.
Cada gallego aporta euros al ao a la tauromaquia http/ / elprogreso. galiciae. com/ nova/ .
html July . El Progreso Spanish Los alcaldes antitaurinos cierran el grifo a las corridas http/ /
www. publico. es/ espana/ actualidad/ / alcaldes/ antitaurinos/ cierran/ grifo/ corridas Pblico
Spanish quotFor a Bullfightingfree europequot http/ / www. bullfightingfreeeurope. org/ .
Bullfightingfreeeurope.org. . Retrieved . quotBullfighting ban and the horns of a dilemma for
Spainquot http/ / www. yorkshirepost. co. uk/ features/ Bullfightingbanandthehorns. . jp. July ,
. . quotCatalonia bans bullfighting in landmark Spain votequot http/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/
worldeurope. British Broadcasting Corporation. . . Retrieved . quotQueen Sofia of Spain
Phantisquot http/ / wiki. phantis. com/ index. php/ QueenSofiaofSpain. Wiki.phantis.com. . .
Retrieved . quotCasa de Su Majestad el Rey de Espaaquot http/ / www. casareal. es/
noticias/ news/ CorridaTorosPrensaidesidweb. html. Casareal.es. . . Retrieved .
Bullfighting
gerrit schimmelpeninck. quotCasa Realquot http/ / www. portaltaurino. com/ corazon/
casareal. htm. Portaltaurino.com. . Retrieved . quotPlaza de Toros de Las Ventasquot http/ /
www. lasventas. com/ cronicas/ / portada. htm. Lasventas.com. . Retrieved . quotPlaza de
Toros de Las Ventasquot http/ / asp. lasventas. com/ noticias/ noticiadetalle. aspcodigoamp
codigoseccion. Asp.lasventas.com. . Retrieved . quotwww.spanishfiestas.comquot http/ /
www. spanishfiestas. com/ bullfighting/ . . quotMilhamoth Shewarimquot Hebrew http/ / www.
halachayomit. co. il/ DisplayRead. aspreadID, quotHalacha Yomit,quot October , accessed
December . No more ole Matadors miffed as Spain removes bullfighting from state TV http/ /
www. news. com/ news/ international/ article. jspcontentwA TVE explains the decision not to
broadcast bullfighting is a financial one http/ / www. typicallyspanish. com/ news/ publish/
article. shtml AFP/ . quotLas corridas de toros corren peligro en TVE Nacional Nacionalquot
http/ / www. abc. es/ hemeroteca/ historico/ abc/ Nacional/
lascorridasdetoroscorrenpeligroentve. html. Abc.es. . Retrieved . ASANDA. quotPROHBEN
CORRIDAS DE TOROS PARA NIOS EN COSTA RICA ASANDA Asociacin Andaluza para
la Defensa de los Animalesquot http/ / www. asanda. org/ index. phpnameNewsamp
filearticleamp sid. ASANDA. . Retrieved . quotLandmark bullfighting banquot http/ / www.
news. com/ News/ World/ News/ ,,,. html. News.com. . . Retrieved . http/ / www. allcreatures.
org/ ca/ archivedesalutegregis. html Veronica Cerrato. quotDesde , Argentina sin Corridas de
Toros //quot http/ / www. animanaturalis. org/ p/ . Animanaturalis.org. . Retrieved .
quotBloodless bullfights animate Californias San Joaquin Valleyquot http/ / travel. latimes.
com/ articles/ latrwcaliforniabullfightingjul. The Los Angeles Times. . . quotCanary Islands
Government. Law /, dated April the th, for animal protection Spanishquot http/ / www.
gobiernodecanarias. org/ boc/ / / . html. Gobiernodecanarias.org. . . Retrieved . quotLa
prohibicin de la tauromaquia un captulo del antiespaolismo catalnquot http/ / www. elmundo.
es/ elmundo/ / / / toros/ . html. El Mundo. . . Retrieved . quotLos toros no estn prohibidos en
Canariasquot http/ / www. mundotoro. com/ noticia/ lostorosnoestanprohibidosencanarias/ .
Mundotoro. . . Retrieved . Fiona Govan, quot Bullfightings Future in Doubt http/ / www.
telegraph. co. uk/ news/ worldnews/ / Bullfightingsfutureindoubt. html,quot The Telegraph
Dec. . quotLas corridas de toros irn a referendumquot by El Comercio EcuadorEl Comercio
http/ / www. elcomercio. com/ / Home/ NoticiaPrincipal/ corridastorosreferendum. aspx
quotCorrea anuncia consulta popular sobre corridas de torosquot by El Telegrafo http/ /
www. telegrafo. com. ec/ actualidad/ noticia/ archive/ actualidad/ / / /
Correaanunciaconsultapopularsobrecorridasdetoros. aspx quotCorrea anuncia consulta
popular sobre seguridad, justicia y corridas de torosquot by El Universo http/ / www.
eluniverso. com/ / / / / / correaanunciaconsultapopularsobreseguridadjusticiacorridastoros.
htmlpamp m quotLlum verda a la supressi de les corrides de toros a Catalunyaquot http/ /
www. avui. cat/ cat/ notices/ / / llumverdaalasupressiodelescorridesdetorosacatalunya. php.
Avui.cat. . . Retrieved . Raphael Minder . quotSpanish Region Bans Bullfightingquot http/ /
www. nytimes. com/ / / / world/ europe/ spain. htmlrefworld. nytimes.com. . Retrieved . http/ /
www. typicallyspanish. com/ news/ publish/ article. shtmlixzzNKQxwpk http/ / www.
irishtimes. com/ newspaper/ world/ / / . html
Further reading
Hemingway, Ernest Death in the Afternoon Elisabeth HardouinFugier. Bullfighting A
Troubled History U. of Chicago Press, pages, ISBN Ciofalo, John J. quotThe Artist in the
Vicinity of Death.quot The SelfPortraits of Francisco Goya. Cambridge University Press, .
Shadow of a Bull, book by Maia Wojciechowska about a bullfighters son Poon, Wena, Alex y
Robert http//www.saltpublishing.com/books/smf/.htm, Salt Publishing, London, . Novel about
an American teenage girl training as a matador in contemporary Spain. Ogorzaly, Michael A,
When Bulls Cry The Case Against Bullfighting, , AuthorHouse, ISBN
Bullfighting
External links
Bullfighting Culture amp Controversy http//www.life.com/image/first/ingallery//
bullfightingculturecontroversy slideshow by Life magazine Bullfighting in Barcelona
http//www.thefirstpost.co.uk/
,inpictures,newsinpictures,barcelonabansbullfightinginpicturescataloniajosetomas slideshow
by The First Post Israel Lancho, Spanish Bullfighter Gored http//www.huffingtonpost.com////
israelspanishbuln.html, The Huffington Post, May , Supporting bullfighting Faq
http//coloquio.com/toros/timfaq.html Story of a matador http//www.storyofamatador.com ,
produced by David L. Wolper Against bullfighting Complete dossier about bullfighting spanish
http//www.acabemosconlatauromaquia.com CAS International Comit Anti Stierenvechten
http//www.casinternational.org/en International Movement Against Bullfight IMAB
http//www.iwab.org/ Federation of AntiBullfighting Societies FLAC
http//www.flacanticorrida.org/anglais/indexgb.html
League Against Cruel Sports http//www.league.org.uk/content.aspCategoryID Partido
Antitaurino Contra el Maltrato Animal Antibullfighting party against animal abuse
http//pacma.es Movimento AntiTouradas de Portugal http//www.matponline.org
Madrid
Madrid
Madrid
Flag
Coat of arms
Motto Fui sobre agua edificada, mis muros de fuego son. Esta es mi insignia y blasn quotOn
water I was built, my walls are made of fire. This is my ensign and escutcheonquot
Madrid
Location of Madrid within Spain
Madrid
Madrid
Location of Madrid within the Community of Madrid Coordinates N W Country Region
Founded Government Type Body Mayor Area Land Metro Elevation Population City Rank
Density Metro Demonym ,, st /km./sqmi ,, Madrilenian Spanish madrileo m madrilea f
matritense CET UTC km.sqmi ,km,sqmi m ft Mayorcouncil Ayuntamiento de Madrid Alberto
RuizGallardn PP Spain Community of Madrid Prehistory
Time zone
SummerDST CEST UTC Postal code Area codes Patron Saints Spain Madrid Isidore the
Laborer Virgin of Almudena www.munimadrid.es
Website
Madrid Madrid English pronunciation/mdrd/, Spanishmai is the capital and largest city in
Spain. The population of the city is roughly .million and the entire population of the Madrid
metropolitan area is calculated to be nearly million. It is the third largest city in the European
Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan area is the third largest in the European
Union after Paris and London. The city spans a total of .km .sqmi. Madrid urban
agglomeration has the rd largest GDP in the European Union and its influences in politics,
education, entertainment, environment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to
its status as one of the worlds major global cities. Due to its economic output, high standard
of living, and market size, Madrid is considered the major financial centre of Southern Europe
and the Iberian Peninsula it hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Spanish
companies. Madrid is the most touristic city of Spain, the fourthmost touristic of the continent,
and is the th most livable city in the world according to Monocle magazine, in its index.
Madrid also ranks among the greenest European cities in . The city is located on the
Manzanares river in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid which
comprises the city of Madrid, its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages this
community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and Len and CastileLa
Mancha. As the capital city of Spain, seat of government, and residence of the Spanish
monarch, Madrid is also the political center of Spain. The current mayor is Alberto
RuizGallardn from the Peoples Party PP. While Madrid possesses a modern infrastructure, it
has preserved the look and feel of many of its historic neighbourhoods and streets. Its
landmarks include the Royal Palace of Madrid the Teatro Real Royal theatre with its restored
Opera House the Buen Retiro park, founded in the thcentury National Library building
founded in containing some of Spains historical archives an archaeological museum and the
Golden Triangle of Art, located along the Paseo del Prado and comprising three art
museums Prado Museum, the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofa, a museum of
modern art, and the ThyssenBornemisza Museum, housed in the renovated Villahermosa
Palace.
Toponym
There are several theories regarding the origin of the name quotMadridquot. According to
legend Madrid was founded by Ocno Bianor son of King Tyrrhenius of Tuscany and Mantua
and was named quotMetragirtaquot or quotMantua Carpetanaquot. Others contend that the
original name of the city was quotUrsariaquot quotland of bearsquot in Latin, due to the high
number of these animals that were found in the adjacent forests, which, together with the
strawberry tree Spanish madroo, have been the emblem of the city from the Middle Ages.
Alcal Street and the Metropolis Building
The most ancient recorded name of the city Magerit for Materit or Mageterit comes from the
name of a fortress built on the Manzanares River in the th century AD, and means quotPlace
of abundant waterquot. If the form is correct, it could be a Celtic placename from ritu ford Old
Welsh rit, Welsh rhyd, Old Breton rit, Old Northern French roy and a first element, that is not
clearly identified mageto derivation of magos field plain Old Irish mag field, Breton ma place,
or matu bearquot, that could explain the Latin translation Ursalia. Nevertheless , it is now
commonly believed that the origin of the current name of the city comes from the nd century
BC. The Roman Empire established a settlement on the banks of the Manzanares river. The
name of this first village was quotMatricequot a reference to the river that crossed the
settlement. Following the invasions carried out by the Germanic Sueves and Vandals, as well
as the Sarmatic Alans during the th century AD, the Roman Empire no longer had the military
presence required to defend its territories on the Iberian Peninsula, and as a consequence,
Madrid these territories were soon overrun by the Visigoths. The barbarian tribes
subsequently took control of quotMatricequot. In the th century, the Islamic conquest of the
Iberian Peninsula saw the name changed to quotMayritquot, from the Arabic term quot
Mayraquot referencing water as a quottreesquot or quotgiver of lifequot and the IberoRoman
suffix quotitquot that means quotplacequot. The modern quotMadridquot evolved from the
Mozarabic quotMatritquot, which is still in the Madrilenian gentilic.
History
Middle Ages
Although the site of modernday Madrid has been occupied since prehistoric times, in the
Roman era this territory belonged to the diocese of Complutum presentday Alcal de
Henares. There are archeological remains of a small village during the visigoth epoch, whose
name might have been adopted later by Arabs. The origins of the modern city come from the
th century, when Muhammad I ordered the construction of a small palace in the same place
that is today occupied by the Palacio Real. Around this palace a small citadel, alMudaina,
was built. The citadel was conquered in by Christian king Alfonso VI of Leon and Castile in
his advance towards Toledo. He reconsecrated the mosque as the church of the Virgin of
Almudena almudin, the garrisons granary. In , the Cortes Generales first assembled in the
city to advise Alfonso XI of Castile. Sephardi Jews and Moors continued to live in the city
until they were expelled at the end of the th century. After troubles and a large fire, Henry III
of Castile rebuilt the city and established himself safely fortified outside its walls in El Pardo.
The grand entry of Ferdinand and Isabella to Madrid heralded the end of strife between
Castile and Aragon, and the beginning of the influence of the Renaissance in Spain.
Modern Age
The Crown of Castile, with its capital at Toledo, and the Crown of Aragon, with its capital at
Zaragoza, were welded into modern Spain by the Catholic Monarchs Queen Isabella of
Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. Though their grandson Charles I of Spain also
known as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor favoured Seville, it was Charles son, Philip II who
moved the court to Madrid in . Although he made no official declaration, the seat of the court
was the de facto capital. Seville continued to control commerce with Spains colonies, but
Madrid controlled Seville.
Plaza Mayor
Aside from a brief period, , when Felipe III installed his court in Valladolid, Madrids fortunes
have closely mirrored those of Spain. During the Siglo de Oro Golden Century, in the th/th
century, Madrid knew its ultimate glory El Escorial, the great royal monastery built by King
Philip II of Spain, invited the attention of some of Europes greatest architects and painters.
Diego Velzquezpainter of Las Meninas and The Surrender of Breda, regarded as one of the
most influential painters of European history and a greatly respected artist in his own time,
cultivated a relationship with King Philip IV and his chief minister, the CountDuke of Olivares,
leaving us several portraits that demonstrate his style and skill. El Greco, another respected
artist Puerta de Alcal. from the period, infused Spanish art with the styles of the Italian
renaissance and helped create a uniquely Spanish style of painting.
Madrid Madrid was one of the cultural centers during the Spanish Golden Century. The
Spanish court attracted many top Spanish artists and writers to the city, including Miguel de
Cervantes author of Don Quixote de la Mancha and the aforementioned Diego Velasquez.
Furthermore, in the city were born many of the great writers of this period Lope de Vega,
Francisco de Quevedo, Calderon de la Barca and Tirso de Molina, and the last of the great
painters of the Golden Age, Claudio Coello. The renowned Renaissance architect Juan de
Herrera designed the Plaza Mayor, which was built in the city during the Habsburg period as
a central plaza. It is located near another famous plaza, the Puerta del Sol. New palaces
including the Palacio Real de Madrid were built during Philip Vs reign. However, it would not
be until Charles III that Madrid would become a modern city. Charles III was one of the most
popular kings in the history of Madrid, and the saying quotthe best mayor, the kingquot
became popular during those times. When Charles IV became king the people of Madrid
revolted. After the Mutiny of Aranjuez, which was led by his own son Ferdinand VII against
him, Charles IV resigned, but Ferdinand VIIs reign would be short in May Napoleons troops
entered the city.
From th century to present day
On the second of May Spanish Dos de Mayo, , the people of Madrid rebelled against the
occupation of the city by French troops, provoking a repression by the French Imperial forces
and triggering the Spanish War of Independence. After the war of independence Ferdinand
VII came back to the throne, but after a liberal military revolution, Rafael del Riego made the
king swear respect to the Constitution. This would start a period where liberal and
conservative government alternated, that would end with the enthronement of Isabellla II .
She could not Plaza de Cibeles suppress the political tension that would lead to yet another
revolt, the First Spanish Republic. This was later followed by the return of the monarchy to
Madrid, then the creation of the Second Spanish Republic, preceding the Spanish Civil War.
Madrid was one of the most heavily affected cities of Spain in the Civil War . The city was a
stronghold of the Republicans from July . Its western suburbs were the scene of an allout
battle in November and it was during the Civil War that Madrid became the first European
city to be bombed by airplanes Japan was the first to bomb civilians in world history, at
Shanghai in specifically targeting civilians in the history of warfare. See Siege of Madrid .
Madrid
During the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, especially during the s, the city experienced
unprecedented, extraordinary development in terms of population and wealth, becoming the
largest GDP city in Spain, and ranking third in Western Europe. The municipality is extended,
annexing neighbouring council districts, to achieve the present extension of km. The south of
Madrid became very industrialized, and there were massive migrations from rural areas of
Spain into the city. Madrids newly built northwestern districts became the home of the new
thriving middle class that appeared as result of the s Spanish economic boom, while
southeastern periphery became an extensive working class settlement, which was the base
for an active cultural and political reform. After the death of Franco, emerging democratic
parties including those of leftwing and republican ideology accepted King Juan Carlos I as
both Francos successor and as the heir of the historic dynasty in order to secure stability and
democracy. This led Spain to its current position as a constitutional monarchy, with Madrid
as capital.
CTBA skyscrapers
Benefiting from increasing prosperity in the s and s, the capital city of Spain has consolidated
its position as an important economic, cultural, industrial, educational, and technological
centre on the European continent.
Climate
The Madrid region features a Continental Mediterranean climate Kppen Csa with cold winters
due to altitude m over the sea level in Alicante, including sporadic snowfalls and minimum
temperatures often below freezing. Summer tends to be hot with temperatures that
consistently surpass C F in July and August and rarely above C F. Due to Madrids altitude
and dry climate, diurnal ranges are often significant during the summer. Precipitation, though
concentrated in the autumn and spring, can be observed throughout the year.
Madrid
Water supply
Madrid derives almost percent of its water supply from dams and reservoirs built on the
Lozoya River, such as the El Atazar Dam.
Districts
Madrid is administratively divided into districts, which are further subdivided into wards
barrios
Madrid districts. The numbers correspond with the list in the left
.......
Centro Palacio, Embajadores, Cortes, Justicia, Universidad, Sol. Arganzuela Imperial,
Acacias, La Chopera, Legazpi, Delicias, Palos de Moguer, Atocha. Retiro Pacfico, Adelfas,
Estrella, Ibiza, Jernimos, Nio Jess. Salamanca Recoletos, Goya, Parque de las Avenidas,
Fuente del Berro, Guindalera, Lista, Castellana. Chamartn El Viso, Prosperidad, Ciudad
Jardn, Hispanoamrica, Nueva Espaa, Castilla. Tetun Bellas Vistas, Cuatro Caminos,
Castillejos, Almenara, Valdeacederas, Berruguete. Chamber Gaztambide, Arapiles,
Trafalgar, Almagro, Vallehermoso, Ros Rosas.
Madrid . FuencarralEl Pardo El Pardo, Fuentelarreina, Peagrande, Barrio del Pilar, La Paz,
Valverde, Mirasierra, El Goloso. . MoncloaAravaca Casa de Campo, Argelles, Ciudad
Universitaria, Valdezarza, Valdemarn, El Planto, Aravaca. . Latina Los Crmenes, Puerta del
ngel, Lucero, Aluche, Las guilas, Campamento, Cuatro Vientos. . Carabanchel Comillas,
Opael, San Isidro, Vista Alegre, Puerta Bonita, Buenavista, Abrantes. . Usera Orcasitas,
Orcasur, San Fermn, Almendrales, Moscard, Zofo, Pradolongo. . Puente de Vallecas
Entrevas, San Diego, Palomeras Bajas, Palomeras Sureste, Portazgo, Numancia. .
Moratalaz Pavones, Horcajo, Marroquina, Media Legua, Fontarrn, Vinateros. . Ciudad Lineal
Ventas, Pueblo Nuevo, Quintana, La Concepcin, San Pascual, San Juan Bautista, Colina,
Atalaya, Costillares. . Hortaleza Palomas, Valdefuentes, Canillas, Pinar del Rey, Apstol
Santiago, Piovera. . Villaverde San Andrs, San Cristbal, Butarque, Los Rosales, Los ngeles.
. Villa de Vallecas Casco Histrico de Vallecas, Santa Eugenia. . Viclvaro Casco Histrico de
Viclvaro, Ambroz. . San Blas Simancas, Helln, Amposta, Arcos, Rosas, Rejas, Canillejas,
Salvador. . Barajas Alameda de Osuna, Aeropuerto, Casco Histrico de Barajas, Timn,
Corralejos.
Metropolitan area
The Madrid Metropolitan Area comprises the city of Madrid and forty surrounding
municipalities. It has a population of slightly more than .million people and covers an area of
.,km. It is the largest metropolitan area in Spain and the third largest in European Union. As
with many metropolitan areas of similar size, two distinct zones of urbanisation can be
distinguished Inner ring primera corona Alcorcn, Legans, Getafe, Mstoles, Fuenlabrada,
Coslada, Alcobendas, Pozuelo de Alarcn, San Fernando de Henares Outer ring segunda
corona Villaviciosa de Odn, Parla, Pinto, Valdemoro, RivasVaciamadrid, Torrejn de Ardoz,
Alcal de Henares, San Sebastin de los Reyes, Tres Cantos, Las Rozas de Madrid,
Majadahonda, Boadilla del Monte The largest suburbs are to the South, and in general along
the main routes leading out of Madrid.
Submetropolitan areas
A new project, has stated there are more submetropolitan areas inside Madrid metropolitan
area
Madrid submetropolitan areas
Madrid
Submetropolitan area
Area Population Density km pop. pop./km . . . . . . . . ,. ,, , , , , , , , ,, ,. ,. . . . . . . ,.
Madrid Majadahonda Mstoles Alcorcn Fuenlabrada Legans Getafe Parla Pinto Valdemoro
Alcobendas Arganda del Rey RivasVaciamadrid Alcal de Henares Torrejn de Ardoz
Colmenar Viejo Tres Cantos Collado Villalba Madrid metropolitan area
Architecture
Although the site of Madrid has been occupied since prehistoric times, the first historical data
that concerns the city dates from the middle of the th century, when Mohammad I ordered
the construction of a small palace site occupied now by the Palacio Real. Around this palace
there was built a small citadel alMudaina. The palace was built overlooking the River
Manzanares, which the Muslims called Mayrit meaning source of water which in turn became
Magerit, and then eventually Madrid. The citadel was conquered in by Alfonso VI in his
advance towards Toledo. He reconsecrated the mosque as the Temple of Debod church of
the Virgin of Almudena almudin, the garrisons granary, now the Catedral de la Almudena. In
the Cortes first assembled in Madrid to advise Fernando IV. Jews and Moors continued to
live in the city in their quarter, still known today as the quotMoreriaquot, until they were
expelled. When Philip II moved his court permanently to Madrid, the city began to be
embellished with various palaces, convents, churches and other historic buildings, most of
which have survived to the present. This Madrid, known as the Madrid de los Austrias, is the
most artistic and culturally rich of all historical times to the city. The chief architect of the time
was Juan Gomez de Mora, stylistic heir of Juan de Herrera and their sober traces, but he
began to use Baroque elements.The work of this stage is the Plaza Mayor, and many
Baroque religious buildings.
View of the Royal Palace and Almudena Cathedral from Debod Temple
Madrid
With the Bourbons began a new era in the city.The Royal Palace of Madrid and the buildings
and monuments of the Paseo del Prado Saln del Prado and Alcal Gate deserve special
mention. They were constructed in a sober Baroque international style, often mistaken for
neoclassical, by the Bourbon kings. Neoclassical also appears at this time, with Juan de
Villanueva, author of El Prado Museum building. He is possibly the greatest Spanish
architect of those times.
Royal Palace of Madrid western facade is the largest palace of Western Europe
In the early th century began the construction of Gran Va, with the task of freeing the old
town. They used different styles that evolve over time art nouveau, art deco, expressionist ...
The Edificio Telefnica, of American inspiration, at the highest part of Gran Va, is usually
considered the first skyscraper in Europe. And finally in the Francos period the totalitarian
style, the two skyscrapers in the Plaza de Espaa.
The Gran Via
Plans for the construction of a new cathedral for Madrid dedicated to the Virgin of Almudena
began in the th century, but the slow construction did not begin until . Francisco de Cubas,
the Marquis of Cubas, was the architect who designed and directed the construction in a
Gothic revival style. Construction ceased completely during the Spanish Civil War. The
project was abandoned until , when Fernando Chueca Goitia adapted the plans of de Cubas
to a neoclassical style exterior to match the grey and white faade of the Palacio Real, which
stands directly opposite. and was not completed until , when the cathedral was consecrated
by Pope John Paul II. On Calle Princesa, in the heart of the district of Moncloa, lies el Ejrcito
del Aire, the headquarters of the Spanish Air Force. A scaleddown replica of the famous
Monastery San Lorenzo del Escorial which lies about kilometers northeast of Madrid, el
Ejrcito del Aire is a classic example of Fascist Neoclassicism in Madrid.
Canalejas Square
The financial district in downtown Madrid between the streets Raimundo Fernndez
Villaverde, Orense, General Pern and Paseo de la Castellana, its original conception and its
name to the quotPlan General de Ordenacin Urbana de Madridquot, approved in . The
purpose of this plan was to create a huge block of modern office buildings with metro and
railway connections in the expansion area of northern Madrid, just in front of Real Madrid
stadium currently named the Santiago Bernabu Stadium and beside the brand new
government complex of Nuevos Ministerios. A botanical garden, a library and an opera
house were also included in the plans, but these were never built.
Madrid
Cuatro Torres Business Area is a business park that was completed in . This block contains
the tallest skyscrapers in Madrid and Spain Torre Espacio, Torre de Cristal, Torre Sacyr
Vallehermoso and Torre Caja Madrid. A new commercial and economic area with plenty of
skylines is expected to be constructed during the next ten years according to the
quotEnlargement of Castellana Street Projectquot. Madrid Barajas International Airport
Terminal , designed by Antonio Lamela and Richard Rogers winning them the Stirling Prize,
Torres Kio and TPS Engineers, winning them the IStructE Award for Commercial Structures
was inaugurated on February . Terminal is one of the worlds largest terminal areas, with an
area of , square meters ,, square feet in two separate terminals. Consisting of a main
building, T , square meter, and satellite building, TS , square meter, which are separated by
approximately .km mi. Hong Kong International Airport still holds the title for the worlds
largest single terminal building Terminal at , square meter. The new Terminal is meant to
give passengers a stressfree start to their journey. This is managed through careful use of
illumination, available by glass panes instead of walls and numerous domes in the roof which
allow natural light to pass through. With the new addition, Barajas is designed to handle
million passengers annually.
Terminal check in hall in
Environment
Madrid is the European city with the highest number of trees and green surface per
inhabitant and it has the second highest number of aligned trees in the world, with , units,
only exceeded by Tokyo. Madrids citizens have access to a green area within a minute walk.
Since , green areas have increased by . At present, . of Madrids grounds are green areas,
meaning that there are m of green area per inhabitant, far exceeding the m per inhabitant
recommended by the World Health Organization.
Retiro Park.
Madrid
Parque del Retiro, formerly the grounds of the palace built for Felipe IV, is Madrids most
popular park and the largest park in central Madrid. Its area is more than . km acres and it is
located very close to the Puerta de Alcal and not far from the Prado Museum. A magnificent
park, filled with beautiful sculpture and monuments, galleries, a peaceful lake and host to a
variety of events, it is one of Madrids premier attractions. The park is entirely surrounded by
the presentday city. Its lake in the middle once staged mini naval sham battles to amuse
royalty these days the more tranquil pastime of pleasure boating is popular. Inspired by
Londons crystal palace, the palacio de cristal can be found at the southeastern end of the
park.
Retiro Park, trees.
In the Retiro Park is also the Forest of the Departed Spanish Bosque de los Ausentes, a
memorial monument to commemorate the victims of the March Madrid attacks. Atocha
Railway Station is not only the citys first and most central station but also home to a
distinctive indoor garden with , square meters of tropical plants. Atocha station has become a
hothouse destination in itself for plant lovers, with more than species of plant life and ponds
with turtle and goldfish in, as well as shops and cafes. Its a nice place to visit on a cold or wet
day with its even temperature of degrees Celsius, or even on a scorching summer day as a
retreat from the heat. Casa de Campo is an enormous urban parkland to the west of the city,
the largest in Spain and Madrids main green lung. Its area is more than , hectares . sq mi. It
is home to a fairground, the Madrid Zoo, an amusement park, the Parque de Atracciones de
Madrid, and an outdoor municipal pool, to enjoy a birds eye view of the park and city take a
cable car trip above the tree tops. Casa de Campos vegetation is one of its most important
features. There are, in fact, three different ecosystems oak, pine and river groves. The oak is
the dominant tree species in the area and, although many of them are over years old Casa
de Campo, lake. and reach a great height, they are also present in the form of chaparral and
bushes. The pineforest ecosystem boasts a large number of trees that have adapted
perfectly to the light, dry conditions in the park. In addition, mushrooms often emerge after
the first rains of autumn. Finally, the river groves, or riparian forests, are made up of various,
mainly deciduous, species that grow in wetter areas. Examples include poplars, willows and
alder trees. As regards fauna, this green space is home to approximately vertebrate species.
The Royal Botanic Garden or Real Jardin Botanico is an hectare botanical garden located in
the Plaza de Murillo, next to the Prado Museum. It was an th century creation by Carlos III
and it was used as a base for the plant species being collected across the globe. There is an
important research facility that started life as a base to develop herbal remedies and to
house the species collected from the newworld trips, today it is dedicated to maintaining
Europes ecosystem.
Madrid
The Royal Palace is surrounded by three green areas. In front of the palace, are the gardens
of the Plaza de Oriente to the north, the gardens of Sabatini and to the west up to the
Manzanares river, the famous Campo del Moro. Campo del Moro gardens has a surface
area of hectares and is a scenic garden with an unusual layout filled with foliage and an air of
English romanticism. The Sabatini Gardens have a formal Neoclassic style, consisting of
wellsheared hedges, in symmetric geometrical patterns, adorned with a pool, statues and
Campo del Moro gardens. fountains, with trees also disposed in a symmetrical geometric
shape. Plaza de Oriente can distinguish three main plots the Central Gardens, the Cabo
Noval Gardens and the Lepanto Gardens. The Central Gardens are arranged around the
central monument to Philip IV, in a grid, following the barroque model garden. They consist
of seven flowerbeds, each packed with box hedges, forms of cypress, yew and magnolia of
small size, and flower plantations, temporary. These are bounded on either side by rows of
statues paths, popularly known as the Gothic kings, and mark the dividing line between the
main body of the plaza and the Cabo Noval Gardens at north, and the Lepanto Gardens at
south. Monte de El Pardo is a mediterranean forest inside the city of Madrid. It is one of the
best preserved Mediterranean Forests in Europe. The European Union has designated the
Monte de El Pardo as a Special Protection Area for birdlife. This meadow, which has been
used as hunting grounds by the royalty given the variety of game animals that have inhabited
it since the Middle Ages, is home to flora species and vertebrae species. Rabbits, red
partridges, wild cats, stags, deer and wild boars live among ilexes, cork oaks, ash trees,
black Monte de El Pardo. poplars, oaks, junipers and rockroses. Monte del Pardo is part of
the Regional Park of the High Basin of the Manzanares, spreading out from the Guadarrama
Mountains range to the centre of Madrid, and protected by strong legal regulations. Just
before crossing the city, the River Manzanares forms a valley composed by sandy elements
and detritus from the mountain range. Soto de Viuelas, also known as Mount Viuelas, is a
meadowoak forest north of the city of Madrid and east of the Monte de El Pardo. It is a
fenced property of , hectares, which includes important ecological values, landscape and art.
Soto de Viuelas is part of the Regional Park of the High Basin of the Manzanares, a nature
reserve which is recognised as a biosphere reserve by UNESCO, where it has been
classified as Area B, the legal instrument that allows agricultural land use. Soto de Viuelas
also received the statement of Special Protection Area for Birds.
Monte de El Pardo and Soto de Viuelas inside the city of Madrid.
El Capricho is a hectare garden located in the area of Barajas district. It dates back to . The
art of landscaping in El Capricho is displayed in three different styles of classical
gardenscapes the parterre or French garden, English landscaping and the Italian
giardino. Madrid Rio is a linear park that runs along the bank of the Manzanares River, in the
middle of Madrid. It is an area of parkland kilometres long and covers hectares in six districts
MoncloaAravaca, Centro, Arganzuela, Latina, Carabanchel and Usera. It is a large area of
environmental, sporting, leisure and cultural interest. Madrid Ro
Madrid provides a link with other green spaces in the city such as Casa de Campo and the
Linear Park of the Manzanares River. The main landscaped area in Madrid Ro is the
Arganzuela Park, covering hectares where pedestrian and cycling routes cover the whole
park. The Madrid Ro cycle network covers some kilometres and is linked to another bike
routes. To the north, Madrid Rio connects to the Senda Real, the Green Ring for Cyclists and
the E GR trail, which goes as far as the Sierra de Madrid mountain range. To the south,
Madrid Ro provides access to the Enrique Tierno Galvn Park and the Linear Park of the
Manzanares River, an extensive green zone running parallel to the river as far as Getafe. As
well as the cycle routes there are kilometres of paths for walkers and runners. In the Saln de
Pinos, a kilometre long treelined promenade, there are circuits for aerobic and anaerobic
exercise, while near the Puente de Praga bridge a tennis court and seven padel tennis
courts. The theme park Faunia, is a natural history museum and zoo combined, aimed at
being fun and educational for children. It comprises eight ecosystems from tropical rain
forests to polar regions, and contains over , animals, some of which roam freely.
Economy
Middle Ages to th century
During the end of the Middle Ages, Madrid experienced astronomic growth as a
consequence of its establishment as the new capital of the Spanish Empire. As Spain like
many other European countries continued to centralize royal authority, this meant that
Madrid took on greater importance as a center of administration for the Spanish Kingdom. It
evolved to become an important nucleus of artisanal activity that eventually experienced
industrial revolution during the th century. The city made even greater strides at expansion
during the th century, especially after the Spanish Civil War, reaching levels of
industrialization found in other European capital cities. The economy of the city was then
centered on diverse manufacturing industries such as those related to motor vehicles,
aircraft, chemicals, electronic devices, pharmaceuticals, processed food, printed materials,
and leather goods.
to
Madrid is a major centre for international business and commerce. It is one of Europes
largest financial centres and the largest in Spain. During the period from to , Madrid
experienced very significant growth in its service sector. The most notable of these services
are those geared towards companies, followed by transport and communications, property
and financial services. These four groups generate of gross value added for Madrids
economy and of gross value added for the services sector. The importance of the Barajas
Airport to the citys economy is substantial. The construction of housing and public works,
such as the ringroads and train network, constituted a major pillar of the economy up to . As
Spain has become decentralized politically, Madrid has taken on a smaller administrative
profile as compared to the rest of the Spanish state. Even so, the Community of Madrid
centered upon the city of Madrid experienced the highest growth of all the Spanish regions
between to . Its growth rate was higher than for the country as a whole by . during the period
, and that of the Eurozone by .
Bolsa de Madrid Madrid Stock Exchange
Madrid
Madrid has become the rd richest city in the world and third richest in Europe in terms of
absolute GDP the economic output for the year was of .billion, behind the considerably larger
cities of Paris billion and London billion and ahead of Moscow and Barcelona. Additionally in
terms of GDP per capita, Madrid, in specific the Madrid region is the richest in Spain and one
of the richest in Europe. At . of the European average of , ,/, Madrid is ahead of the all other
Spanish regions above . Similarly, Madrid is just . of New Yorks purchasing power. Madrid is
a worlds financial leader, rising to the top five Centers of Commerce in Europe. Madrid
continues its upward trajectory as a key European city, rising from its spot at number to
number globally and from number to the number spot in Europe. Madrids stable GDP,
exchange rate and strong bond market, coupled with a high standard of living, place this city
in the company of Europes most prominent cities London, Paris, Frankfurt and Amsterdam.
Cuatro Torres Business Area
AZCA Business Park
Madrid is one of the cities in the Iberian Peninsula that attracts most foreign investment and
job seekers. The average salary in Madrid during was , clearly above the Spanish average of
. In terms of net earnings, Madrid also places first in Spain Madrid is th in the world, at .. One
downside of Madrids quick growth especially over the last years has been the rising cost of
living. The city has grown to become the th most expensive city in the world in .
Madrid
Demographics
Year Municipality , , , , ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, Community , , , ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, . . . . . . . . .
Madrid
,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, .. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, .. . . . . . . . . .
Source INE
The population of Madrid generally increased from when the city became the national capital
in the midth century and stabilised at about million from the s. From around until the mid s,
the citys population dropped. This phenomenon, which also affected other European cities,
was caused in part by the growth of satellite suburbs at the expense of the downtown.
Another reason might have been the slowdown in the rate of growth of the European
economy. The demographic boom accelerated in the late s and early first decade of the st
century due to international immigration, in response to a surge in Spanish economic growth.
According to census data, the population of the city grew by , between and . As the capital
city of Spain, the city has attracted many immigrants from around the world. About . of the
inhabitants are Spaniards, while people of other origins, including immigrants from Latin
America, Europe, Asia, North Africa and West Africa, represented . of the population in . The
ten largest immigrant groups include Ecuadorian ,, Romanian ,, Bolivian ,, Colombian ,,
Peruvian ,, Chinese ,, Moroccan ,, Dominican ,, Brazilian ,, and Paraguayan ,. There are also
important communities of Filipinos, Equatorial Guineans, Bulgarians, Indians, Italians,
Argentines, Senegalese and Poles. Districts that host the largest number of immigrants are
Usera ., Centro ., Carabanchel . and Tetun .. Districts that host the smallest number are
FuencarralEl Pardo ., Retiro . and Chamartin ..
Government
The City Council consists of members, one of them being the Mayor, currently Alberto
RuizGallardn Jimnez. The Mayor presides over the Council. The Plenary of the Council, is
the body of political representation of the citizens in the municipal government. Some of its
attributions are fiscal matters, the election and deposition of the Mayor, the approval and
modification of decrees and regulations, the approval of budgets, the agreements related to
the limits and alteration of the municipal term, the services management, the participation in
supramunicipal organizations, etc. Nowadays, mayoral team consists of the Mayor, the
Deputy Mayor and Delegates all of them form The Board of Delegates the Municipal
Executive Committee.
City Hall of Madrid
Madrid Madrid has tended to be a stronghold of the Peoples Party, which has controlled the
citys mayoralty since . In the regional and local elections, the conservative Peoples Party PP,
centreright political party obtained seats, the Spanish Socialist Workers Party PSOE,
centreleft political party obtained and United Left IU, left political party obtained . Alberto
RuizGallardn Jimnez has been in office since , when he left the Presidency of the
Autonomous Community of Madrid and stood as the candidate to replace outgoing mayor
Jos Mara lvarez del Manzano, also from the PP. In the last local elections of , RuizGallardn
increased the PP majority in the City Council to seats out of , taking . of the popular vote and
winning in all but two districts.
Culture
Madrid is one of Spains most popular destinations and is renowned for its large quantity of
cultural attractions.
Art Galleries and Museums
Madrid is considered one of the top European destinations concerning art museums. Best
known is the Golden Triangle of Art, located along the Paseo del Prado and comprising three
museums. The most famous one is the Prado Museum, the most popular Golden Triangle of
Art member known for such highlights as Diego Velzquezs Las Meninas and Francisco de
Goyas La maja vestida and La maja desnuda. The other two museums are the Thyssen
Bornemisza Museum, established from a mixed private collection, and the Reina Sofia
Museum, where Pablo Picassos Guernica hangs, returning to Spain from New York after
more than two decades. The Museo del Prado is a museum and art gallery that features one
of the worlds finest collections of European art, from the th century to the early th century,
based on the former Spanish Royal Collection. The collection currently comprises around ,
paintings, , sculptures, , prints and , drawings, in addition to a large number of works of art
and historic documents. El Prado is one of the most visited museums in the world, and it is
considered to be among the greatest museums of art. It has the best collection of artworks
by Museo del Prado. Goya, Velazquez, El Greco, Rubens, Titian, Hieronymus Bosch, Jos de
Ribera and Patinir and works by Rogier van der Weyden, Raphael, Tintoretto, Veronese,
Caravaggio, Van Dyck, Albrecht Drer, Claude Lorrain, Murillo and Zurbarn, among others.
The Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofa MNCARS is the Spains national museum of
th century art. The museum is mainly dedicated to Spanish art. Highlights of the museum
include excellent collections of Spains greatest th century masters, Pablo Picasso, Salvador
Dal, Joan Mir, Juan Gris and Julio Gonzalez. Certainly the most famous masterpiece in the
museum is Picassos painting Guernica. The Reina Sofa also hosts a freeaccess library
specializing in art, with a collection of over , books, over , sound recordings and almost ,
videos.
Museo Reina Sofa MNCARS.
Madrid
The ThyssenBornemisza Museum is an art museum that fills the historical gaps in its
counterparts collections in the Prados case this includes Italian primitives and works from the
English, Dutch and German schools, while in the case of the Reina Sofia the
ThyssenBornemisza collection, once the second largest private collection in the world after
the British Royal Collection, includes Impressionists, Expressionists, and European and
American paintings from the second half of the th century, with over , paintings. The Royal
Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando currently functions Museo Thyssen Bornemisza. as a
museum and gallery that houses a fine art collection of paintings from the th to th century
Giovanni Bellini, Correggio, Rubens, Zurbarn, Murillo, Goya, Juan Gris, Pablo Serrano. The
academy is also the headquarters of the Madrid Academy of Art. Francisco Goya was once
one of the academys directors, and, its alumni include Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dal, Antonio
Lopez Garcia, Juan Luna, and Fernando Botero. The Royal Palace of Madrid is the official
residence of Juan Carlos I of Spain, but he use it only for official acts. It is a baroque palace
full of artworks is one of the largest European Royal Palaces, which is characterized by its
luxurious rooms and its rich collections of armors and weapons, pharmaceutical, silverware,
watches, paintings, tapestries and the most comprehensive collection of Stradivarius in the
world The National Archaeological Museum of Spain collection includes, among others,
Prehistoric, Celtic, Iberian, Greek and Roman antiquities and medieval Visigothic, Muslim
and Christian objects. Royal Armoury, Royal Palace of Madrid. Highlights include a replica of
the Altamira cave the first cave in which prehistoric cave paintings were discovered, Lady of
Elx an enigmatic polychrome stone bust, Lady of Baza a famous example of Iberian
sculpture, Biche of Balazote an iberian sculpture and Treasure of Guarrazar a treasure that
represents the best surviving group of Early Medieval Christian votive offerings and the high
point of Visigothic goldsmiths work. The Museum of the Americas Spanish Museo de Amrica
is a National museum that holds artistic, archaeological and ethnographic collections from
the whole American continent, ranging from the Paleolithic period to the present day. The
permanent exhibit is divided into five major thematical areas an awareness of America, the
reality of America, society, religion and communication. The National Museum of Natural
Sciences is the National Museum of Natural History of Spain. The research departments of
the museum are Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Ecology, Paleobiology,
Vulcanology and Geology. The Naval Museum is managed by the Ministry of Defence. The
Museums mission is to acquire, preserve, investigate, report and National Museum of
Natural Sciences display for study, education and contemplation, parts, sets and collections
of historical, artistic, scientific and technical related to naval activity in order to disseminate
the story sea of Spain to help illustrate, highlight and preserve their traditions and promote
national maritime awareness.
Madrid
The Monastery of Las Descalzas Reales resides in the former palace of King Charles I of
Spain and Isabel of Portugal. Their daughter, Joan of Austria, founded this convent of nuns
of the Poor Clare order in . Throughout the remainder of the th century and into the th
century, the convent attracted young widowed or spinster noblewomen. Each woman
brought with her a dowry. The riches quickly piled up, and the convent became one of the
richest convents in all of Europe. It has many works of Renaissance and Baroque art,
including a recumbent Christ by Gaspar Becerra, a staircase whose paintings were painted
by unknown author perhaps Velzquez and they are considered the masterpiece of Spanish
illusionist paint, and Brussels tapestries inspired in paintings by Rubens.
The Museo Lzaro Galdiano houses an encyclopedic collection specializing in decorative arts.
The collection includes paintings by Leonardo da Vinci, Claudio Coello, Goya, Pedro
Berruguete, El Greco, Hieronymus Bosch, El Aquelarre, Francisco de Goya. Lzaro Galdiano
Museum. Rembrandt, Thomas Gainsborough, Thomas Lawrence and Joshua Reynolds,
sculptures by Giambologna and Verrocchio th century Byzantine enamel Arab and Byzantine
ivory chests Hellenistic, Roman, medieval, renaissance , baroque and romantic jewerly
Pisanello and Pompeo Leoni medals Spanish and Italian ceramics Italian and Arab clothes
and an interesting collection of weapons including the sword of Pope Innocent VIII. The
Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas National Museum of Decorative Arts is one of the
oldest museums in the city. It illustrates the evolution of the called quotminor artsquot
furniture, ceramics and glass, textile, etc.. Its rooms expones , objects, of the approximate ,
which it has. The Museo Nacional del Romanticismo National Museum of Romanticism
contains a large collection of artefacts and art, focusing on daily life and customs of the
nineteenth century, with special attention to the aesthetics about Romanticism. The Museo
Cerralbo houses a private collection of ancient works of art, artifacts and other antiquities
collected by Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa, XVII Cerralbo Marquis. The Museo Nacional de
AntropologaNational Museum of Antropology provides an overview of the different cultures in
the world, with objects and human remains from around the world, highlighting a Guanche
mummy of the island of Tenerife. The Museo Sorolla is located in the building in which the
Valencian Impressionist painter had his home and workshop. The collection includes, in
addition to numerous works of Joaqun Sorolla, a large number of objects that possessed the
artist, including sculptures by August Rodin.
Madrid
CaixaForum Madrid is a postmodern art gallery in the centre of Madrid. It is sponsored by the
CatalanBalearic bank la Caixa and located next to the Saln del Prado. Although the
CaixaForum is a modern building, it also exhibits retrospectives of artists from earlier time
periods and has evolved into one of the most visited museums in Madrid. It was constructed
by the Swiss architects Herzog amp de Meuron from to , which combined an old unused
industrial building and hollowed it out at the base and inside and placed on top further floors
which are encased with rusted steel. Next to it is an art CaixaForum Madrid. installation of
green plants growing on the wall of the neighbouring house by French botanist Patrick Blanc.
The red of the top floors with the green of the wall next to it form a contrast. The green is in
reflection of the neighbouring Royal Botanical Gardens. Another art galleries and museums
in Madrid are, among others CasaMuseo Jos Padilla CasaMuseo Manuel Benedito Museo
de Antropologia Mdica Museo De La Farmacia Hispana Museo Del Reloj Grassy, at Edificio
Grassy Museo Casa de la Moneda Royal Palace of El Pardo
Churches
Madrid has a considerable number of Catholic churches, some of them are between the
most important Spanish religious artworks. The oldest church that survives today is San
Nicols de los Servitas, whose oldest item is the bell tower th century, in Mudejar style. The
next oldest temple is San Pedro el Real, with its high brick tower. St. Jerome Church is a
gothic church next to El Prado Museum. The Catholic Monarchs ordered its construction in
the fifteenth century, as part of a vanished monastery. The monasterys cloister is preserved.
It has recently been renovated by Rafael Moneo, with the goal to house the neoclassical
collection of El Prado Museum, and also sculptures by Leone Leoni and Pompeo Leoni. The
Bishop Chapel is a gothic chapel which was built in the sixteenth century by order of the
Bishop of Plasencia, Gutierre de Vargas. It was originally built to house the remains of Saint
Isidore Laborer Madrids patron saint, but it was used as the Vargas family mausoleum.
Inside are the altairpiece and the tombs of the Vargas family, which were the work of
Francisco Giralte, a disciple of Alonso Berruguete. They are considered masterpieces of
Spanish Renaissance sculpture.
Almudena Cathedral, Catedral de la Almudena
St. Jerome Chucrh, San Jeronimo el Real
Madrid
Royal Convent of La Encarnacin faade
Royal Convent of La Encarnacin altair
St. Isidore Cathedral was built between by order of Empress Maria of Austria, daughter of
Charles V of Germany and I of Spain, to become part of a school run by the Jesuits which
still exists today. Its dome is the first example of a dome drawing on a wooden frame covered
with plaster, which, given its lightness makes it easy to support the walls. It was the cathedral
of Madrid between and , which is the time it took to build the Almudena. The artwork inside
were mostly burned during the Spanish Civil War, but it retained the tomb that holds the
incorrupt body of Saint Isidore Laborer and the urn containing the ashes of his wife Maria
Torribia. Royal Convent of La Encarnacin is an Augustinian Recollect convent. The
institution, which belonged ladies of the nobility, was founded by Queen Margaret of Austria,
wife of Philip III of Spain, in the early seventeenth century. Due to the frescoes and
sculptures which houses is one of the most prominent temples in the city. The buildings
architect was Fray Alberto de la St. Isidore cathedral from the Plaza Madre de Dios, who built
it between and . The faade responds to Mayor an inspiring Herrerian style, with great
austerity,and it was imitated by other Spanish churches. The churchs interior is a sumptuous
work by the great Baroque architect Ventura Rodriguez. In the church are preserved shrines
containing the blood of St. Januarius and St. Pantaleon, the second according to tradition
liquefies every year on the saints day on July. San Antonio de los Alemanes St. Anthony
Church is a pretty th century church which was originally part of a Portuguese hospital.
Subsequently it was donated to the Germans living in the city.
Madrid
The interior of the church has been recently restored. It has some beautiful frescoes painted
by Luca Giordano, Francisco Carreo and Francisco Rizi. The frescoes represent some kings
of Spain, Hungary, France, Germany and Bohemia. They all sit looking at the paintings in the
vault, which represent the life of Saint Anthony of Padua.
St. Anthony church Rizis vault
Royal Chapel of St. Anthony of La Florida is sometimes named the quotGoyas Sixtine
Chapelquot. The chapel was built on orders of King Charles IV of Spain, who also
commissioned the frescoes by Goya. These were completed over a six month period in . The
frescoes portray miracles by Saint Anthony of Padua, including one which occurred in
Lisbon, but which the painter has relocated to Madrid. On every June , the chapel becomes
the site of a lively pilgrimage in which young unwed women come to pray to St. Anthony and
to ask for a partner.
St. Anthony of la Florida
San Francisco el Grande Basilica was built in neoclassical style in the second half of the
eighteenth century by Francesco Sabatini. It has the fifth largest diameter dome to
Christianity. meters in diameter its smaller than the dome of the Romes Pantheon .meters,
St. Peters Basilica . meters, the Florence Cathedral metersand the Rotunda of Mosta .
meters in Malta, but its larger than St. Pauls Cathedral . meters in London and Hagia Sophia
. meters in Istanbul. The church is dedicated to St. Francis of Assisi, who according to legend
was established in Madrid during his pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. Its interior is
sumptuous and its plenty of artworks, including paintings by Goya and Zurbaran.
San Francisco el Grande
The Cathedral of Santa Maria la Real de la Almudena is the episcopal seat of the
Archdiocese of Madrid. It is a temple of meters long and high, built during the th and th
century in a mixture of different styles neoclassical exterior, neoGothic interior and
neoRomanesque crypt and neoByzantine abses paints. The cathedral was built in the same
place which was built the Moorish citadel almudayna in Madrid. It was consecrated by Pope
John Paul II on his fourth trip to Spain on June , , thus being the only Spanish cathedral
dedicated by a pope.
Madrid
Literature
Madrid has been one of the great centers of Spanish literature. In this city were born some of
the best writers of the Spanish Golden Century, including Lope de Vega Fuente Ovejuna,
The Dog in the Manger, The Knight of Olmedo, who reformed the Spanish theater, a work
continued by Calderon de la Barca Life is a Dream, Francisco de Quevedo, Spanish
nobleman and writer famous for his satires, which criticized the Spanish society of his time,
and author of El Buscn. And finally, Tirso de Molina, who created the famous character Don
Juan. In addition, Cervantes and Gngora also lived in the city, although they not born there.
The homes of Lope de Vega, Quevedo, Gongora and Cervantes are still preserved, and they
are all in the Barrio de las Letras Letters Neigtbourhood.
Lope de Vega.
Other writers born in Madrid in later centuries have been Leandro Fernandez de Moratn,
Mariano Jos de Larra, Jose de Echegaray Nobel Prize in Literature, Ramn Gmez de la
Serna, Dmaso Alonso, Enrique Jardiel Poncela and Pedro Salinas. Madrid is home to the
Royal Academy of Spanish Language, internationally important cultural institution dedicated
to language planning by enacting legislation aimed at promoting linguistic unity within and
among the several Hispanic states ensure a common linguistic standard, in accordance with
its founding statutes quotto ensure that the changes undergone by the language ... not break
the essential unity that keeps all the Hispanic. quot. Madrid is also home to another
internationally cultural institution, the Instituto Cervantes, whose task is the promotion and
teaching of Spanish language as well as the dissemination of the culture of Spain and Latin
America.
Cervantes Institute headquarters.
The National Library of Spain is a major public library, the largest in Spain. The librarys
collection consists of more than ,, items including ,, books and other printed materials, ,
manuscripts, , Spanish National Library. newspapers and serials, ,, graphic materials, , music
scores, , maps, , sound recording, , audiovisuals, , electronic documents, more than ,
microforms, etc.quot.
Nightlife
The nightlife in Madrid is undoubtedly one of the citys main attractions. Tapas bars, cocktail
bars, clubs, jazz lounges, live music venues, flamenco theatres and establishments of all
kinds cater for all tastes and ages. Every night, venues pertaining to the Live Music Venues
Association La Noche en Vivo host a wide range of live music shows. Everything from
acclaimed to upandcoming artists, singersongwriters to rock bands, jazz concerts or
electronic music sessions to enjoy music at its best. Nightlife and young cultural awakening
flourished after the death of Franco, especially during the s while Madrids mayor Enrique
Tierno Galvn PSOE was in office, at this time is wellknown the cultural movement called la
movida and it initially gathered around Plaza del Dos de Mayo. Nowadays, the Malasaa area
is known for its alternative scene.
Madrid Some of the most popular night destinations include the neighbourhoods of Bilbao,
Tribunal, Atocha, Alonso Martinez or Moncloa, together with Puerta del Sol area including
Opera and Gran Via, both adjacent to the popular square and Huertas barrio de Las Letras,
destinations which are also filled with tourists day and night. The district of Chueca has also
become a hot spot in the Madrilenian night life specially for gay population. Chueca is
popularly known as the gay quarter, comparable to The Castro district in San Francisco.
What is also popular is the practice of meeting in parks or streets with friends and drinking
alcohol together this is called botelln, from botella, bottle, but in recent years, drinking in the
street is punished with a fine and now young madrileos drink together all around the city
instead of in betterknown places.
Bohemian Culture
The city has venues for performing alternative art and expressive art. They are mostly
located in the centre of the city include in Opera, Anton Martin, Chueca and Malasaa. There
are also several festivals in Madrid including the Festival of Alternative art the Festival of the
Alternative Scene. The neighbourhood of Malasaa as well as Anton Martin and Lavapies
hosts several bohemian cafe/galleries. These cafes are typified with period or retro furniture
or furniture found on the street, a colourful non traditional atmosphere inside, and usually art
displayed each month by a new artist, often for sale. Cafes include the retro cafe
quotLolinaquot and bohemian cafes quotLa Idaquot, quotLa Pacaquot and quotCafe de la
Luzquot in Malasaa, quotLa Piolaquot in Huertas and quotCafe Olmoquot and
quotAguardientequot in Lavapies. In the neighbourhood of Lavapies, there are also
quothidden housesquot, which are illegal bars or abandoned spaces where concerts, poetry
reading and the famous Spanish Botellon a street party or gathering now illegal but rarely
stopped.
Classical music and opera
The Auditorio Nacional de Msica is the main venue for classical music concerts in Madrid. It
is home to the Spanish National Orchestra, the Chamartn Symphony Orchestra and the
venue for the symphonic concerts of the Community of Madrid Orchestra and the Madrid
Symphony Orchestra. It is also the principal venue for orchestras on tour playing in Madrid.
The Teatro Real is the main opera house in Madrid, located just in front of the Royal Palace,
and its resident orchestra is the Madrid Symphony Orchestra. The theatre stages around
seventeen opera National Auditorium of Music. titles both own productions and
coproductions with other major European opera houses per year, as well as two or three
major ballets and several recitals. The Teatro de la Zarzuela is mainly devoted to Zarzuela
the Spanish traditional musical theatre genre, as well as operetta and recitals. The resident
orchestra of the theatre is the Community of Madrid Orchestra. The Teatro Monumental is
the concert venue of the RTVE Symphony Orchestra. Other concert venues for classical
music are the Fundacin Joan March and the Auditorio , devoted to contemporary music.
Madrid
Bullfighting
Madrid hosts the largest Plaza de Toros bullring in Spain, Las Ventas, established in . Las
Ventas is considered by many to be the world centre of bullfighting and has a seating
capacity of almost ,. Madrids bullfighting season begins in March and ends in October.
Bullfights are held every day during the festivities of San Isidro Madrids patron saint from mid
May to early June, and every Sunday, and public holiday, the rest of the season. The style of
the plaza is Neomudjar. Las Ventas also hosts music concerts and other events outside of
the bullfighting season.
Local festivities
May, San Isidro Labrador Madrids patron saint. June, San Antonio de la Florida Moncloa
neighbourhoods patron saint.. July, Virgen del Carmen festivities Vallecas neighbourhoods
patron saint. August, Virgen de la Paloma festivities Madrids popular patron saint August,
San Cayetano Cascorro neighbourhoods patron saint. August, San Lorenzo Lavapis
neighbourhoods patron saint. November, Virgen de la Almudena festivities Madrids patron
saint.
Sport
Madrid is home to La Liga football club Real Madrid, who play their home games at the
Santiago Bernabu. Their supporters are referred to as Madridistas or Merengues Merengues.
Real Madrid is one of the most prestigious football clubs in the world FIFA selected Real
Madrid the best team of the th century, having won a record European Cups. Their
hometown rivals, Atltico Madrid, are also well The Santiago Bernabu, a FIFA elite stadium.
supported in the city. The players and supporters are referred to as Colchoneros The
Mattress Makers, in reference to the teams red amp white jersey colours, which were
determined by mattress material being the cheapest at the time of the clubs formation. In ,
Madrid hosted the FIFA World Cup Final. Along with Barcelona, Glasgow and Lisbon, Madrid
is one of only four cities in Europe to contain two UEFA star stadia Real Madrids Santiago
Bernabu and Atltico Madrids Vicente Caldern both meet the said criteria. Some of Spains top
footballers are Madrileos born in Madrid, including Real Madrid former player Emilio
Butragueo and co La Quinta del Buitre, quotThe Vultures Quintquot, Premier Leagues Pepe
Reina, Fernando Torres and Real Madrid veterans Ral Gonzlez, Guti Hernandez and Iker
Casillas. Madrid boasts a prominent place in Spanish basketball, with two clubs in the
countrys toplevel Liga ACB. Real Madrids basketball section has won Spanish League
championships, Spanish Cup championships, Euroleague Championships, Saporta Cups,
Intercontinental Cups and have won Triple Crowns. Madrids other professional basketball
club is Estudiantes that have won Spanish Cup championships. Madrid hosts the Mutua
Madrilea Madrid Open. The tournament is classified as an ATP World Tour Masters event on
the Madrid Arena interior Association of Tennis Professionals tour, and a Premier Mandatory
event on the Womens Tennis Association tour. Caja Mgica The Magic Box, and also known
as the Manzanares Park Tennis Centre is a tennis structure located at Manzanares Park,
used for the Madrid Masters tournament.
Madrid The city is also host to the Circuito Permanente Del Jarama, a motorsport race
circuit. Historically, the city serves as the final stage of the Vuelta a Espaa cycling event, in
the same way Paris serves as the conclusive stage of the Tour de France. Skiing is possible
in the nearby mountains of the Sierra de Guadarrama, where the ski resorts of Valdesqui and
Navacerrada are located. In the past, Madrid has bid to host the Summer Olympics, the
Summer Olympics, and the Summer Olympics, which were host to Munich, London, and Rio
de Janeiro respectively. The city has two major annual road running events the Madrid
Marathon and the San Silvestre Vallecana km mi run tens of thousands of runners take part
in these races each year.
Club Real Madrid C.F. Atltico Madrid Getafe Rayo Vallecano Real Madrid Baloncesto CB
Estudiantes League La Liga La Liga La Liga Liga Adelante ACB ACB Sport Football Football
Football Football Basketball Venue Santiago Bernabu Vicente Caldern Coliseum Alfonso
Perez Teresa Rivero Caja Mgica Established Capacity , , , , , ,
Basketball Palacio de Deportes de Madrid
Education
State Education in Spain is free, and compulsory from to years. The current education
system is called LOGSE Ley de Ordenacin General del Sistema Educativo.
Universities
Madrid is home to a large number of public and private universities. Some of them are
among the oldest in the world, and many of them are the most prestigious universities in
Spain. The Complutense University of Madrid is the largest university in Spain and one of the
oldest universities in the world. It has , staff members and a student population of ,. Nearly all
academic staff are Spanish. It is located on two campuses, in the university quarter Ciudad
Universitaria at Moncloa in Madrid, and in Somosaguas. The Complutense University of
Madrid was founded in Alcala de Henares, old Complutum, by Cardinal Cisneros in .
Nevertherless, its real origin dates back from , when King Sancho IV of Castile built the
General Schools of Alcal, which would give rise to Cisneros Complutense University. During
the course of Complutense University of Madrid, founded five schools were already operative
Artes y Filosofa Arts amp Philosophy, Teologa Theology, Derecho Cannico Canonical Laws,
Letras Liberal Arts and Medicina Medicine. In , during the reign of Isabel II, the University
was moved to Madrid, where it took the name of Central University and was located at San
Bernardo Street. Subsequently, in , a new university area was planned to be built in the
district of MoncloaAravaca, in lands handed over by the King Alfonso XIII to this purpose.
The Spanish Civil War turned the quotCiudad Universitariaquot into a war zone, causing the
destruction of several schools in the area, as well as the loss of part of its rich scientific,
artistic and bibliographic heritage. In the Government reformed the High Education, and the
Central University became the Complutense University of Madrid. It was then when the new
campus at Somosaguas was created to
Madrid house the new School of Social Sciences. The old Alcal campus was reopened as
the independent UAH, University of Alcal, in . Complutense also serves to the population of
students who select Madrid as their residency during their study abroad period. Students
from the United States for example, might go to Madrid on a program like API Academic
Programs International and study at Complutense for an intense immersion into the Spanish
Language. The beautiful setting of the campus allows students living temporarily in Madrid to
have access to all of the citys public features including Retiro Park, El Prado Museum, and
much more. After studying at the University, students return home with a fluent sense of
Spanish as well as culture and diversity. The Universidad Politcnica de Madrid Technical
University of Madrid, is the top technical university in Spain. It is the result of the merge of
different Technical Schools of Engineering. The Autonomous University of Madrid was
instituted under the leadership of the famous physicist, Nicols Cabrera. The Autonoma is
widely recognised for its research strengths in theoretical physics. Known simply as la
Autnoma in Madrid, its main site is the Cantoblanco Campus, situated miles km to the
northeast of the capital M and close to the municipal areas of Madrid, namely School of
Mines, Technical University of Madrid. Alcobendas, San Sebastin de los Reyes, Tres Cantos
and Colmenar Viejo. Located on the main site are the Rectorate building and the Faculties of
Science, Philosophy and Fine Arts, Law, Economic Science and Business Studies,
Psychology, Higher School of Computing Science and Engineering, and the Faculty of
Teacher Training and Education. The Medical School is sited outside the main site and
beside the Hospital Universitario La Paz. The Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, whose
philosophy is to create responsible freethinking people with a sensitivity to social problems
and an involvement in the concept of progress based on freedom, justice and tolerance. The
undergraduate degrees in Business Administration, Economics and Law are ranked first, first
and second respectively among those offered by public and private universities in Spain, and
its Master and PhD programs also rank top in the country. The Department of Economics is
among the best worldwide, and in the top in Econometrics. Some other prestigious
universities include Universidad de Alcal de Henares, rebuilt at Alcal de Henares in and the
Universidad Pontificia Comillas, involved in a number of academic exchange programmes,
work practice schemes and international projects with over Higher Education Institutions in
Europe, Latin America, North America and Asia. Other universities in Madrid, some of them
private, are Rey Juan Carlos University public, Universidad Alfonso X, Universidad Antonio
de Nebrija, Universidad Camilo Jos Cela, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Universidad
Europea de Madrid, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca Campus de Madrid, Saint Louis
University Madrid Campus and Universidad San Pablo CEU all of them private. Madrid is
also home to the Escuela Superior de Msica Reina Sofa, the Real Conservatorio Superior de
Msica de Madrid and many other private educational institutions.
Business schools
IE Business School formerly Instituto de Empresa has its main campus on the border of the
Chamartn and Salamanca districts of Madrid. IE Business School recently ranked in WSJs
rankings for Best MBA Programs under years. It scored ahead of usual stalwarts, INSEAD
and IMD, giving it top billing amongst International MBA programs. Although based in
Barcelona, both IESE Business School and ESADE Business School also have Madrid
campuses. These three schools are the topranked business schools in Spain, consistently
rank among the top business schools globally, and offer MBA programs in English or
Spanish as well as other
Madrid business degrees. Other Madrid universities that have MBA programs include
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid through the Centro de Ampliacin Estudios in English or
Spanish. Universidad Pontificia Comillas de Madrid in Spanish only. Universidad Politcnica
de Madrid in Spanish only.
Transport
Madrid is served by highlydeveloped communication infrastructures, making the Spanish
capital the leading logistics hub for both Spain and all of southern Europe. It also boasts a
network of motorways, encompassing both ring roads and radial roads, and provides the
backbone for Spains railway network, thereby providing effective connections with not only
other parts of the region, but also the rest of Spain and Europe as a whole. Madrid ranks
alongside Tokyo and Paris as one of the worlds three largest highspeed railway hubs. Madrid
is also home to the MadridBarajas airport, Spains flagship airport and one of the largest to be
found worldwide.
Air
Madrid is served by Barajas Airport. Barajas is the main hub of Iberia Airlines. It
consequently serves as the main gateway to the Iberian peninsula from Europe, America and
the rest of the world. Current passenger volumes range upwards of . million passengers per
year, making it the countrys largest and busiest airport, and in it was the worlds th busiest
airport and Europes fourth busiest airport. Given annual increases close to , a new fourth
terminal has been constructed. It has significantly reduced delays and doubled the capacity
of the airport to more than million passengers per year. Two additional runways have also
been constructed, making Barajas a fully operational fourrunway airport. Located within the
city limits of Madrid, just km .mi from the citys financial district and km .mi northeast of the
Puerta del Sol, Madrids historic centre. The airport name derives from the adjacent district of
Barajas, which has its own metro station on the same rail line serving the airport.
Madrid Barajas Airport T Station
The Councillor of Transports of the Community of Madrid, Manuel Lamela, announced in that
the city will also be served by two new airports which are expected to be fully operative in ,
the first of which will be located in Campo Real, it will be initially be used for cargo flights, but
also as hub for lowcost carriers, and the second one, expected to be built between the two
municipalities of El lamo and Navalcarnero, which will only take over the routes operating in
Cuatro Vientos Airport.
Madrid
National rail
Spains railway system, the Red Nacional de Ferrocarriles Espaoles Renfe operates the vast
majority of Spains railways. Cercanas Madrid is the commuter rail service that serves Madrid
and its metropolitan area. It is operated by Cercanas Renfe, the commuter rail division of
Renfe. The total length spans .km. Main rail terminals are Atocha in the south and Chamartn
in the north. The most important project in the next decade is the Spanish high speed rail
network, Alta Velocidad Espaola AVE. Currently, an ambitious plan includes the construction
of a , kilometre ,mi network, centred on Madrid. The overall goal is to have all important
provincial cities be no more than hours away from Madrid, and no more than hours away
from Barcelona. As of , AVE highspeed trains link Atocha station to Seville, Mlaga, Crdoba,
Ciudad Real and Toledo in the south and to Cuenca, Albacete, Valencia, Zaragoza, Lleida,
Tarragona and Barcelona in the east. AVE trains also arrive from Valladolid in the north.
RENFE offers AVE Alaris Altaria Talgo
Atocha railway station
Madrid Metro Map
Metro
Serving a population of some four million, the Madrid Metro is one of the most extensive and
fastestgrowing metro networks in the world. With the addition of a loop serving suburbs to
Madrids southwest quotMetrosurquot, it is now the second largest metro system in Western
Europe, second only to Londons Underground. In Madrids metro system was expanded and
it currently runs over kilometres miles of line. The province of Madrid is also served by an
extensive commuter rail network of kilometres miles called Cercanas.
A modern metro train type
The system is the sixth longest metro in the world after London, New York, Moscow, Seoul
and Shanghai, though Madrid is approximately the fiftieth most populous metropolitan area in
the world. Its fast growth in the last years has also put it among the fastest growing networks
in the world, on par with the Shanghai Metro and the Beijing Subway. Unlike normal Spanish
road and rail traffic, Madrid Metro trains use lefthand running on some lines due to historical
reasons.
Madrid
Buses
This railway network is ably supported by an everexpanding network of city buses. The
overall length of the bus network of Madrids Municipal Transport Corporation Empresa
Municipal de Transportes, or EMT at yearclose , when million passengers were transported,
stood at , kilometres, marking a increase over the last eight years. These routes are serviced
by a growing fleet of over , vehicles, while the network as a whole is undergoing a continuous
improvement process with a view to attaining the utmost standards of speed, quality and
sustainability.
Roads
Madrid is the most important hub of Spains motorway network and is surrounded by four
orbital motorways M, M, M and M. M circles the central districts and is the inner ring
motorway of Madrid. Significant portions of M runs underground and its urban motorway
tunnels have sections of more than km .mi in length and to lanes in each direction, between
the south entry of the Avenida de Portugal tunnel and the north exit of the M south bypass
there are close to km .mi of continuous tunnels. M is a ring motorway which borders Madrid
at a mean distance of . Madrids motorway hub network. kilometres .mi and it has a total
length of .km .mi. M is a partial ring around the city serving the metropolitan area of Madrid. It
was built to help alleviate the congestion of the M from the southern to the northeastern, runs
between the M and the M where the two ring motorways are more separated. M is the outer
of the Madrid orbital motorways and has a total length of km .mi. It services mainly the
metropolitan area at a mean distance of .km .mi. The most important radial autovas of
Madrid are
Signal A A A A A A A Denomination Autova del Norte Autova del Nordeste Autova del Este
Autova del Sur Itinerary Madrid Aranda de Duero Burgos Miranda de Ebro Vitoria San
Sebastin Madrid Guadalajara Zaragoza Lrida Barcelona Madrid Valencia Madrid Crdoba
Sevilla Jerez Cdiz
Autova del Suroeste Madrid Talavera de la Reina Navalmoral de la Mata Mrida Badajoz
Portugal Autova del Noroeste Madrid Medina del Campo Benavente Astorga Ponferrada
Lugo La Corua Autova de Toledo Madrid Illescas Toledo
Radial tolled autopistas named Rn instead of An form a new system of accesses to the
capital that merges with their autova counterparts far from Madrid. The main advantage to
these roads is that they allow true fast travel from the first kilometer.
Madrid
Signal R R R R M
Denomination Autopista Radial Autopista Radial
Itinerary Madrid MMGuadalajara A Madrid MArganda del Rey A
Autopista Radial Madrid MAranjuezOcaa A/A/AP Autopista Radial Eje aeropuerto Madrid
MNavalcarnero A Madrid MMAirport terminal A
International relations
Twin Towns and Sister Cities
List of twin towns, sister cities and partner cities
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Asuncin, Paraguay Beijing, China Berlin, Germany Bogot,
Colombia Bordeaux, France Brussels, Belgium Budapest, Hungary Buenos Aires, Argentina
Caracas, Venezuela Guatemala City, Guatemala La Habana, Cuba La Paz, Bolivia Lima,
Peru Lisbon, Portugal Managua, Nicaragua Manila, Philippines Mexico City, Mexico
Montevideo, Uruguay Moscow, Russia New York City, US Rabat, Morocco Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil Rome, Italy San Jos, Costa Rica San Juan, Puerto Rico San Salvador, El Salvador
Santiago de Chile, Chile Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Sarajevo, Bosnia and
Herzegovina Sofia, Bulgaria Tegucigalpa, Honduras Tripoli, Libya Warsaw, Poland
Nouakchott, Mauritania Panama City, Panama Paris, France Quito, Ecuador
Prague, Czech Republic
Other historic buildings
Cisneros House.
Casa de la Villa.
San Gins Church.
St. Michaels Basilica.
St. Barbaras Church.
Royal Observatory.
Congress of Deputies.
Palacio de Linares.
Spanish Ministry of Agriculture.
Bank of Spain.
Palacio de Cristal.
Hospital de Maudes.
Madrid
Carrin Building.
Spanish Air Force Headquarters.
Torres Blancas.
Arch of la Victoria.
Casa Gallardo
Royal Palace of Madrid
Notes and references
quotLos fuegos que conmocionaron Madridquot http/ / www. minutos. es/ noticia/ / /
cronologia/ incendios/ madrid/ in spanish. minutos.es. September . . Retrieved August .
Spanish D. Ramn de Mesonero Romanos . quotEl antiguo Madrid paseos
histricosanecdticos por las calles y casas de esta villaquot http/ / www. cervantesvirtual.
com/ servlet/ SirveObras/ / p. htm. In Oficinas de la Ilustracin Espaola y Americana. .
Retrieved August . Spanish quotEl Madrid Medieval Medieval Madrid. Includes Prehistoric,
roman and medieval up to the Catholic Monarchs times.quot http/ / elmadridmedieval.
jmcastellanos. com/ in Spanish. History of Madrid.. Jos Manuel Castellanos. . Retrieved
October . http/ / www. munimadrid. es/ portales/ munimadrid/ en/ Homevgnextfmtdefaultamp
vgnextchannelccdVgnVCMdccacRCRDamp idiomaenamp idiomaPrevioenamp combo
INE.es http/ / www. ine. es/ Instituto Nacional de Estadstica National Statistics Institute
quotWorld Urban Areas Population amp Densityquot http/ / www. demographia. com/
dbworldua. pdf PDF. Demographia. . Retrieved August . Eurostat, UrbanAudit.org http/ /
www. urbanaudit. org/ DataAccessed. aspx, accessed on March . Data for . Thomas Brinkoff,
Principal Agglomerations of the World http/ / www. citypopulation. de/ world/ Agglomerations.
html, accessed on March . Data for January . United Nations Department of Economic and
Social Affairs, World Urbanization Prospects revision http/ / www. un. org/ esa/ population/
publications/ wup/ WUPHighlightsweb. pdf, United Nations, , Table A.. Data for . Member of
the Governing Council. Delegate for Economy, Employment and Citizen Involvement. Page
http/ / www. madrid. es/ UnidadesDescentralizadas/ UDCObservEconomico/
MadridEconomia/ Ficheros/ MadridEconomiaIngles. pdf quotGlobal city GDP rankings quot
https/ / www. ukmediacentre. pwc. com/ imagelibrary/ downloadMedia. ashxMediaDetailsID.
Pricewaterhouse Coopers. . Retrieved November . Globalization and World Cities GaWC
Study Group and Network, Loughborough University. quotThe World According to GaWC
quot http/ / www. lboro. ac. uk/ gawc/ worldt. html. . quotGlobal Power City Index quot http/ /
www. morimfoundation. or. jp/ english/ research/ project/ / pdf/ GPCIEnglish. pdf PDF. .
Retrieved . quotMadrid is the most touristic city of Spainquot http/ / www. madridiario. es/ /
Enero/ feria/ feriamadrid/ / turistasmadrid. html. Madridiario.es. January . . Retrieved October
. quotMonocles Worlds Most Liveable Cities Index quot http/ / www. monocle. com/
Magazine/ volume/ Issue/ . Monocle.com. June . . Retrieved October . quotTop liveable cities
Madridquot http/ / www. monocle. com/ sections/ affairs/ MagazineArticles/
TopliveablecitiesMadrid/ . Monocle.com. . Retrieved October . Greenest cities in Europe http/
/ www. citymayors. com/ environment/ greenestcitieseurope. html. City Mayors . Retrieved on
. quotMadridquot http/ / www. indiana. edu/ overseas/ flyers/ madies. html. Indiana.edu. July .
. quotMadrid quot http/ / www. easyexpat. com/ madriden/ overviewgeography. htm. Easy
expat. August . . quotMadrid History Museums Suggested Itineraries Madridquot http/ / www.
indigoguide. com/ spain/ madridhistory. htm. Indigoguide.com. . Retrieved February . Xavier
Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, ditions errance . p. . quotEl origen del
nombre.quot http/ / www. nova. es/ jlb/ mades. htm. JLL amp JRP. August . .
JMcatellanos.com http/ / elmadridmedieval. jmcastellanos. com/ Prehistoric times in Madrid
Spanish Only quotMadrid, de territorio fronterizo a regin metropolitana. Madrid, from being
the quotfrontierquot to become a Metropole.quot http/ / www. ucm. es/ info/ hcontemp/ leoc/
madrid I. htmINDICE in Spanish. History of Madrid.. Luis Enrique Otero Carvajal Profesor
Titular de Historia Contempornea. Universidad Complutense. Madrid. . Retrieved October .
quotClimate in Madridquot http/ / www. meteomad. net/ index. phpoptioncomcontentamp
taskviewamp idamp Itemid. Meteomad. . Retrieved October . quotMediterraneanquot http/ /
www. globalbioclimatics. org/ form/ tbmed. htm. Globalbioclimatics.org. . Retrieved April .
Madrid
quotValores Climatolgicos Normales. Madridquot http/ / www. aemet. es/ es/ elclima/
datosclimatologicos/ valoresclimatologicoslamp kmad in Spanish. AEMet. May . . Retrieved
May . quotFaunia Wikipedia, la enciclopedia librequot http/ / es. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Faunia
in Spanish. Es.wikipedia.org. January . . Retrieved January . quotOverview Economy of
Madridquot http/ / www. easyexpat. com/ madriden/ overvieweconomy. htm. EasyExpat.
August . . quotMadrid Economyquot http/ / www. esmadrid. com/ recursos/ doc/ en/ Negocio/
ObservatorioEconomico/ . pdf PDF. Empresa Municipal Promocin de Madrid. . Retrieved
August . quotCity Mayors reviews the richest cities in the world in quot http/ / www.
citymayors. com/ statistics/ richestcities. html. Citymayors.com. March . . Retrieved July .
Colpisa. quotOcho regiones espaolas superan ya el PIB medio de la Unin Europea. La
Verdadquot http/ / www. laverdad. es/ murcia/ / economia/ ochoregionesespanolassuperan.
html. Laverdad.es. . Retrieved July . quotThe worlds best financial citiesquot http/ / www.
citymayors. com/ economics/ financialcities. html. City Mayors. . quotEl salario medio bruto
se acerca a . euros en el segundo trimestre del aoquot http/ / www. elmundo. es/
mundodinero/ / / / economia/ . html. elmundo.es. . . Retrieved . quotWorlds richest cities in
quot http/ / www. citymayors. com/ economics/ richestcities. html. City Mayors. . Retrieved .
quotWorlds most expensive cities in Rankingquot http/ / www. citymayors. com/ economics/
expensivecities. html. City Mayors. . http/ / www. ine. es/ jaxi/ menu. dotypepcaxisamp
pathFtFeamp fileinebaseamp L quotForeign Population in the city of madrid. A study by the
Direccin General de Estadstica of the municipality of Madridquot http/ / www. munimadrid.
es/ UnidadesDescentralizadas/ UDCEstadistica/ Publicaciones/ PoblacionExtranjera/ Julio/
ExtranjerosJulio. pdf PDF. . Retrieved April . quotPleno de Madrid Spanish Onlyquot http/ /
www. munimadrid. es/ portal/ site/ munimadrid/ menuitem. fbdbafabaadffcac/
vgnextoiddaaabceVgnVCMbaaRCRDamp vgnextchannelfeabcVgnVCMdcacRCRD in
Spanish. Munimadrid.es. . Retrieved April . quotLocal Government Organization Spanish
Onlyquot http/ / www. munimadrid. es/ portales/ munimadrid/ es/ Inicio/ ElAyuntamiento/
GobiernoyAdministracion/ JuntadeGobiernodelaCiudaddeMadrid/
JuntadeGobiernodelaCiudaddeMadridvgnextfmtespecialamp
vgnextoidfaaddVgnVCMdcacRCRDamp vgnextchannelbeddeVgnVCMdccacRCRD in
Spanish. Munimadrid.es. . Retrieved April . quotMuseo del Prado, official english
webpagequot http/ / www. museodelprado. es/ en/ . . quotMuseo Reina Sofa MNCARS,
official english webpagequot http/ / www. museoreinasofia. es/ indexen. html. . Jonathan
Kandell, quotBaron ThyssenBornemisza, Industrialist Who Built Fabled Art Collection, Dies
at ,quot http/ / www. nytimes. com/ / / / nyregion/
baronthyssenbornemiszaindustrialistwhobuiltfabledartcollectiondies. htmlpagewantedall New
York Times, April . quotThyssenBornemisza Museum, official english webpagequot http/ /
www. museothyssen. org/ en/ thyssen/ home. . quotThe Real Academia de Bellas Artes de
San Fernando Museum, Madridquot http/ / www. gomadrid. com/ museums/ bellasartes.
html. Gomadrid.com. . Retrieved . http/ / karaart. com/ botero/ fernandobotero. html .http/ /
www. patrimonionacional. es/ Home/ PalaciosReales/ PalacioRealdeMadrid. aspx http/ /
man. mcu. es/ http/ / museodeamerica. mcu. es http/ / www. mncn. csic. es/ quotPatrimonio
Nacional Monasterio de las Descalzas Realesquot http/ / www. patrimonionacional. es/
Home/ MonasteriosyConventos/ MonasteriodelasDescalzasReales. aspx.
Patrimonionacional.es. . Retrieved . quotFundacin Lzaro Galdiano museum websitequot http/
/ www. flg. es/ museo/ museo. htm. Flg.es. . Retrieved . http//mnartesdecorativas.mcu.es
http/ / museoromanticismo. mcu. es http/ / museocerralbo. mcu. es http/ / mnantropologia.
mcu. es/ http/ / museosorolla. mcu. es/ quotReal Decreto /, de de julio, por el que se aprueba
los Estatutos de la Real Academia Espaolaquot http/ / noticias. juridicas. com/ basedatos/
Admin/ rd. html. Noticias.juridicas.com. . . Retrieved . Librays website http/ / www. bne. es/
es/ Colecciones/ National MSO.net http/ / www. mso. net. amp quotThings to do in Madrid
Popular sightseeing activities amp things to do in Madridquot http/ / www.
directlinecitybreaks. co. uk/ Madrid Things To Do. Directlinecitybreaks.co.uk. . Retrieved
June . quot Festival Escena Contemporneaquot http/ / escenacontemporanea. com/ / .
Escenacontemporanea.com. . Retrieved June . quotFestival Alternativo de las Artes
Escnicas, Madrid, Spain Things to Do Reviewsquot http/ / www. nileguide. com/ destination/
madrid/ thingstodo/ festivalalternativodelasartesescenicas/ . NileGuide.com. . Retrieved June
. Addis Network S.L.. quotSpainTube Art Madrid Alternativo o complementario a ARCO
Galeria Arte Rita Castellote/Arte Contemporaneo en Madridquot http/ / www.
galeriaritacastellote. es/ content/ / / / / /
SpainTubeArtMadridAlternativoocomplementarioaARCO. htm. Galeriaritacastellote.es. .
Retrieved June .
Madrid
France, Jon. quotThe Best Cafs in Madrid Venere Travel Blogquot http/ / www. venere. com/
blog/ madridcafes/ . Venere.com. . Retrieved June . quotMadrids Bohemian Best Exploring
Lavapis La Castizaquot http/ / en. momondo. com/ blogs/ lacastiza/ archive/ / / / lavapis.
aspx. En.momondo.com. . Retrieved June . quotMadrid Neighbourhoods Lavapis... Going
out, eating, drinking, and bohemian cool Notes from Madrid Tapas bars, restaurants,
shopping, and nightlife in Madridquot http/ / www. notesfrommadrid. com/ category/ bybarrio/
lavapies/ . Notesfrommadrid.com. November . . Retrieved June . quotEl Rastro amp
Lavapisquot http/ / www. whatmadrid. com/ lavapies. html. Whatmadrid.com. . Retrieved
June . quotAuditorio Nacional de Msicaquot http/ / www. timeout. com/ madrid/ music/ venue/
/ auditorionacionaldemusica. Time Out. . Retrieved August . quotOrquesta Sinfnica
ChamartnHistoria in Spanishquot http/ / www. oschamartin. org/ osc/ index.
phpoptioncomcontentamp taskviewamp idamp Itemid. Orquesta Sinfnica Chamartn.
February . . Retrieved August . quotTeatro Real Timeout Madridquot http/ / www. timeout.
com/ madrid/ music/ venue/ / teatroreal. . Retrieved January . History of the Teatro de la
Zarzuela http/ / teatrodelazarzuela. mcu. es/ teatro/ historia. asp quotTeatro de la Zarzuela
Timeout Madridquot http/ / www. timeout. com/ madrid/ music/ venue/ / teatrodelazarzuela.
Timeout.com. . Retrieved April . quotLa Orquesta Sinfnica in Spanishquot http/ / www. rtve.
es/ orquesta/ orquesta/ index. php. RTVE. . Retrieved August . Valiente, Emeterio April .
Course record for Cherogony, while Gebrselassie jogs to km .milemi http/ / www. iaaf. org/
LRR/ news/ newsid. html victory Madrid Marathon report. IAAF. Retrieved on . quotSistema
Educativo LOE by the Spanish Ministry of EducationSpanish Onlyquot http/ / web. archive.
org/ web/ / http/ / www. mec. es/ educa/ sistemaeducativo/ loe/ sistemaeducativoloe. html in
Spanish. Mec.es. Archived from the original http/ / www. mec. es/ educa/ sistemaeducativo/
loe/ sistemaeducativoloe. html on April . . Retrieved April . quotUniversidad Complutensequot
http/ / www. umsl. edu/ services/ abroad/ universities/ complutense. html. MissouriSt. Louis
University. July . . quotComplutense University of Madridquot http/ / portal. ucm. es/ en/ web/
enucm/ sevencenturiesofhistory. UCM. . quotUniversidad Autnomaquot http/ / www. uam. es.
Universidad Autnoma de Madrid. July . . quotquotEl Mundoquot Carreras quot http/ / www.
elmundo. es/ especiales/ / / cultura/ carreras/ index. html. . quotquotEl Mundoquot Masters
quot http/ / aula. elmundo. es/ aula/ especiales/ / masters/ index. html. . quotDepartment of
Economics, U. Carlos III de Madridquot http/ / www. eco. ucm. es. .
quotwww.econphd.netquot http/ / www. econphd. net/ rankings. htm. . quotACI Passenger
Traffic Data quot http/ / www. airports. org/ cda/ acicommon/ display/ main/ acicontentc.
jspznaciamp cp. Airports.org. . . Retrieved . quotMadrid Metroquot http/ / urbanrail. net/ eu/
mad/ madrid. htm. Robert Schwandl. August . . Madrid city council webpage quotMapa
Mundi de las ciudades hermanadasquot http/ / www. munimadrid. es/ portal/ site/
munimadrid/ menuitem. dbdababaadffcac/ vgnextoideaVgnVCMcaaRCRDamp
vgnextchanneledaaVgnVCMdcacRCRDamp vgnextfmtespecialamp
idContenidodaabbVgnVCMdcacRCRD. Ayuntamiento de Madrid. Madrid city council
webpage.
External links
Metro of Madrid http//www.metromadrid.es/en/index.html Transport Information System of
Madrid http//www.ctmmadrid.es/servlet/IdiomaServletxhIDIOMA Madrid travel guide from
Wikitravel City of Madrid
http//www.munimadrid.es/portales/munimadrid/en/Homevgnextfmtdefaultamp
vgnextchannelccdVgnVCMdccacRCRDampidiomaenampidiomaPrevioenamp combo The
Official Website for Madrid on Tourism and Business http//www.esmadrid.com/en/portal.do
WikiSatellite view of Madrid at WikiMapia http//www.wikimapia.org/yampxampzamp lampma
Photos of Madrid http//www.flickr.com/photos/tessekkur/sets// OPENCities participant
http//opencities.britishcouncil.org/web/index.phppmadriden History of Madrid
http//www.ucm.es/info/hcontemp/leoc/madrid.htm Development and History of the city of
Madrid http//www.nova.es/jlb/mades.htm
quotRenta en los Distritos de Madrid quot
http//www.munimadrid.es/estadistica/economia/renta/documentos/ BRC.pdfPDF,
Madrid A guide to the natural history of Madrid
http//www.iberianature.com/material/wildnaturesites/ wildmadrid/madridnature.htm A guide to
the gastronomy and architecture of Madrid http//madridexplore.com/ kbd
History of Madrid
Although the site of modernday Madrid Spain has been occupied since prehistoric times, and
there are archeological remains of a small visigoth village near the modern location, the first
historical data from the city comes from the th century, when Muhammad I of Cordoba
ordered the construction of a small palace in the same place that is today occupied by the
Palacio Real. Around this palace a small citadel, alMudayna, was built. Near that palace was
the Manzanares, which the Muslims called alMajr Arabic quot ,source of waterquot. From this
came the naming of the site as Majerit, which was later rendered to the Ruins of Madrids
Muslim wall, built in the th century modernday spelling of Madrid. The citadel was conquered
in by Alfonso VI of Leon and Castile in his advance towards Toledo. He reconsecrated the
mosque as the church of the Virgin of Almudena almudin, the garrisons granary. In , the
Cortes Generales first assembled in the city to advise Ferdinand IV of Castile. Sephardic
Jews and Moors continued to live in the city until they were expelled at the end of the th
century. In , Leon VI of Armenia was named Lord of Madrid by King John I of Castile. In , the
crusader Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia had been conquered by Egyptian Mamluks and Leon
V was taken prisoner to Cairo. The king of Castile felt compassion for him and ransomed him
with precious stones, silks, and birds of prey. Leon Lusignan arrived ill and poor to Medina
del Campo. John I granted him for life the town of Madrid, Villa Real and Andjar and a yearly
gift of , maravedis. He rebuilt the towers of the Royal Alcazar. According to Father Mariana,
Leon left Castile for France after the death of his protector in and died in in Paris. Federico
Bravo, however states that he left after two years of ruling and five years later, the
Madrilenians were conceded the revocation of the lordship by John. After troubles and a big
fire, Henry III of Castile rebuilt the city and established himself safely fortified outside its walls
in El Pardo, after a royal schedule issued in . To avoid cases like that of Leon, he ordered
that Madrid would be thereinafter an unalienable possession of the Crown of Castile. The
grand entry of Ferdinand and Isabella to Madrid heralded the end of strife between Castile
and Aragon. The kingdoms of Castile, with its capital at Toledo, and Aragn, with its capital at
Barcelona, were welded into modern Spain by Charles I of Spain. Though Charles favored
Madrid, it was his son, Philip II who moved the court to Madrid in . Although he made no
official declaration, the seat of the court was the de facto capital. Seville continued to control
the Spanish Indies, but Madrid controlled Seville. Aside from a brief period, , when King
Philip III installed his court in Valladolid, Madrids fortunes have closely mirrored those of
Spain. During the Siglo de Oro Golden Century, in the th/th century, Madrid had no
resemblance with other European capitals the population of the city was economically
dependent on the business of the court itself.
Plaza Mayor, from
History of Madrid
Philip V decided that a European capital could not stay in such a state, and new palaces
including the Palacio Real de Madrid were built during his reign. However, it would not be
until Charles III that Madrid would become a modern city. Charles III was one of the most
popular kings in the history of Madrid, and the saying quotthe best mayor, the kingquot
became popular during those times. When Charles IV became king the people of Madrid
revolted. After the Mutiny of Aranjuez, which was led by his own son Ferdinand VII against
him, Charles IV resigned, but Fountain of Cybele, from , at Plaza de Cibeles Ferdinand VIIs
reign would be short in May Napoleons troops entered the city. On May , Spanish Dos de
Mayo the Madrileos revolted against the French forces, whose brute reaction would have a
lasting impact on French rule in Spain and Frances image in Europe in general. After the war
of independence Ferdinand VII came back to the throne, but after a liberal military revolution,
Colonel Riego made the king swear respect to the Constitution. This would start a period
where liberal and conservative government alternated, that would end with the enthronement
of Isabellla II . She could not calm down the political tension that would lead to yet another
revolt, the First Spanish Republic, and the comeback of the monarchs, which eventually led
to the Second Spanish Republic and the Spanish Civil War. The military uprising of July was
defeated in Madrid by a combination of loyal police units and workers militias. After this, from
, Madrid An German map of Madrid. was held by forces loyal to the Spanish Republic and
was besieged by Spanish Nationalist and allied troops under Francisco Franco. Madrid,
besieged from October , saw a pitched battle in its western suburbs in November of that year
and eventually fell to the nationalists on March , . The Siege of Madrid saw the first mass
bombing of civilians from the air by German aircraft of the Condor Legion. During the
dictatorship of Francisco Franco, especially after the sixties, the south of Madrid became
very industrialized and there were massive migrations from rural environments into the city.
Madrids southeastern periphery became an extensive slum settlement, which was the base
for an active cultural and political frame. After the death of Franco, emerging democratic
parties including those of leftwing and republican ideology accepted Francos wishes of being
succeeded by Juan Carlos I in order to secure stability and democracy which led Spain to its
current position as a constitutional monarchy.
The Metropolis Building in Gran Via.
History of Madrid
Befitting from the prosperity it gained in the s, the capital city of Spain has consolidated its
position as the leading economic, cultural, industrial, educational, and technological center
on the Iberian peninsula. On March , Madrid was hit by a terrorist attack when terrorists
placed a series of bombs on multiple trains during the rush hour. This was the worst
massacre in Spain since the end of the civil war in . At first the Basque separatists ETA were
blamed but it was later revealed that Islamic terrorists were to blame. The Partido Popular,
now in opposition, as well as certain Puerta de Europa buildings, from media outlets such as
El Mundo newspaper and a small percentage of the population, continue to support theories
relating the attack to a vast conspiracy to remove them from power. These theories consider
that the Spanish Socialist Workers Party PSOE, ETA as well as members of the security
forces and national and foreign secret services were implicated in the bombings.
Nevertherless, all the investigations carried out by Del Olmo Judge in Madrid lead all
suspicions towards a local terrorist Islamist cell which mainly resided in the quotbarrioquot of
Lavapies that wanted to punish the Spanish government for their implication in the Iraq war,
as the terrorists themselves asserted in some video tapes found at the Madrid Muslim
Mosque in the aftermath of the attacks. Madrid has also expressed its desire to host the
Olympic Games, and was a candidate for the games, which was finally won by London after
Madrid was eliminated in the third round of the ballot. Immediately following the
announcement of Londons success, the mayor of the city, Alberto RuizGallardn, spoke of
bidding for the games, and in Madrid formally announced its candidature. Again they got
eliminated in the third round, this time to Rio de Janeiro.
References
quotEl Madrid Medieval Medieval Madrid. Includes Prehistoric, roman and medieval up to
the Catholic Monarchs times.quot http/ / elmadridmedieval. jmcastellanos. com/ in Spanish.
History of Madrid.. Jos Manuel Castellanos. . Retrieved . Un Madrid inslito Gua para dejarse
sorprender, pg. . Jess Callejo. Editorial Complutense, . ISBN . The book however talks about
Leon V of Armenia.
MadridBarajas Airport
MadridBarajas Airport
MadridBarajas Airport Aeropuerto de MadridBarajas
IATA MAD ICAO LEMD Summary Airport type Operator Serves Location Hub for Public
Aena Madrid, Spain Madrid, Alcobendas, San Sebastin de los Reyes and Paracuellos de
Jarama, Spain
Air Europa Air Pullmantur EasyJet Iberia Mint Airways Ryanair Spanair
ElevationAMSL m / , ft Coordinates Website N W
http/ / www. aena. es
Map
MAD
Location within Madrid Runways Direction m R/L L/R L/R R/L , , , , Length ft , , , , Statistics
Passengers Passenger change ,, . Asphalt Asphalt Asphalt Asphalt / Concrete Surface
MadridBarajas Airport
,.
Aircraft Movements Movements change Sources Passenger Traffic, AENA Spanish AIP,
AENA
MadridBarajas Airport Spanish AeropuertoMadridBarajas Internacional IATA MAD ,ICAO
LEMD is the main international airport serving Madrid in Spain. In , over . million passengers
used MadridBarajas, making it the countrys largest and busiest airport, and in it was the
worlds th busiest airport and Europes fourth busiest airport. It opened in , and has grown to
be one of the most important aviation centres of Europe. Located within the city limits of
Madrid, just km .mi from the citys financial district and km .mi northeast of the Puerta del Sol,
Madrids historic centre. The airport name derives from the adjacent district of Barajas, which
has its own metro station on the same rail line serving the airport. The MadridBarcelona air
shuttle service, known as the quotPuente Areoquot in Spanish, literally quotAir Bridgequot, is
the busiest air route in Europe, with the highest number of flight operations per week before .
The schedule has been reduced since February , when the MadridBarcelona highspeed rail
line was opened, covering the distance in hours, and quickly became popular. Barajas
serves as the gateway to the Iberian peninsula from the rest of Europe and the world, and is
a particularly key link between Europe and Latin America. The airport is the primary hub and
maintenance base for Iberia. Consequently, Iberia is responsible for more than percent of
Barajas traffic.
History
The airport was first constructed in , opening to national and international air traffic on April ,
although regular commercial operations began two years later. A small terminal was
constructed with a capacity for , passengers a year, in addition to several hangars and the
building of the Avin Club. The first regular flight was established by Lneas Areas Postales
Espaolas LAPE with its line to Barcelona. Later, in the s international flights started to serve
some European and African destinations.
Barajas Terminal
Originally, the flight field was a large circle bordered in white with the name of Madrid in its
interior, unpaved, consisting of land covered with natural grass. It was not until the s that the
flight field was paved and new runways were designed. The first runway which started
operation in was , metres long and metres wide. By the end of the decade the airport had
three runways, none of which exists today. In the late s, scheduled flights to Latin America
and the Philippines started.
In the s, the airport supported over half a million passengers, increasing to runways and
scheduled flights to New York City began. The National Terminal, currently T, began
construction in , and was inaugurated later that year. In the Plan of Airports of , Barajas
DeparturesTerminal Airport is classified as a firstclass international airport. By the s, large
jets were landing at Barajas, and the growth of traffic mainly as a result of tourism exceeded
forecasts. At the beginning of the decade, the airport reached the . million passengers,
double that envisaged in the Plan of Airports of .
MadridBarajas Airport In the s, with the boom in tourism and the arrival of the Boeing , the
airport reached million passengers, and began the construction of the international terminal
current T. In , Iberia, L.A.E. introduced the shuttle service between Madrid and Barcelona, a
service with multiple daily frequencies and available without prior reservation. The FIFA
World Cup brought significant reforms to the airport, with the expansion and reform of the
two existing terminals. In the s, the airport expanded further. In , the first cargo terminal was
constructed, and the control tower was renovated. In , it opened the North Dock, which is
used as an exclusive terminal for Iberias Schengen flights. In , it inaugurated a new control
tower, m tall, and then in the new South Dock opened, which implies an expansion of the
international terminal. During this time, the distribution of the terminals changed The south
dock and most of the International Terminal were now called T, the rest of the International
Terminal and Domestic Terminal were now called T and the north dock was called T. In
November , the new runway RL started operations replacing the previous , , m long, one of
the largest in Europe under expansion plans called Major Barajas. In , it began the
construction of new terminals T and its satellite, TS, designed by architects Antonio Lamela
and Richard Rogers, and two parallel runways to the existing ones. The new terminals and
runways were completed in , but administrative delays and equipment, as well as the
controversy over the redeployment of terminals, delayed service until February . In , the
airport processed more than million passengers.
Barajas today
Terminal houses all Iberia and Vueling flights along with all Oneworld alliance member
airlines which include British Airways, American Airlines, LAN Airlines, Finnair, among
others. Terminals T, T, and T handle Air Europa and Spanair, as well as all member airlines
of SkyTeam and Star Alliance. Terminal , designed by Antonio Lamela and Richard Rogers
winning team of the Stirling Prize, and TPS Engineers, winning team of the IStructE Award
for Commercial Structures was built by Ferrovial and inaugurated on February , . Terminal is
one of the worlds largest airport terminals in terms of area, with , square meters ,, square
feet in separate landside and airside structures. It consists of a main building, T , m, and a
satellite building, TS , m, which are approximately .km apart. The new Terminal is meant to
give passengers a stressfree start to their journey. This is managed through careful use of
illumination, with glass panes instead of walls, and numerous domes in the roof which allow
natural light to pass through. With this new addition, Barajas is designed to handle million
passengers annually.
Terminal
Terminal
During the construction of Terminal , two more runways L/R and L/R were constructed to aid
in the flow of air traffic arriving and departing from Barajas. These runways were officially
inaugurated on February , together with the terminals, but had already been
MadridBarajas Airport
used on several occasions beforehand to test flight and air traffic manoeuvres. Thus, Barajas
came to have four runways two on a northsouth axis and parallel to each other separated by
.km and two on a northwestsoutheast axis and separated by .km. This allowed simultaneous
takeoffs and landings into the airport, allowing operations an hour one takeoff or landing
every seconds. Terminals , and are adjacent terminals that are home to SkyTeam and Star
Alliance airlines, as well as Air Europa. Terminal is home to Iberia, its franchise Air Nostrum
and all Oneworld partner airlines. Gate numbers are continuous in terminals , and A to E, but
are separately numbered in terminal . Barajas was voted quotBest Airportquot in the Cond
Nast Traveller Reader Awards. In December , the Spanish government announced plans to
tender MadridBarajas airport to companies in the private sector for a period of up to years.
Terminal at night
Terminal
Terminal check in hall in
Traffic and statistics
Passenger numbers
Passengers ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, Aircraft Movements , , , , , , , , , , Cargo tonnes , , , , , , , , , ,
MadridBarajas Airport
Source Aena Statistics
Route statistics
Busiest Intercontinental Routes from MadridBarajas Rank Rome, Italy ParisCharles de
Gaulle, France Amsterdam, Netherlands City Passengers ,, ,, ,, Top Carriers Alitalia, Iberia,
Air Europa Air Europa, Iberia, Air France EasyJet, Iberia, KLM, Transavia British Airways,
Iberia Air Canada, Iberia ,Air Transat Iberia, LAN Airlines, Lufthansa, Spanair China Airlines,
Air China, Spanair, Iberia Iberia, Aerolineas Argentinas, Air Europa Air Europa, American
Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Iberia EasyJet, Iberia, Lufthansa Iberia, Lufthansa, Lufthansa
CityLine Iberia, Royal Air Maroc, Air Europa Brussels Airlines, Iberia Aeromxico, Iberia Air
Europa, Iberia, LAN Per Air China, Iberia, TAM Airlines Iberia, Thai Airways International
Japan Airlines, Iberia, All Nippon Airways Avianca, Iberia Iberia, Air Kenya, British Airways
Air India, Iberia Air Europa, American Airlines, Iberia Air Europa, Cubana de Aviacin, Iberia,
Iberworld Air Europa, Conviasa, Iberia, Santa Brbara Airlines Olympic Air, Iberia, Aegean
Airlines Iberia, LAN Airlines Iberia, Korean Air Iberia, Turkish Airlines Qantas, Iberia Air
China, Iberia
LondonHeathrow, United Kingdom ,, TorontoPearson, Canada Frankfurt, Germany
ShanghaiPudong, China Buenos AiresEzeiza, Argentina New YorkJFK, United States
MilanMalpensa, Italy Munich, Germany Casablanca, Morocco Brussels, Belgium Mexico
City, Mexico Lima, Peru So PauloGuarulhos, Brazil Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Tokyo, Japan
Bogot, Colombia Nairobi, Kenya Delhi, India Miami, United States Havana, Cuba Caracas,
Venezuela Athens, Greece Santiago de Chile, Chile Incheon, South Korea IstanbulAtatrk,
Turkey Sydney, Australia Beijing, China ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
MadridBarajas Airport
Busiest Domestic Routes from MadridBarajas
Rank
City Barcelona, Catalonia Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands
Passengers ,, ,,
Top Carriers Air Europa, Iberia, Spanair, Vueling Airlines Air Berlin, Air Europa, Iberia,
Ryanair, Spanair Air Europa, Iberia, Ryanair, Spanair Air Europa, Iberia, Spanair Air
Nostrum, Iberia, Ryanair, Spanair Iberia, Ryanair, Spanair Iberia, Spanair Air Europa, Iberia,
Ryanair, Spanair Air Europa, Iberia Iberia, Spanair Air Europa, Air Nostrum, EasyJet,
Spanair, Vueling Airlines Iberia, Spanair Air Europa, EasyJet, Iberia, Iberworld, Ryanair,
Spanair Air Europa, Iberia Iberia, Ryanair Air Europa, Iberia, Ryanair, Spanair Iberia Air
Nostrum, Ryanair Air Europa, EasyJet, Iberia, Iberworld, Spanair Iberia
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands ,, TenerifeNorth, Canary Islands Valencia,
Valencian Community Alicante, Valencian Community Bilbao, Basque Country Santiago de
Compostela, Galicia Vigo, Galicia Malaga, Andalusia Ibiza, Balearic Islands A Corua, Galicia
Lanzarote, Canary Islands Asturias, Principality of Asturias Jerez de la Frontera, Andalusia
TenerifeSouth, Canary Islands Seville, Andalusia Santander, Cantabria Fuerteventura,
Canary Islands Granada, Andalusia ,, ,, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Terminals, airlines and destinations
Note denotes charter flights and their destinations
A Qatar Airways A taxiing
MadridBarajas Airport
A Vueling Airbus A parked at a gate
A Germanwings Airbus A parked at a gate
Airlines Aegean Airlines Aer Lingus Aeroflot Aerolneas Argentinas Aeromxico Aerosur Air
Algrie Air Berlin Air Canada Air China Air Europa Athens Dublin, WashingtonDulles
MoscowSheremetyevo Buenos AiresEzeiza Mexico City Santa Cruz de la Sierra Algiers
Palma de Mallorca Seasonal TorontoPearson BeijingCapital, So PauloGuarulhos
Destinations
Terminal
Arrecife, Buenos AiresEzeiza, Cancun, Caracas, Dakar, Havana, Lima, LondonGatwick,
Malabo, Marrakech, Mexico City begins June, Miami, New YorkJFK, Punta Cana, Santo
Domingo, Tunis Asturias, Barcelona, Fuerteventura, Ibiza, Gran Canaria, Lisbon, Minorca,
Palma de Mallorca, ParisOrly, RomeFiumicino, Santiago de Compostela, TenerifeNorth,
TenerifeSouth, Venice, Vigo ParisCharles de Gaulle Chisinau Seasonal MontralTrudeau,
TorontoPearson Seasonal Riga
Air Europa
Air France Air Moldova Air Transat AirBaltic
MadridBarajas Airport
Alitalia American Airlines Armavia Avianca Blue Air
MilanLinate, RomeFiumicino Dallas/Fort Worth, Miami, New YorkJFK Yerevan begins June
Bogot, Cali, Medelln BucharestBneasa, Sibiu
British Airways LondonHeathrow British Airways LondonCity operated by BA CityFlyer
Brussels Airlines Bulgaria Air Continental Airlines Conviasa Cubana de Aviacin Czech
Airlines Brussels Sofia Newark Caracas Havana, Santiago de Cuba Prague
Delta Air Lines Atlanta, New YorkJFK EasyJet Amsterdam, BerlinSchnefeld, Bordeaux,
Bristol, BucharestHenri Coand, Casablanca, Edinburgh, Ibiza, Lanzarote resumes June,
Lisbon, Liverpool, LondonGatwick, LondonLuton, Lyon, Manchester begins November,
Marrakech, MilanMalpensa, Naples, ParisCharles de Gaulle, RomeFiumicino, Tangier,
Toulouse, Venice Basel/Mulhouse, Geneva Cairo Tel Aviv Dubai Helsinki A Corua, Algiers,
Alicante, Amsterdam, Asturias, Athens, Barcelona, BerlinTegel, Bilbao, Bogot, Bologna,
Boston, Brussels, BucharestOtopeni resumes July, Buenos AiresEzeiza, Cairo, Caracas,
Casablanca, ChicagoOHare, Copenhagen, Crdoba, Dakar, Dsseldorf, Fortaleza, Frankfurt,
Fuerteventura, Geneva, Granada, Gran Canaria, Guatemala City, Guayaquil, Havana,
IstanbulAtatrk, Jerez de la Frontera, Johannesburg, La Palma, Lagos, Lanzarote, Lima,
Lisbon, LondonHeathrow, Los Angeles, Malabo, Malaga, Marrakech, Mexico City, Miami,
MilanLinate, MilanMalpensa, Montevideo, MoscowDomodedovo, Munich, New YorkJFK,
Oran, Palma de Mallorca, Panama City, ParisOrly, Prague, Quito, Rabat begins July , Recife,
Rio de JaneiroGaleo, RomeFiumicino, San Jos de Costa Rica, San Juan, San Salvador,
Santiago de Chile, Santiago de Compostela, Santo Domingo, So PauloGuarulhos, Seville,
StockholmArlanda, Tangier, Tel Aviv, TenerifeNorth, TenerifeSouth, Venice, Vienna, Vigo,
Zrich Seasonal Damascus, Dubrovnik, Saint Petersburg, Zagreb
EasyJet Switzerland EgyptAir El Al Emirates Finnair Iberia
Iberia operated Almera, Badajoz, Bologna, Bordeaux, Dublin, Dsseldorf, Genoa, Granada,
Ibiza, La Palma by Air Nostrum starts July, Leon, Logroo, Lyon, Marseille, Marrakech,
Melilla, MilanMalpensa, Minorca, Montpellier, Munich, Murcia, Nantes, Naples, Nice,
ParisOrly, Pamplona, Pisa, Porto, San Sebastin, Santander, Strasbourg, Tangier, Toulouse,
Turin, Valencia, Vitoria Seasonal A Corua, Asturias, Catania, Corfu, Malta, Olbia
MadridBarajas Airport
Icelandair KLM Korean Air LAN Airlines LAN Ecuador LAN Per LOT Polish Airlines Lufthansa
Lufthansa Regional operated by Lufthansa CityLine Luxair Malv Hungarian Airlines
Meridiana Fly
Seasonal ReykjavikKeflavik Amsterdam Amsterdam, SeoulIncheon Frankfurt, ParisCharles
de Gaulle ends July, Santiago de Chile Guayaquil, Quito Lima Warsaw Frankfurt, Hamburg,
Munich Dsseldorf, Hamburg, Munich
Luxembourg Budapest
Florence ends August
Mint Airways Amman, Aswan, Cairo, Luxor Niki Orbest Pullmantur Air Qatar Airways Royal
Air Maroc Royal Jordanian Ryanair Vienna Cancun, Edinburgh, Menorca, Punta Cana, Santa
Cruz de la Palma Cancun, Punta Cana Doha Casablanca, Marrakech Amman Alghero,
Alicante, Almera, Ancona, Bari, Beauvais, Bergamo, Bologna, Brussels SouthCharleroi,
Cagliari, Dublin, Eindhoven, Faro, Fez, Hahn, Ibiza, Jerez de la Frontera, Krakow, Gran
Canaria, Lanzarote, LondonGatwick, LondonStansted, Malta, Manchester, Marrakech,
Marseille, MossRygge, Nador, Oujda, Palma de Mallorca, Pisa, Porto, Pozna begins May,
RomeCiampino, Santander, Santiago de Compostela, StockholmSkavsta, Tangier,
TenerifeSouth, Trapani, Turin, Verona, Weeze MoscowDomodedovo Seasonal Ponta
Delgada, Terceira Caracas Jeddah, Riyadh Copenhagen Seasonal OsloGardermoen,
Bergen
S Airlines Sata Internacional Santa Brbara Airlines Saudi Arabian Airlines SAS Scandinavian
Airlines
MadridBarajas Airport
Sky Work Airlines Spanair
Bern begins October A Corua, Alicante, Asturias, Barcelona, Bilbao, Copenhagen, Frankfurt,
Fuerteventura, Ibiza, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, Mlaga, Minorca, Palma de Mallorca, Santiago
de Compostela, StockholmArlanda begins July, TenerifeNorth, Valencia, Vigo Geneva, Zrich
Swiss International Air Lines Syrian Air TACV TAM Airlines TAP Portugal TAP operated by
Portugalia Airlines TAROM Thai Airways International Transavia Travel Service Tunisair
Turkish Airlines Ukraine International Airlines US Airways Uzbekistan Airways Vueling
Damascus Sal So PauloGuarulhos Funchal, Lisbon Lisbon, Porto
BucharestHenri Coand BangkokSuvarnabhumi Rotterdam, Amsterdam Budapest, Prague
Tozeur, Tunis IstanbulAtatrk KievBoryspil, Lviv
Philadelphia Seasonal Charlotte Geneva, Tashkent Alicante, BucharestHenri Coand,
Barcelona, Fuerteventura, Ibiza, Lanzarote, Lisbon, Malaga, Malta, Minorca, Palma de
Mallorca, ParisCharles de Gaulle, RomeFiumicino, Warsaw Seasonal Mykonos begins June
BucharestBneasa, Budapest, ClujNapoca, Katowice, Prague, Trgu Mure begins June,
Timioara Seasonal Warsaw Sofia
Wizz Air
Wizz Air Bulgaria
Cargo airlines
MadridBarajas Airport
Airlines DHL Aviation
Destinations BeijingCapital, Copenhagen, Miami
FedEx Feeder operated by Air Contractors Dublin, ParisCharles de Gaulle Flyant Gestair
Cargo TNT Airways Turkish Airlines Cargo UPS Airlines Maastricht/Aachen Brussels
IstanbulAtaturk ChicagoOHare, Cologne/Bonn, LondonStansted
Ground transport
Rail
The Madrid Metro Line connects the airport with Madrids city centre station Nuevos
Ministerios in the heart of Madrids financial district. The Barajas Line provides a fast route
from the underground stations at Terminal access to T and T and Terminal into central
Madrid. The metro also provides links to stations on the Spanish railway network. The first
ride in the morning leaves from Nuevos Ministerios around am, arriving at Terminals around ,
and at Terminal around . The Nuevos Ministerios metro station allowed checkingin right by
the AZCA business area in central Madrid, but this convenience has been suspended
indefinitely after the building of Terminal . In October , a bid was launched for the
construction of a Cercanas link between Chamartn Station and Terminal . When finished in ,
a single Cercanas Line will link Madrid Barajas Terminal , with Chamartn Station and Atocha
AVE highspeed train stations.
Metro line
at Aeropuerto T Station
EMT Bus
EMT Madrid Municipal Transport Company runs regular public bus Shuttle train that links
Terminal with its satellite services between the airport and Madrid Avenida de Amrica station
bus runs as a complete line dropping passengers off at departures of terminals , and before
collecting passengers in the reverse order at arrivals EMT also have an express bus linking
Barajas airport to Renfes Atocha Station the main rail station in Madrid. The EMT public night
bus service N nicknamed quotBuhoquot, Owl also services from Madrid downtown Plaza
Cibeles to Barajas Plaza de los Hermanos Falc y Alvarez de Toledo, m from the airport
through a passageway above the highway.
MadridBarajas Airport
Airport parking
Long and shortterm car parking is provided at the airport with seven public parking areas. P
is an outdoor car park located in front of the terminal building P is an indoor car park with
direct access to terminals T and T. A Parking Express facility, available for short periods
only, is located at Terminal , and dedicated longterm parking is also available with , spaces a
free shuttle operates between the longstay car park and all terminals. There are also VIP car
parks.
Accidents and incidents
On September , Douglas CB ECAQE of Spantax crashed on takeoff. The aircraft was being
used for training duties and the student pilot overrotated and stalled. One of the six people
on board were killed. On November , Avianca Flight crashed while attempting to land. Flight
struck a series of hills, causing the planes right wing to break off. The then cartwheeled,
shattering into five pieces before coming to rest upsidedown. Only of the passengers
survived there were no survivors among the crew. On December , Iberia Flight collided
during takeoff with Aviaco DC Flight . The Aviaco DC had accidentally entered the runway as
the Iberia flight was taking off. people were killed, including from the Iberia and from the
Aviaco. On July , the winglet of a Thai Airways International Boeing HSTGY operating flight
TG from Madrid Barajas Airport in Spain to Rome Leonardo da VinciFiumicino Airport cut off
the tail of an Air France ERJ while taxing to the runway for takeoff. No injuries were reported.
On the morning of December , an explosion took place in the carpark building module D
attached to Terminal . A bomb threat was phoned in at approximately local time GMT, with
the caller stating that a car bomb carried with kg of explosive would explode at local time
GMT. After receipt of the warning, police were able to evacuate part of the airport. Later, an
anonymous caller stated that ETA claims responsibility for the bombing. As a result of the
explosion, two Ecuadorians who were sleeping in their cars died. The whole module D of the
car park was levelled to the ground, around , tonnes of debris. It took six days to recover the
body of the second victim from the rubble. On August , Spanair Flight which was travelling to
Gran Canaria, veered off to the right and into the ground while climbing immediately after
lifting off from runway L at local time. The McDonnell Douglas now Boeing MD with
registration quotECHFPquot, was carrying people, including passengers. In the accident,
people were killed, were seriously injured and were slightly injured. Prime Minister Zapatero
ordered days of national mourning. On December , during the Spanish air traffic controllers
strike, MadridBarajas Airport remained unoperative when all spanish air traffic controllers
walked out in a coordinated wildcat strike. Following the walkout, the Spanish Government
authorized the Spanish military to take over air traffic control operations. On the morning of
December , the government declared a State of Alert, ordering on the controllers back to
work. Shortly after the measure was implemented, controllers started returning to work and
the strike was called off.
MadridBarajas Airport
References
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents Research
Agency.
of the Air Force Historical
http/ / www. aena. es/ csee/ Satellitecidamp pagenamesubHomeamp SiteNameMADamp
cPageamp LanguageENGB AENA passenger statistics and aircraft movements http/ / www.
aena. es/ csee/ SatellitepagenameEstadisticas/ Home Spanish AIP AENA http/ / www. aena.
es/ csee/ SatelliteLanguageENGBamp Sectionamp SiteNameNavegacionAereaamp
cPageamp cidamp pagenamesubHome Accident history for MAD http/ / aviationsafety. net/
database/ airport/ airport. phpidMAD at Aviation Safety Network ACI Passenger Traffic Data
http/ / www. airports. org/ cda/ acicommon/ display/ main/ acicontentc. jspznaciamp cp OAG
reveals latest industry intelligence on the busiest routes http/ / www. oag. com/ oag/ website/
com/ OAG Data/ News/ Press Room/ Press Releases / OAG reveals latest industry
intelligence on the busiest routes TPS expertise recognised at Madrid Terminal http/ / www.
carillionplc. com/ news/ newsstory. aspid Ferrovial history http/ / www. ferrovial. com/ en/
index. aspMPamp MSamp MN Readers Travel Awards Cond Nast Traveller, Photo of Cond
Nast Traveller http/ / cntraveller. com/ ReadersAwards/ / Airports/ . Cntraveller.com.
Retrieved on . El Gobierno cambia de modelo y privatiza la gestin de aeropuertos
ELPAS.com http/ / www. elpais. com/ articulo/ espana/ Gobierno/ cambia/ modelo/ privatiza/
gestion/ aeropuertos/ elpepuesp/ elpepinac/ Tes. Elpais.com. Retrieved on . Inaugurado el
intercambiador de Nuevos Ministerios en Madrid con servicio directo de metro al aeropuerto
http/ / www. vialibreffe. com/ hemeroteca/ / revista/ actualidad/ actualidad. htm, Va Libre, N ,
June Las aerolneas descartan retomar la facturacin en Nuevos Ministerios http/ / www.
sepla. es/ news/ archives/ . php, ABC, July copy hosted by SEPLA. Fomento http/ / www.
fomento. es/ NR/ rdonlyres/ BADFDCFAEE/ / Fe. pdf Lnea Exprs Aeropuerto. Inicio http/ /
www. emtmadrid. es/ lineaAeropuerto/ index. html. Emtmadrid.es. Retrieved on .
quotECAQE Accident descriptionquot http/ / aviationsafety. net/ database/ record. phpid.
Aviation Safety Network. . Retrieved September . ASN Aircraft accident Boeing B HK
MadridBarajas Airport MAD http/ / aviationsafety. net/ database/ record. phpid.
Aviationsafety.net. Retrieved on . Accident Database Accident Synopsis http/ / www.
airdisaster. com/ cgibin/ viewdetails. cgidateamp regECCFJamp airlineIberia. Airdisaster.com
. Retrieved on . Accident Database Accident Synopsis http/ / www. airdisaster. com/ cgibin/
viewdetails. cgidateamp regECCGSamp airlineAviaco. Airdisaster.com . Retrieved on .
Accident Photo Iberia http/ / www. airdisaster. com/ photos/ ib/ photo. shtml. AirDisaster.Com
. Retrieved on . THAI clarifies incident concerning flgiht TG routed Madrid Rome http/ / www.
asiatraveltips. com/ news/ ThaiAirways. shtml. Asiatraveltips.com. Retrieved on .
quotExplosion hits parking lot at Madrid airportquot http/ / news. yahoo. com/ s/ nm/ / tsnm/
spainexplosiondc. Reuters. . . Retrieved . quotMadrid bomb shatters ETA ceasefirequot http/
/ www. cnn. com/ / WORLD/ europe/ / / madrid. blast/ index. htmlsectioncnnlatest. Reuters. .
. Retrieved . Webb, Jason Sanz, Inmaculada . quotFour hurt in Madrid airport bomb, ETA
claims attackquot http/ / today. reuters. com/ news/ articlenews. aspxtypenewsOneamp
storyIDTZLRTRUKOCUSSPAINEXPLOSION. xmlamp
WTmodLocHomeCTopNewsnewsOnelatest. Reuters. . Retrieved . http/ / www. spanair. com/
web/ engb/ DSite/ Lastofficialnotice/ La tragedia area de Barajas se salda con muertos y
heridos, varios de ellos graves http/ / elmundo. es/ elmundo/ / / / espana/ . html. elmundo.es.
Retrieved on . quotSpanish airports reopen after strike causes holiday chaosquot http/ /
www. guardian. co. uk/ world/ / dec/ / spanishairportstrikestateemergency. guardian.co.uk.
December , . . Retrieved . quotSpanish air traffic controllers marched back to work as
airports reopenquot http/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ travel/ travelnews/ /
Spanishairtrafficcontrollersmarchedbacktoworkasairportsreopen. html. telegraph.co.uk.
December , . . Retrieved . http/ / www. afhra. af. mil/
MadridBarajas Airport
External links
Madrid Barajas Official Website in English http//www.aena.es/csee/Satellitecidamp
pagenamesubHomeampSiteNameMADampcPageampLanguageENGB Madrid Airport
information http//www.madridairport.info Madrid Barajas Airport information
http//www.aeropuertomadrid.net Architect Website on Barajas Terminal
http//www.rshp.com/render.aspxsiteIDampnavIDs,,, Accident history for MAD
http//aviationsafety.net/database/airport/airport.phpidMAD at Aviation Safety Network
Gallery
Small control tower in Terminal
Iberia aircraft in Terminal
T Upper level to checkin, lower levels to Arrivals and metro station
Terminal overview with Madrid city in the background
The main control tower in Terminal
Traffic on Runway L with Terminal in the background
Madrid Metro
Madrid Metro
Madrid Metro
Info Locale Transit type Number of lines Number of stations Daily ridership Madrid Rapid
transit million/year Operation Began operation Number of vehicles
Technical System length Track gauge .km .mi
mmft.in
Madrid Light Metro
Info Locale Transit type Number of lines Number of stations Madrid Light rail / Tramway
Operation Began operation Technical System length km mi
Madrid Metro
The Madrid Metro Spanish Metro de Madrid is a metro system serving the city of Madrid,
capital of Spain. The system is the sixth longest metro in the world after London, New York,
Moscow, Seoul and Shanghai, though Madrid is approximately the fiftieth most populous
metropolitan area in the world. Its fast growth in the last years has also put it among the
fastest growing networks in the world, rivaled by many Chinese metros such as the Shanghai
Metro, Guangzhou Metro or the Beijing Subway. Unlike normal Spanish road and rail traffic,
Madrid Metro trains use lefthand running on all lines due to historical reasons. A light rail
system feeding the metro opened in called Metro Ligero light metro.
History
The first line of the Madrid metro opened on October under the direction of the Compaa de
Metro Alfonso XIII, with stations and .km .mi. It was constructed in a narrow section and the
stations had m platforms. The enlargement of this line and the construction of two others
followed shortly after . In , the network had three lines and a branch line between Opera and
Norte railway station. All these stations served as air raid shelters during the Spanish Civil
War.
Unofficial map network as of October
Typical Madrid metro entrance, designed by
After the civil war the public works to extend the network went on Antonio Palacios, at
Tribunal station little by little. In a fourth line was constructed and it absorbed the branch of
line between Goya and Diego de Len in , a branch that had been intended to be part of line
since its construction but was exploited as a branch of line until the construction of line . In
the sixties, a suburban railway was constructed between Plaza de Espaa and Carabanchel,
linked to lines at Noviciado station with a long transfer and . A fifth metro line was
constructed as well with narrow section but m platforms. Shortly after opening the first
section of line , the platforms in line were enlarged from to m, closing Chamber station since
it was too close to Iglesia less than m. Chamber has been closed ever since and has recently
been opened as a museum. At the beginning of the seventies, the network was greatly
expanded to cope with the influx of population and urban sprawl from Madrids economic
boom. New lines were planned with large m platforms. Lines and were enlarged as well. In ,
bad management led to a crisis. Works already started were finished during the eighties and
all remaining projects were abandoned. After all those projects, km mi of rail track had been
completed and the suburban railway had also disappeared since it had been extended to
Alonso Martnez and thence converted to line .
Lago station in the old Line S now Line is one of the few surface stations in the Metro
network.
At the beginning of the nineties, control of the network was transferred to a public enterprise,
Metro de Madrid. More largescale expansion projects were carried out. Lines , and were
extended and a new line was constructed towards the outlying areas of Madrid. Lines and
were joined together into a longer line and a new line was constructed to expand the
underground network towards the airport. The enlarged line was the first
Madrid Metro to leave the outskirts of Madrid to arrive in RivasVaciamadrid and Arganda del
Rey, two towns located in the southeast suburbs of Madrid. In the early s, a huge project
installed approximately km mi of new metro tunnels. This construction included a direct
connection between downtown Madrid Nuevos Ministerios and the airport, the lengthening of
line , and adding service to the outskirts with a huge km loop called MetroSur serving
Madrids southern suburbs. MetroSur, one of the largest ever civil engineering projects in
Europe, opened on April . It includes km mi of tunnel and new stations, including a new
interchange station on Line , which connects it to the city centre and stations linking to the
local train network. Its construction began in June and the whole loop was completed in less
than three years. It connects Getafe, Mstoles, Alcorcn, Fuenlabrada, and Legans, five towns
located in the area south of Madrid. Most of the current efforts of Madrid regional government
are channeled towards the enlargement of the Metro network. In the recently finished term,
President Esperanza Aguirre funded a multibillion dollar project, which has added to, joined,
or extended almost all of the metro lines. The project included the addition of km mi and the
construction of new stations. It has carried the underground railway to many districts that had
never previously had Metro service Villaverde, Manoteras, Carabanchel Alto, La Elipa, Pinar
de Chamartn and to the eastern and northern outskirts as well Coslada, San Fernando de
Henares, Alcobendas, San Sebastin de los Reyes. For the first time in Madrid, interurban
light rail Metro Ligero or ML lines were built to the western outskirts Pozuelo de Alarcn,
Boadilla del Monte mL and mL and to the new northern districts of Sanchinarro and Las
Tablas mL. As a lastminute addition, a project on line connected it to the new T terminal of
MadridBarajas Airport.
Future expansion
The Metro Authority closed sections of Line during the summer of order to install rigid
overhead lines see below and install a new train control and signalling system that will
reduce wait times and improve train circulation. Line reopened in midSeptember along its
entire length. There are numerous expansion and improvement projects pending many
suspended due to the current financial crisis as of . For example, lines and reaching
Valdebebas, extending line further North towards Atocha railway station and beyond, as well
as extending line to the North, opening the station Arroyo del Fresno on line and extending
line further South.
Station design and setup
Stations in the Madrid metro reveal their age in their design older stations on the narrow lines
are often quite compact, rather like the stations on the Paris Metro. They were decorated
with tilings in different colour schemes depending on the station. In recent years, most of
these stations have been refurbished with single coloured plates matching those in the
newest ones. The stations built between the late s and the early s are slightly more spacious
and most of them have cream colored walls. On the other hand, the most recent stations are
built with space in mind, and are considered amongst the best in the world for their
naturallike lighting and ample entryways. The colour scheme
Alonso Martnez station in Line old stations are often compact, and usually not too deep
underground
Madrid Metro
varies between stations, using singlecolored plates and covering the whole station in light
colors. Recently built transfer stations have white walls, but this is not the norm. Most
stations are built with two side platforms, and a handful of them the busiest transfers have a
central island platform in addition to the side platforms theoretically dedicated to exits. This
system was originally used on the Barcelona Metro and is called the Spanish solution.
Stations with this setup include Line Cuatro Caminos Line Argelles Line Campamento,
Carabanchel Line Avenida De Amrica, Manuel Becerra, Sinz De Baranda, Pacfico, Plaza
Elptica, Oporto, Laguna Line Avenida De Amrica, Pueblo Nuevo Some stations have
crossplatform interchange arrangement which allows extremely fast transfers between two
lines. The only stations with this setup are Prncipe Po and Casa de Campo . On both
occasions, Line uses the outside tracks, so passengers unboarding there leave through the
quotrightquot side of the train instead of the usual left side. In addition, a few stations are
built with just one island platform instead of the usual side platforms. These stations are Line
Almendrales, Villaverde Alto Line Aluche Line Campo De Las Naciones, Aeropuerto T Line
Rivas Urbanizaciones, Arganda del Rey Line Joaquin Vilumbrales Another system is where
there is one island platform with one side platform. This system is used in the stations on
Lines , amp where it is required for passengers to change to smaller trains to continue their
journeys, normally to towns outside Madrid like Alcobendas or Coslada. This is done so the
island platform can be used for passengers to change easily between trains. These stations
are Line Estadio Olimpico Line Puerta De Arganda Line Tres Olivos
Getafe Central in Line , with a Cercanas transfer new stations are built deliberately ample,
with several, crossvisible levels and elevators for disabled people.
Madrid Metro
Overhead Power Supply
Since Metro de Madrid uses a new patented system for its installations a solid track hung
from the ceiling of the tunnels, instead of the usual copper or aluminium wire. This type of
catenary or overhead line is rigid, making it more robust and less prone to failures.
Installations outside of tunnels are rare, as they require many more support structures
compared to traditional wire based overhead lines, making them more expensive to install.
This system of rigid overhead power supply is also used elsewhere.
Lines
The Metro network has stations on lines plus one branch line, totalling km, of which
approximately is underground. The only surface parts are CampamentoEugenia de Montijo ,
LagoCasa de Campo and Puerta de ArgandaArganda del Rey . Additionally, some km of
Metro Ligero modern tram lines serve the various regions of the metropolitan area which
have been deemed not populated enough to justify the extraordinary spending of new Metro
lines. Most of the ML track length is on surface, usually running on platforms separated from
normal road traffic. However, ML line has some underground stretches and stations.
Traditionally, the Madrid metro was restricted to the city proper, but today nearly one third of
its track length runs outside the border of the Madrid municipality. Today, the Metro network
is divided in five regions MetroMadrid zone A the core network inside the Madrid city borders,
with over two thirds of the overall length. Also includes the light rail line . MetroSur zones B
and B line and the last two stations of line , Joaqun Vilumbrales and Puerta del Sur. Runs
through the southern cities of Alcorcn, Legans, Getafe, Fuenlabrada and Mstoles. MetroEste
zone B a prolongation of line from Estadio Olmpico to Hospital de Henares through the
municipalities of Coslada and San Fernando de Henares. MetroNorte zone B opened in ,
includes the stretch of line from La Granja to Hospital Infanta Sofa. Services the northern
outskirts of Madrid and the towns of Alcobendas and San Sebastin de los Reyes. There is a
train interchange inside the line at Tres Olivos station. MetrOeste zones B and B comprised
by the Metro Ligero lines and . Connects the towns of Pozuelo de Alarcn and Boadilla del
Monte to line at Colonia Jardn station. TFM zones B, B and B a prolongation of line from
Puerta de Arganda, the first ever outside the borders of Madrid, services the cities of
RivasVacamadrid and Arganda del Rey. At most of the borders between the regions, one
has to switch trains even when staying in the same line, because the train frequency is
higher in the core MetroMadrid than in the outer regions. Madrid also has an extensive
commuter train Cercanas network operated by Renfe, the national rail line, which is
intermodal with the metro network. In fact, Cercanas stations have connections to the Metro
network, which is indicated on the official map by the Cercanas logo. Many of the new lines
since have been built to link to or end at Cercanas stations, like the ML line, which ends at
the Aravaca station providing a fast entry into Madrid though the C or C commuter lines and
arriving in only one step to the bus and Metro hub Prncipe Po . See also the list of Madrid
metro stations.
Madrid Metro
Line
Terminus
Length
Stations
Loading gauge narrow
Platform
Main service by
Configuration
Pinar de Chamartn Valdecarros
.km .mi .km .mi .km .mi .km .mi .km .mi .km .mi .km .mi .km .mi .km .mi .km .mi .km .mi .km
.mi .km .mi .km .mi .km .mi .km .mi
m
CAF s. A
M.RM.RR.M
La Elipa Cuatro Caminos
m
CAF s.
MRRM
Villaverde Alto Moncloa
m
CAF s.
MRSSRM
Argelles Pinar de Chamartn
m
CAF s.
MRRM
Alameda de Osuna Casa de Campo
m
CAF s. B
M.RM.RR.M
Circular
wide
m
CAF s.
M.MM.MM.M
Pitis Estadio Olmpico Hospital del Henares Nuevos Ministerios Aeropuerto
AnsaldoBreda s. CAF s.
MRSSRM
MRSM
Herrera Oria Puerta de Arganda Arganda del Rey Hospital Infanta Sofa Tres Olivos Puerta
del Sur Plaza Elptica La Fortuna
CAF s. amp AnsaldoBreda s. CAF s.
MRMMRM
MRSSRM
MRSSRM
MetroSur
CAF s.
MRMMRM
pera Prncipe Po
narrow
m
CAF s.
M.RR.M
ML
Pinar de Chamartn Las Tablas
tramway
m
Alstom Citadis MRRRM
ML
Colonia Jardn Estacin de Aravaca
ML
Colonia Jardn Puerta de Boadilla
Notes Line is a shuttle service R stands for quotramalquot quotbranchquot Old stations are
not accessible to people with disabilities but since all new stations must be accessible by
law. Thus, both new stations and renewed old ones have elevators for people on
wheelchairs, huge signs for the visually impaired, etc. All narrow loading gauge lines except
line had originally m platforms. Line was the first to have theirs extended to m, while line had
to wait until the s prior to its recent extension to the southern district of Villaverde, it was
completely closed for nearly a year and thoroughly renewed. Thus, one of the worst lines of
the network, both in terms of trains and facilities, became the shiniest between the
narrowgauged, and was the first to receive the allnew Construcciones y Auxiliar de
Ferrocarriles Series trains. Configurations M engine Motor, R passive Remolque, S cabless
engine motor Sin cabina. Dots/dashes mean crossable/complete basic unit separation, while
their absence implies a walkable aisle throughout the joined
Madrid Metro units. Alstom Citadis tramways have one motor quotcarquot, one suspended,
one with bogie but without motors, one suspended, one motor.
Rolling stock
Traditionally, the trains operating in the Madrid Metro have been built and supplied by the
Spanish company Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles CAF. This was particularly true
under Francisco Francos dictatorship, due to the politic of autarchy his administration initially
pursued. However, in recent years the Italian Ansaldobreda has also provided trains for the
wideprofile lines. Every rolling unit in the Madrid Metro has a unique ID that singles it out in
the whole network. Those IDs are grouped by the rolling unit model the quotseriesquot and
thus is used to categorize the trains, as they bear no uservisible statement of the model
specified by the manufacturer. An ID is made up of A letter indicating the type of rolling unit
M for a car with both engines and drivers cabin Spanish Motor, R for an engineless car, with
or without drivers cabin Spanish Remolque and S for a cabinless car with engines Spanish
motor Sin cabina. A dash separating the two components A three or four digit number
indicating the units series and the position within it. Usually, the series is indicated by the
thousands and hundreds i.e. indicates a series , subseries train.
Trainsets currently in use
Narrow profile CAF series This series has two separate subseries usually called A and B.
The first batch, while reliable and practical, was extremely quotboxlikequot in its looks. They
are nicknamed Pandas, after a car by Seat with the same name and similar boxy design. In
contrast, the B subseries train sets can be told apart by its sleeker, rounder forms, which has
granted them the nickname of quotbubblequot Spanish burbuja for their round driver cabin
window. Series A series B quotbubblequot metro train on line A are currently the more
numerous in the network cars at Marqus de Vadillo station. were built and delivered between
and , having serviced every narrow profile line. They are also among the oldest stock in
operation in the Madrid Metro, so some of them namely, those servicing lines and have been
scheduled for retirement with the purchase of newer series sets. However, the most reliable
ones are being refurbished and painted with new, lighter colors like the ones used in Series ,
and will continue to service line for the time being. Series B were delivered in lesser numbers
about cars between and , with the inclusion of air conditioning and station announcements
through prerecorded voice messages and LED displays. They are currently used in line , with
no plans for retirement. CAF series The newest of the narrow line trainsets, series were
commissioned for the reopening of line after its complete renewal in the early s. Their
constituent subunits can be completely joined through crossable articulations, making it
possible to go from the head to the tail without actually exiting the train. This has earned
them the nickname of quotboaquot, a term usually applied in Spain to doublelength buses
with such joints. They are currently servicing lines and , but newer purchases are also
scheduled to replace the trains in lines and before . Series trains look rather like a narrowed
version of series , while the interior uses mainly yellow and light blue tones.
Madrid Metro Wide profile CAF series Currently servicing line , this model has had a long
history the first trainsets were delivered in for the newlyopened, first wideprofile line , while
the latest subseries, , of which trainsets of cars each were built, entered service in . They
were the last to use the old, square quotboxlikequot design from CAF, which was already
becoming unpopular for its exaggerate priming of effectiveness versus aesthetics. The first
iteration featured a wood lookalike coating for the inner walls and a novel seat distribution in
twoseat rows perpendicular to the train walls, making them look not unlike older regional
trains. Subseries returned to the traditional seating along the train walls, but still included
another feature from the first iteration, automatic opening of all the gates in the train. The
final subseries, , has a distinct, darker color scheme and returns to the usual ondemand
opening of train gates with a button on each one. Being the oldest rolling stock in operation in
the wide profile lines, this series is scheduled for replacement by the newer Ansaldobreda
series in , while negotiations are open for its sale to the Buenos Aires Metro. CAF series This
model, of which trainsets were built and delivered in , was the first by CAF to feature a new,
sleeker and rounder design. As it was to serve TFM, the stretch of line connecting Madrid to
Arganda del Rey the first extension of the Metro network outside Madrid proper, its interior
resembles the regional Cercanas trains more closely than any other Metro trains compact
seats in couples set perpendicularly to the train walls, more places to A CAF series train
entering Concha Espina grasp in case of a sudden brake/acceleration, etc. They were also
the station. first to include luminous panels stating their destination, as the line they service
was effectively split in two stretches, and travellers had to switch trains at Puerta de
Arganda. Finally, they primed the quotboa trainquot layout see CAF s., but the walkable aisle
only spanned two cars, while a trainset would usually carry or . Series is currently the main
service for line . Ansaldobreda series amp The first purchase to a manufacturer other than
CAF, and to a nonSpanish dealer, series trainsets service the extremely busy line , while
occasionally venturing out into line for rush hour support. They were the first in the network to
feature a full quotboaquot layout, allowing commuters to traverse the whole six cars. They
are extremely functional, with ample .m doors and a sleek, unobtrusive design for a total
capacity of , people per trainset seated. This model also features two TV screens in each
car, but they are left unused, both regularly or in emergencies. Series trains are similar to
their previous incarnation, but include better accesses for disabled people and more safety
measures, such as visual and auditive warnings for the train gates and more effective
emergency brakes. Series currently service the main part of line , from Puerta del Sur to Tres
Olivos while series comprise the main fleet of line , the part of from Tres Olivos to Hospital
Infanta Sofa, and are occasionally used for rush hour support on . The next batch has
already started entering service on line before , replacing the part of the yearold CAF fleet.
CAF series Originally designed for the MetroSur line , trainsets were built and delivered by
CAF in . Each one is composed of three cars joined in the quotboaquot layout, which service
line asis, while MetroSur service uses two such trainsets to form a MRMMRM configuration
for a maximum of , passengers seated. The interior distribution is rather like that of series ,
with a bigger clear area i.e. without seating in the first car for people carrying luggage to/from
the airport and disabled people in
A series train waiting on line Colombia station
at
Madrid Metro wheelchairs. Like the narrower series trainsets, its bogies are insonorized and
feature a hybrid rubberpneumatic suspension system. Series primed the introduction of
regenerative braking in the Madrid Metro. The system reverses the normal circuit of the
electric motors when braking, thus making the deceleration return power to the network.
Also, they feature the nowstandard informative panels and gate activity warnings in the
interior. This model has a stable population, which neither purchases nor retirements
planned as of , though as the most current model from CAF it remains on the table for future
enlargements of the Metro network. It currently services lines and , while also providing rush
hour support to lines and . Light rail named Metro Ligero Alstom Citadis The vehicles serving
the light rail lines are lowfloor articulated trams in a fivesection quotboaquot configuration,
which allows for a maximum of passengers per tram seated. They can reach a top speed of
km/h mph, but in practice they are limited to km/h mph in most track stretches, and even less
in urban sprawls. The tram features a belllike proximity warning that is activated when the
train approaches a station or a level crossing with A tram on quotMetro Ligeroquot line mL at
Aravaca pedestrians, which has stirred complaints from people living near the station tracks
for the noise generated. Safety features also include door activity warnings for passengers
and emergency brakes comparatively more effective than in any other train dedicated to
Metro service, as the trams, though remaining in their own lanes separated from other traffic,
can cross roads and populated areas.
Historic rolling stock
Until the early s and the transfer of the Metro system to the Autonomous Community of
Madrid, the rate of investment in the network by the central government was extremely low,
and thus very old trains were used way beyond their intended lifespans. Particularly loathed
was the case of line , which was serviced by the nearly yearold series and from CAF. It was
not uncommon that a child would ride to school on the same train his/her parents took
decades earlier. Some renewals, along with the purchases of series A and , were started by
the socialist regional government of Joaqun Leguina, but in the Peoples Party took over the
government with the promise to widely extend and improve the Metro service. New lines
were built and old ones refurbished line service was disturbed for several years as some
stations at a time were closed and refitted, while line was closed for two consecutive
summers in order to expand its platforms to m. Then, new rolling stock was also requested
saw the arrival of the first CAF series B, retiring the infamous series . Initially the
betterpreserved series were refitted and painted in the new bluewhite color scheme from the
old red corporate image, but they were also retired with the arrival of more series B and,
finally, series .
Madrid Metro
Fares
The Madrid Metro network is split into the six quotfunctionalquot zones mentioned above.
Each one has a quotsinglequot ticket Billete Sencillo, valid for one trip within the zone, and a
trip ticket for a comparatively lower price. When crossing zone boundaries, one has to buy a
new ticket for the zone being entered. There is also a quotcombinedquot ticket, which
provides for a single trip between any two points of the network except the Airport stations,
which have an additional supplement of . All in all, it is possible to go from the airport to any
other point of the network for .. Also, the Consorcio Regional de Transportes Regional
Transportation Authority has a division of its own, with geographic zones named A through
C. This body sells monthly and annual passes for unlimited trips within their zone of validity,
and also a range of Tourist Passes for , , or days. All of them are accepted at the Metro
stations within their zones, and passengers using a CRT pass do not have to pay the airport
supplement.
The Regional Transportation Consortium sells monthly and yearly passes worth unlimited
trips within the zone covered on every transportation method adscribed to it
Name MetroX Sencillo Metrobs MetroX viajes Sencillo Combinado Abono Transportes Joven
Abono Transportes Normal Abono Transportes Edad
Valid for MetroX zone
Expires after trip .
Price
MetroMadrid and EMT buses trips MetroX Whole network A C lt y.o. A C A C gt y.o. One
calendar year trips
.
One calendar month . . . , . . . . days . . . .
Abono Transportes Anual Normal A C Abono Transportes Anual Edad A C gt y.o. Abono
Turstico Abono Turstico A T all CRT zones
Operators
The metro is operated by its own company, under the Department of Public Works, City
Planning, and Transportation of the autonomous community of Madrid. The passage
between Puerta de Arganda Line and Arganda del Rey Line is operated by Transportes
Ferroviarios de Madrid TFM. All of Madrids rapid transit systems are members of the
Consorcio Regional de Transportes, which sells monthly passes for unlimited use of the
metro, bus and commuter train networks within the area covered by the pass.
Madrid Metro
Notes
quotMetro De Madrid Figuresquot http/ / www. metromadrid. es/ en/ conocenos/
infraestructuras/ red/ index. html. Metro De Madrid Official Website. . Retrieved . Von Mach,
Stefan March . quotMadrid Light Rail Three lines to feed the metroquot. Metro Report
International, of Railway Gazette International UK. Trainset sizes vary between lines m lines
use six cars per train, while m lines use only four. Thus the actual number of trains varies
between and . CAF description for s.A http/ / www. caf. net/ caste/ productos/ proyecto.
phpcodamp idamp secdesc reversed, title says B CAF description for s.B http/ / www. caf.
net/ caste/ productos/ proyecto. phpcodamp idamp secdesc reversed, title says Andn
Historia del Metro http/ / www. anden. org/ historia. phppa CAF description for s. http/ / www.
caf. net/ caste/ productos/ proyecto. phpcodamp idamp secdesc sales information and
photos correspond to subseries CAF description for s. http/ / www. caf. net/ caste/ productos/
proyecto. phpcodamp idamp secdesc CAF description for s. http/ / www. caf. net/ caste/
productos/ proyecto. phpcodamp idamp secdesc A similar case happens as of with the
Cercanas commuter network, as the Spanish government is focused in the expansion of the
nationwide AVE high speed network
External links
Schematic map of the Metro network from the official site, in Spanish
http//www.metromadrid.es/export/
sites/metro/comun/documentos/planos/Planoespsincorte.pdf Metro de Madrid official site, in
Spanish http//www.metromadrid.es/ UrbanRail.net/Madrid
http//www.urbanrail.net/eu/mad/madrid.htm Consorcio Regional de Transportes de Madrid
http//www.ctmmadrid.es/ Andn Association of friends of Madrid Metro
http//www.anden.org/somos.phppaintroamplangen ENGLISH User guide, ticket types, airport
supplement and timings http//www.madridguidespain.com/ madridmetro.html Madrid
Metrorailway Map. Bilingual Spanish/English. Updated October http//www.anden.org/rfi/
rficomunidadoct.pdfPDFKiB Network map realdistance
http//www.cityrailtransit.com/maps/madridmap.htm
Things to do in Madrid
Royal Palace of Madrid
Royal Palace of Madrid
Courtyard of the Royal Palace of Madrid General information Architectural style Country
Baroque, Classicism Spain
Construction started April , Technical details Floor area unknown operator u,unknown
operator u,unknown operator u, unknown operator ustrongunknown operator u,sqft Design
and construction Client Architect Philip V of Spain Filippo Juvarra first of many
The Palacio Real de Madrid The Royal Palace of Madrid is the official residence of the King
of Spain in the city of Madrid, but it is only used for state ceremonies. King Juan Carlos and
the Royal Family do not reside in the palace, choosing instead the more modest Palacio de
la Zarzuela on the outskirts of Madrid. The palace is owned by the Spanish State and
administered by the Patrimonio Nacional, a public agency of the Ministry of the Presidency.
The palace is located on Bailn Street, in the Western part of downtown Madrid, East of the
Manzanares River, and is accessible from the pera metro station. The palace is partially
open to public, except when it is being used for official business. Another name used to refer
to the building is the quotPalacio de Orientequot The Orient Palace. This name originates
from a square on one side of the palace, the Plaza de Oriente, which also houses the Teatro
Real. The palace is on the site of a thcentury fortress, called mayrit, constructed as an
outpost by Muhammad I of Crdoba and inherited after by the independent Moorish Taifa of
Toledo. After Madrid fell to Alfonso VI of Castile in , the edifice was only rarely used by the
kings of Castile. In , King Alfonso XI of Castile convoked the cortes of Madrid for the first
time. Philip II moved his court to Madrid in .
Royal Palace of Madrid The Antiguo Alczar quotOld Castlequot was built on the location in
the th century. It burned on December , King Philip V ordered a new palace built on the same
location. Construction spanned the years to and followed a Berniniesque design by Filippo
Juvarra and Giovanni Battista Tiepolo in cooperation with Ventura Rodrguez, Francesco
Sabatini, and Martn Sarmiento. The new palace was occupied by Charles III in . The last
monarch who lived continuously in the palace was Alfonso XIII, although Manuel Azaa,
president of the Second Republic, also inhabited on it, making it the last head of state to do
so. During that period was known as Palacio Nacional. There is still a room next to the Real
Capilla, which is known by the name office of Azaa. Interior of the palace is notable for its
wealth of art, both as regards the use of all kinds of fine materials in its construction and the
decoration of its rooms with artwork of all kinds, including paintings by artists such
Caravaggio, Velzquez, Francisco de Goya and frescoes of Corrado Giaquinto, Giovanni
Battista Tiepolo and Anton Raphael Mengs. Other collections of great historical and artistic
importance that are preserved in the building are the Royal Armoury, Porcelain, Watches,
Furniture and Silverware. Currently, the Patrimonio Nacional, an autonomous body under the
Ministry of the Presidency, manages the owned of public property in the service of the
Crown, including the Royal Palace.
History of the building
The direct antecedent of the Royal Palace is the Royal Alcazar, a fortress built on the same
site where today stands the baroque building. Its structure was the subject of several reforms
especially the facade, because the King Henry III of Castile made it one of the most popular
residences, and the site gets the adjective real. His son John II built the Capilla Real and
several dependencies. However, during the War of the Castilian Succession the troops
Joanna la Beltraneja were besieged in the Alczar, causing several damage to the royal
building. Under the Habsburg Spain, enthroned in , the Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman
Emperor undertook a major restoration of the Alczar, to Renaissance features unambiguous
in order to transform the outdated medieval residence in a palace suitable for his court. Philip
II continued the work and showed special emphasis on the decoration of Historical evolution
of the Royal Alcazar of Madrid. the building, which hired craftsmen from Italy, France and the
Netherlands. However, the most important contributions of this monarch were the Golden
Tower and the Royal Armory, demolished in . The Habsburgs Philip III, Philip IV and Charles
II continued the project of Philip II, particularly related to the trace of the building and the
facades. Philip V of Bourbon came to the throne of Spain in . The alczar of the Habsburgs,
austere in comparison to the French palace where the new king had grown again, went
through several reforms led by Teodoro Ardemans and Ren Carlier. On the other hand, the
main rooms have been redecorated to the French taste by the Queen Maria Luisa of Savoy
and the Princess of Ursins. Do not know many details of the inner side of the enclosure but
yes know lots of documentation about its plant and exterior, like a drawing made in by
Cornelius Vermeyen. It was a rectangular building, medieval appearance and is structured
around various dependencies like the Capilla Real de los Trastmara, the Patio del Rey to the
west and the Patio de la Reina to the east. Its patios courtyards were open to the public for
many years and these were allowed the installation of markets. It also highlights the picture
gallery of the alczar, with works by Tintoretto,
Royal Palace of Madrid Veronese, Ribera, Bosch, Snchez Coello, Van Dyck, El Greco,
Annibale Carracci, Leonardo da Vinci, Guido Reni, Raphael, Jacopo Bassano and Correggio,
many which were lost in the disaster of .
The baroque palace
Christmas Eve of the alczar was destroyed by a fire originated in the rooms of the French
painter Jean Ranc. Failed to be detected in time, due the warning bells were confused with
the call to mass. For fear of looting, the doors of the building remained closed, hampering the
inevitable evacuation of the recint. Many paintings were lost, as the Expulsion of the Moors,
by Diego Velzquez. Others, such as Las Meninas, were rescued and thrown through the
windows. However, View of part of the Royal Palace from Cuesta de la Vega, by Fernando
Brambila c. shortly before the fire, the king ordered . Preserved in the collection of the
Ministry of Economy and Finance. that much of his collection was moved to the Buen Retiro
Palace. This fire wiped out definitely the old Alczar, whose last walls were finally demolished
in . Filippo Juvarra was responsible for directing the work of the new palace. The Italian
devised a monumental project of enormous proportions, which was not realized because of
the inopportune death of the artist. Juan Bautista Sachetti, disciple of Juvarra, was chosen to
continue the work of his teacher. Raised a square structure centered by a large patio also
square and solving the different angles with outgoing bodies. In Charles III called to Sicilian
Francesco Sabatini, architect of classicist taste that permeated the works of the palace, who
was commissioned to enlarge the building. The original idea was to frame the Plaza de la
Armera with a series of galleries and arcades which accommodate the different
dependences and the construction of two wings over the same square, of which only
completed the extension of the southeast tower known as ala de San Gil. Moreover, also
planned to extend the north side by a large building that echoed the same style of the
building and included three square courtyards in size somewhat smaller than the large
central courtyard. The works of this expansion started quickly but were soon interrupted,
leaving its foundations buried under a platform from which later built the royal stables were,
demolished in the th century and replaced by the Sabatini Gardens. Thus, the palace began
to be inhabited in . Ferdinand VII, who spent many years imprisoned in the Chteau de
Valenay, began the most thorough renovation of the palace in the th century. The aim of this
reform was to turn the oldfashioned Italian style building in a modern French style palace.
However, his grandson Alfonso XII was raised to turn the palace into a Victorian style
residence. The works were designed by the architect Jos Segundo de Lema and consisted in
the empowerment of several rooms, replacing marble floors for parquet and the addition of
furniture of the time.
Royal Palace of Madrid
Exterior of the palace
The main facade of the Palace was built on a base pad, on which rises a series of big
Tuscan pillars. It is also adorned with a series of statues of saints and kings, relocated under
the reign of Charles III to give to the gates of the recint a classicist touch. At the time, Italian
Sachetti decided fourteen vases and placed at the corners statues of the Aztec tlatoani
Moctezuma II and the Inca Atahualpa, works by Juan Pascual de Mena and Domingo
Martnez, respectively. Near the Tuscan columns are representations of Honorius,
Theodosius I, Hadrian and Trajan. A medallion with classical figures topped the set.
On the southern front were placed the statues of Philip V, Maria Luisa of Savoy and
Elisabeth Farnese, and that of Ferdinand VI and his wife Barbara of Portugal. Also found
flanking both sculptural series an allusion to Zodiac of the Greeks. Is remarkable the
intervention of Juan Domingo Olivieri and his workshop, who labored more than half of the
sculptures that adorned the palace at the time of Ferdinand VI. It was also the author of
many heads of mask and other allegorical figures of Greek mythology, that not occupied a
place as visible as other works.
Detail of the facade. Reccared II and Erwig, Visigoth kings, flanking the arms of Spain. The
statues do not match the names on the bases.
Plaza de la Armera
The square as we see it now was laid out in , according to a project by the architect Enrique
Mara Repulls. However, the history of this square dates back to , the year in which Philip II
ordered a building to house the royal stables. Renovated in by Jos del Olmo, the building
survived until , when it had to be demolished after a fire. The Almudena Cathedral faces the
palace across the square. Its exterior is neoclassical to match its surroundings while its
interior is neogothic. Construction was funded by King Alfonso XII to house the remains of
his wife Mercedes of Orlans. The works of construction of the temple began in and
concluded in .
Night view of the facade that facing the plaza.
Narciso Pascual Colomer, the same architect who crafted the Plaza de Oriente, designed the
layout of the plaza in , but failed to materialize. The site now occupied by the Plaza de la
Armera was used for many decades as anteplaza de armas. Sachetti tried to build a
cathedral to finish the cornice of the Manzanares, and Sabatini proposed to unite this
building with the royal palace, to form a single block. Both projects were ignored by Charles
III. ngel Fernndez de los Ros in proposed the creation of a large wooded area that would
travel all around the Plaza de Oriente, in order to give a better view of the Royal Palace. A
decade later Segundo de Lema added a staircase to the original design of Fernndez, which
led to the idea of Francisco de Cubas to give more importance to the emerging church of
Almudena.
Royal Palace of Madrid
Plaza de Oriente
It is a rectangular square of curved header, of monumental character, whose final layout
responds to a design in by Pascual y Colomer. One of its main proponents was King Joseph
Bonaparte, who ordered the demolition of the medieval houses located on its site. Plaza de
Oriente is rectangular, although his head located to east, forming a closed curve, headed by
the Teatro Real. It can distinguish three main plots the Central Gardens, the Cabo Noval
Gardens and the Lepanto Gardens. The Central Gardens are arranged around the central
monument to Philip IV, in a grid, following the barroque model garden. They consist of seven
flowerbeds, each packed with box hedges, forms of cypress, yew and magnolia of small size,
and flower plantations, temporary. These are bounded on either side by rows of statues
paths, popularly known as the Gothic kings, acting as line of division of the other two
quadrants.
Statues of the Gothic kings in the Plaza de Oriente.
The square houses a sculpture collection of twenty Spanish kings corresponding to five
Visigoth kings and fifteen kings of the early Christians kingdoms in the Reconquista. These
statues, made of limestone, are distributed in two rows that cross the recint toward eastwest,
on both sides of the Central Gardens. Known popularly as the Gothic kings, mark the dividing
line between the main body of the plaza and the Cabo Noval Gardens at north, and the
Lepanto Gardens at south. The group of statues is part of a series dedicated to all monarchs
of Spain, ordered to make for the decoration of the Royal Palace of Madrid during the reign
of Ferdinand VI. Were executed between and .
Campo del Moro Gardens
These gardens are named after allegedly camped in this place the troops of the Muslim
leader Ali ben Yusuf in during an attempted reconquest of Madrid. The first works to
condition the area are due to Philip IV, whose reign it were built fountains and planted
different kinds of vegetation, but the overall look of the place remained largely neglected.
During the construction of the new palace were various landscaping projects based in the
gardens of the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso, but there was no doing anything
due the lack of funds, not being until View of Paseo Principal, part of Campo del Moro
Gardens. the reign of Isabel II in which started a landscaping more seriously. At this time it
design a big park of Romanticist style and were installed fountains brought from the Royal
Palace of Aranjuez. With the fall of Isabel II the gardens suffer a period of abandonment and
neglect in which it lose a part of the design and not until the regency of Maria Christina of
Austria when it began a series of rehabilitation works, giving the current design, which
follows the layout of the English gardens of th century.
Royal Palace of Madrid From time to time throughout his reign, for example to hold his saint
day of Saint John, King Juan Carlos has held receptions and gala dinners in the gardens
during the summer months.
Sabatini Gardens
Located on the north side, between the Royal Palace, the calle de Bailn and the cuesta de
San Vicente. Of French design, are a monumental gardens created in the s of th century.
Receive the name Sabatini because in this place were the stables built by the architect for
service of the Palace. These gardens are adorned with a pond around which place some of
the statues of Spanish kings who were originally intended to crown the Royal Palace.
Geometrically sited between its rides, there are several fountains. The Republican
government ordered the seizure of different properties of the Spanish Royal Family, Sabatini
Gardens. including this one, giving to the City Council of Madrid to build a public park. The
project was awarded to Zaragozan architect Fernando Garca Mercadal after he win in the
same held competition.
Interior of the palace
Ground floor
Royal Library The Royal Library was founded during the regency of Maria Christina of the
Two Sicilies, using many of the funds that had accumulated for centuries the royal family.
Most shelves were purchased by Charles IV and Alfonso XII. Also on display a selection of
the best medals from the Royal Collection. Among the printed books highlights the Book of
hours of Isabella I of Castile, a codex of the time of Alfonso XI of Castile, a Bible of Doa Mara
de Molina and the Fiestas reales, dedicated to Ferdinand VI by Farinelli. Also important are
the maps kept in the library, which analyze the extent of the kingdoms under the Spanish
Empire. The bindings also play an important role, because through them it observe the
evolution of bind style according to the time rococo in gold with iron lace, neoclassical in
polychrome and romantic with gothic and renaissance motifs. The Archives of the Royal
Palace contains about twenty thousand dossiers ranging from the Disastrous decade until
the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in . In addition, it retains some scores of
musicians of the Royal Chapel, privileges of different kings, the founding order of the Royal
Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, the testament of Philip II and correspondence of
most of the kings of the House of Bourbon.
Royal Pharmacy.
Royal Palace of Madrid Royal Pharmacy During the reign of Philip II the Royal Pharmacy
became an appendage of the royal family and ordered the supply of medicines, a role that
continues today. The bottles were made in factories of La Granja de San Ildefonso and the
Buen Retiro, there are also other items of th century made in Talavera de la Reina pottery.
Royal Armoury Considered together with the imperial of Vienna, one of the best in the world,
consists of pieces ranging from the th century onwards. These highlight the pieces of
tournament made for Charles V and Philip II by leading armorers of Milan and Augsburg.
Among the most remarkable pieces stands the armory and full tools that Emperor Charles V
used in the Battle of Mhlberg, and which was portrayed by Titian in the famous equestrian
portrait of the Museo del Prado. Unfortunately, part of the armory was lost during the
Peninsular War and during the Spanish Civil War. Still, the armory retains some of the most
important pieces of this art in Europe and worldwide, including several signed by Filippo
Negroli, one of the most famous architects of the guild.
Royal Armoury.
Today
The vast palace is richly decorated by artists such as Velzquez, Tiepolo, Mengs, Gasparini,
Juan de Flandes, Caravaggio, and Goya. Several royal collections of great historical
importance are kept at the palace, including the Royal Armoury and weapons dating back to
the th century, and the worlds only complete Stradivarius string quintet, as well as collections
of tapestry, porcelain, furniture, and other objects of great historical importance. Below the
palace, to the west, are the gardens of the Campo del Moro that were given this name due to
the fact that here in the year , Muslim leader Ali ibn Yusuf, encamped with his men in the
attempt to recapture Madrid and its Alczar fortress from the Christians. The east faade of the
palace gives onto the Plaza de Oriente and the Teatro Real opera house. To the south is a
vast square, the Plaza de la Armas, surrounded by narrow wings of the palace, and to the
south of that is located the Catedral de la Almudena. To the north are the Jardines de
Sabatini Sabatini Gardens, named after one of the architects of the palace. On the Plaza de
Armas facade, two lifesize statues on both sides of the main entrance honor the two native
Emperors from the Americas, Moctezuma, Emperor of the Aztecs, and Atahualpa, Emperor
of the Incas. The wedding banquet of Prince Felipe and Letizia Ortiz took place on May at
the central courtyard of the Palace. The palace is open to the public and it is closed when
used by the king for state functions like state banquets for visiting heads of state, official
government receptions and the presentation of new ambassadors to the king.
Royal Palace of Madrid
Gallery
Main facade.
The Royal Chapel.
The staircase of the Royal Palace.
The Room of Porcelain.
The Dining Room.
Fuente de las Conchas Fountain of the Shells.
Campo del Moro.
Little house in the Campo del Moro.
Sabatini Gardens, beside the north faade of the Royal Palace.
References
quotPalacio Real de Madridquot http/ / www. patrimonionacional. es/ Home/
PalaciosReales/ PalacioRealdeMadrid. aspx. patrimonionacional.es. . Ministry of Economy
and Finance of Spain View of part of the Royal Palace taken from la Cuesta de la Vega. http/
/ serviciosweb. minhac. es/ apps/ museo/ Pintura/ Brambila. htm Madripedia. Plaza de la
Armera http/ / madripedia. es/ wiki/ PlazadelaArmera. Madripedia. Cathedral of Almudena
http/ / madripedia. es/ wiki/ CatedraldelaAlmudena. Madripedia. Plaza de Oriente http/ /
madripedia. es/ wiki/ PlazadeOriente. Madripedia. Campo del Moro http/ / madripedia. es/
wiki/ CampodelMoro. Madripedia. Sabatini Gardens http/ / madripedia. es/ wiki/
JardinesdeSabatini.
Royal Palace of Madrid
External links
Palacio Real Cyberspain http//www.cyberspain.com/passion/palacio.htm Palacio Real de
Madrid pictures http//www.pbase.com/ngruev/palacio Royal Palace on Google Maps
http//maps.google.com/mapsqPalacioRealampsll.,.amp
sspn.,.ampieUTFampzampll.,.ampspn.,.ampth Royal Palace
http//www.guiaturisticamadrid.com/palacioreal.htm Description and pictures Spanish Madrid
Royal Palace http//www.feelmadrid.com/royalpalace.html
Museo del Prado
Museo del Prado
Museo del Prado
Established Location Visitor figures
Paseo del Prado, Madrid, Spain ,,
Ranked st nationally Ranked th globally
Director Website
Miguel Zugaza www.museodelprado.es
The Museo del Prado is a museum and art gallery located in Madrid, the capital of Spain. It
features one of the worlds finest collections of European art, from the th century to the early
th century, based on the former Spanish Royal Collection. Founded as a museum of
paintings and sculpture, it also contains important collections of other types of works. A new,
recently opened wing enlarged the display area by about paintings, and it is currently used
mainly for temporary expositions. El Prado is one of the most visited sites in the world, and it
is considered to be among the greatest museums of art. The principal attraction takes root in
the wide presence of Velzquez, Francisco de Goya the artist more extensively represented in
the collection, Titian, Rubens and Bosch, of that it possesses the best collections that exist
on a global scale The collection currently comprises around , paintings, , sculptures, , prints
and , drawings, in addition to a large number of works of art and historic documents. By the
Museum will be displaying about works in the main buildings, while around , works are on
temporary loan to various museums and official institutions. The remainder are in storage.
The best known work on display at the museum is Las Meninas by Velzquez. Velzquez not
only provided the Prado with his own works, but his keen eye and sensibility was also
responsible for bringing much of the museums fine collection of Italian masters to Spain.
Pablo Picassos renowned work Guernica was exhibited in the Prado upon its return to Spain
after the restoration of democracy, but was moved to the Museo Reina Sofa in as part of a
transfer of all works later than the early th century to other buildings for space reasons.
Museo del Prado
Painting
Spanish painting
The Museo del Prado has the largest collection of Spanish painting in the world, numbering
more than , paintings and dating from the Romanesque period to the th century. This
internationallyrenowned collection includes masterpieces by artists such as Bartolom
Bermejo, Pedro Berruguete, Snchez Coello, El Greco, Ribera, Zurbarn, Murillo, Alonzo
Cano, Velzquez, Goya, Vicente Lpez, Fortuny, Carlos de Haes, Federico de Madrazo.
La maja desnuda, by Francisco de Goya, oil on canvass, circa
The two artists who are best represented in the Prado are Velzquez and Goya. The Museum
has almost paintings by the former, mostly from the Spanish Royal Collection. They include
almost all the artists major compositions. The Goya collection is also rich, comprising more
than paintings. While the artist worked for many years in the service of the Spanish royal
family, only a few works in the Museums collection are from royal residences, such as The
Family of Charles IV. When the Museum opened Goya was still alive and it was only after his
death that successive directors made great efforts to acquire his paintings, for example
Federico de Madrazo, who purchased the tapestry cartoons. Madrazos intention from the
outset was to place Goya on the level of the great artists of the past in an homage to the
leading painter of modern times. This explains why, in contrast to Velzquez, the Museum has
acquired most of its works by Goya through donations, bequests and purchases.
Romanesque, Gothic and Early Renaissance painting The frescoes from San Baudelio de
Berlanga and Santa Cruz de Maderuelo are particularly important among the Romanesque
paintings in the collection. The latter are installed in a specially designed chapel within the
Museum, which reproduces the original arrangement of the paintings. FrancoGothic painting
is well represented by the Saint Christopher Altarpiece, while examples of the ItaloGothic are
The Saint John the Baptist Altarpiece and The Mary Magdalen Altarpiece by Jaime Serra.
The International Gothic is represented by The Altarpiece of the Life of the Virgin and Saint
Francis by Nicols Francs. The Prado possesses one of the masterpieces of HispanoFlemish
painting Bartolom Bermejos Saint Domingo of Silos, as well as two major works, The Piet
with Donors and Christ blessing, by Fernando Gallego, the best known painter working in
Castile at this period. A notable work by Juan de Flandes, Court Painter to Isabella I of
Castile, is the Crucifixion, acquired in . Early Spanish Renaissance paintings are represented
in the Prado by the series of works by Pedro Berruguete from the monastery of Santo Toms
in vila, notably Saint Dominic Presiding over an Autodafe. Other works of this period are The
Virgin of the Knight of Montesa by Paolo da San Leocadio and The Flagellation by Alejo
Fernndez.
Saint Dominic Presiding over an Autodefe, by Pedro Berruguete .
Museo del Prado El Greco and Renaissance painting. Early naturalism The Museo del
Prados collection includes one of the great masterpieces of Spanish Renaissance painting,
Saint Catherine by Fernando Yez, as well as one of the best known works of this period,
Juan de Flandes The Last Supper. Other Spanish Renaissance artists well represented in
the Museum are the Toledan painter Juan Correa de Vivar and Luis de Morales from
Extremadura, particularly through his Virgin and Child compositions. Worth special mention
is the group of Renaissance court portraits including images by Alonso Snchez Coello and
Juan Pantoja de la Cruz. The most important artist in this section of the Museums collection
is undoubtedly El Greco. The Prado owns two works painted in Italy, namely The
Annunciation and The Flight into Egypt, as well as more than thirty painted in Spain. Among
the latter is The Trinity from the altarpiece painted for Santo Domingo el Antiguo in Toledo,
one of the first works that El Greco executed after he moved to Toledo the five great
canvases from the Altarpiece of the Colegio de Doa Mara de Aragon and the famous Knight
with his hand on his Breast, along with a fine group of other portraits. Among early naturalist
works are outstanding paintings by Ribalta, Maino and Herrera the Elder. Also dating from
this period are various important still lifes, such as Game Fowl, Fruit and Vegetables by
Snchez Cotn, and the group of works by Juan van der Hamen that was enriched in by the
acquisition of the Naseiro Collection. Baroque painting Represented by almost works, more
than one third of his total output, Velzquez is the towering genius of this period in the Prados
collection. Among his most popular paintings in the collection is The Adoration of the Magi
from his Sevillian phase. From his period as Court Painter are the portraits of Philip IV,
Prince Baltasar Carlos, the Infante Don Carlos and Queen Mariana of Austria, together with
a sizeable collection of portraits of court dwarves such as Pablo de Valladolid. Also dating
from the artists years in the service of Philip IV are various quothistoryquot paintings
including Los Borrachos, Vulcans Forge and The Surrender of Breda, in addition to two
major compositions from the end of his life, namely The Fable of Arachne The Spinners and
Las Meninas. The Family of Philip V is here. Highly important works are also to be seen by
the other figures of the Spanish Golden Age Ribera, Murillo, Zurbarn and Alonso Cano. Like
Velzquez, Ribera is represented by around paintings, among them masterpieces such as
Jacob and Esau and The Martyrdom of Saint Philip. Murillo is represented in the Prado by
around paintings, some as celebrated as The Good Shepherd, The Holy Family with the Bird
and The Immaculate Conception of los Venerables The quotSoultquot Immaculate
Conception. Zurbarn is also represented by a collection of works including Saint Elizabeth of
Portugal and two paintings from the series on quotThe Life of Saint Pedro Nolascoquot from
the Cloister of the Merced Calzada in Seville. The same can be said of Alonso Cano,
represented by paintings such as The Dead Christ supported by an Angel.
Las Meninas, by Diego Velzquez, is the museums most famous work of art.
The Prado has numerous religious paintings from the thcentury Madrid school, including
works by Fray Juan Ricci, Pereda, Francisco de Herrera el Mozo and Claudio Coello, as well
as some magnificent portraits by Carreo de Miranda. Other thcentury Spanish schools are
represented, such as the Sevillian, which includes examples of the work of Valds Leal.
Museo del Prado Goya and thcentury painting More than paintings by Francisco de Goya
offer the visitor to the Prado the chance to analyse the artists development in considerable
depth. Goyas art arises from the Spanish tradition and Velzquez was his master, as he
himself said. Goya was a brilliant and unique artist on a level with the other great masters of
painting and far above his contemporaries in Spain. Among the most important works by the
artist in the collection of the Museo del Prado are the tapestry cartoons The Parasol and The
Crockery Vendor, and portraits of The Duke and Duchess of Osuna and their Children, The
Countess of Chinchn, Don Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, The Family of Charles IV and The
Charles IV of Spain and His Family, , Marchioness of Santa Cruz. In addition there are the
two Maja by Francisco de Goya paintings, which have acquired neariconic status. Goya as a
history painter is represented by major works such as The Assault on the Mamelukes and
The Executions on Prncipe Po, better known as The Second and Third of May, respectively.
Among works from the last two periods of Goyas career are the Black Paintings, executed in
Madrid, and The Milkmaid of Bordeaux, which the artist completed during his final years
when he lived in that French city. Also forming part of the thcentury Spanish collection is a
large group of still lifes by Luis Meldez small, cabinet paintings by Paret y Alczar such as The
Masked Ball and Charles III eating before the Court tapestry cartoons by the Bayeu brothers
and other paintings such as Antonio Carniceros The Ascent of a Montgolfier Balloon in
Aranjuez. thcentury painting Goyas influence on thcentury Spanish painting can be seen in
various works by Eugenio Lucas and Leonardo Alenza such as Prisoners Condemned by the
Inquisition and The Spanking. Outstanding among historical works are various compositions
such as The Death of Viriato by Madrazo, The Testament of Isabel the Catholic by Eduardo
Rosales, and Juana la Loca before the Tomb of her Husband by Francisco Pradilla. The
thcentury portrait collection is extremely extensive and includes some outstanding works.
Among the most important are Vicente Lpezs Portrait of Goya, Federico de Madrazos The
Countess of Vilches, and Esquivels The Contemporary Poets. The most important group
within the landscape section comprises more than works by Carlos de Haes. Also well
represented is Prz Villaamil with his Romantic landscapes. The Museum has some extremely
fine paintings by Fortuny including Fantasy on Faust and Nude on the Beach at Portici. Also
worth noting are the works by Sorolla in the collection. These allow for a study of his stylistic
development, from the dark tonality of And they still say Fish is dear to the better known
Luminist style of Boys on the Beach.
Museo del Prado
Italian painting
In terms of quality and quantity the Prados collection of Italian paintings, numbering more
than , works, is second only to its Spanish holdings. Many of these works were formerly in
the royal collection. There were few examples of th and thcentury Italian painting in the royal
collection as this was a less appreciated area until the th century. For this reason it is not as
well represented in the Museum, although there are a small number of great thcentury
masterpieces by Fra Angelico, Mantegna, Antonello da Messina and Botticelli, which entered
the collection by different routes.
Christ Washing the Disciples Feet, by Tintoretto, oil on canvas c. .
thcentury painting comprises a more coherent and complete group, mainly originating from
the royal collection. Venetian art of this date is the best represented among the various
Italian schools. As a result of his commissions from Charles V and Philip II, Titian became
the Habsburg painter par excellence. The Prado possesses more than paintings by Titian
alone, as well as exceptional works by Veronese, Tintoretto and the Bassano. The
extraordinary group of works by Raphael acquired by Philip IV initiated a new taste for that
artist, who replaced Titian in Bourbon eyes and became the favourite of the new dynasty.
Also represented in the Prado are other great masters such as Correggio and Parmigianino
of the School of Parma, Sebastiano del Piombo of the Roman School and Andrea del Sarto
of the Florentine. The collection of th and thcentury Italian paintings is also one of the most
extensive in the Museum and once again the royal collection accounts for most of them.
Many works arrived through the negotiations undertaken by Spanish ambassadors and
viceroys in Rome and Naples who were instructed to secure paintings to decorate the Buen
Retiro Palace, built in the th century. Another important group is due to the presence of
Italian artists in Italy such as Luca Giordano, Corrado Giaquinto and Giambattista Tiepolo.
The th and th centuries
Museo del Prado
The Annunciation, , by Fra Angelico.
Equestrian Portrait of Charles V, , by Titian.
The Museo del Prado has various Italian paintings from the th century, such as The Death of
the Virgin by Mantegna, acquired for Philip IV, The Annunciation by Fra Angelico, and
Scenes from the Story of Nastagio degli Onesti by Botticelli. Also worthy of mention is The
Dead Christ supported by an Angel by Antonello da Messina, whose purchase in signified an
important addition to the collection due to the works outstanding quality. The thcentury
paintings include the Raphael collection, with compositions such as The Holy Family with the
Lamb, The Virgin of the Fish and Portrait of a Cardinal. The Venetian school, which is one of
the strengths of the Prados collection, includes a group of works by Titian including Charles
V at Mhlberg, The Worship of Venus, Dane, Venus and Adonis and the artists Selfportrait.
Notable works by Veronese are Venus and Adonis, Moses rescued from the Nile, and Christ
among the Doctors, while important works by Tintoretto include Christ washing the Disciples
Feet and the seven paintings of Old Testament scenes purchased by Velzquez during his
second Italian trip. Other well represented Italian artists of this period are Correggio with the
Noli me tangere, and Andrea del Sarto with The Virgin and Child between Saint Matthew and
an Angel. The Prado also has pantings by Parmigianino, Sebastiano del Piombo and the
Bassano. The th century The Museum has one work by Caravaggio, David defeating Goliath,
as well as various by his followers, including Orazio Gentileschi who developed towards a
clearly Venetian style, as evident in Moses rescued from the Nile. The most important artist
of the Bolognese School, Annibale Carracci, is well represented in the Museum with Venus,
Adonis and Cupid. Other artists from this school include the classicising Guido Reni, present
with works such as Hippomenes and Atalanta and Saint Sebastian, and Guercino, with
Susannah and the Elders and Saint Peter freed by the Angel. The Prado has a large
collection of paintings by the Neapolitan artist Luca Giordano. They number around and span
his entire career from his early years in Italy with paintings such as Rubens painting the
Allegory of Peace to late works from the end of his Spanish years such as Charles II on
Horseback, The prudent Abigail and The Capture of a Fortress.
Museo del Prado The th century The Prado has an collection of thcentury Italian landscapes
and a number of paintings depicting events related to the Spanish royal family. These include
a View of the Palace of Aranjuez by Francesco Battaglioli, and The Embarkation of Charles
III in Naples by Antonio Joli. The group of three compositions with ruins by Pini is worth
singling out. A small but interesting group of Grand Tour portraits should be mentioned.
These include Francis Basset, Ist Baron Dunstanville, and George Legge, Viscount
Lewisham, both by Batoni. Among the extensive group of works by Corrado Giaquinto in the
Prado, worth separate mention are the preparatory oil sketch for the fresco in the Royal
Palace in Madrid entitled The Birth of the Sun and the Triumph of Bacchus, and the
allegorical composition of Justice and Peace. Among the best examples of works by the
Tiepolo family in the Prados collection are Giambattista Tiepolos Immaculate Conception, the
eight canvases on the Passion from the Madrid church of San Felipe Neri by his son
Giandomenico, and various pastel portraits by another son Lorenzo.
Flemish painting
After the Spanish School, the Flemish School is almost comparable to the Italian in terms of
quality and quantity. It comprises more than , paintings and, again like the Spanish paintings,
most have a provenance from the royal collection. th and thcentury painting is a particularly
wellrepresented area within the Museum. While the Low Countries formed part of the
Spanish Crown from the th century, Philips IIs interest in earlier Flemish Primitive paintings
meant that the monarch acquired various masterpieces by its most important artists, from
Rogier van der Weyden to Bosch, as well as works by later artists such as Patinir. In
addition, mention should be Descent of Christ from the Cross, by Rogier van der Weyden
made of Flemish and Netherlandish artists who worked for the king, such as the
Netherlandish portrait painter Antonis Mor. The Prado, however, lacks paintings by some of
the important artists of the Flemish school, for example Jan van Eyck and Hugo van der
Goes The southern provinces of the Low Countries remained under Spanish rule after the
separation of the northern provinces modernday Holland in . Thereforethe Prado possess
works by the leading thcentury Flemish painters, who were subjects of the Spanish Crown.
The group of paintings by Rubens is of outstanding importance, numbering more than , many
of them true masterpieces and some executed in Spain during the two visits that the artist
made in and . Paintings by Rubens followers Van Dyck and Jordaens complete the holdings
of the leading names of thcentury Flemish painting, which also include paintings by Jan
Brueghel the Elder, Paul de Vos and David Teniers the Younger.
The Three Graces, by Rubens .
Museo del Prado The th and th centuries The Museo del Prado does not possess a work by
Jan van Eyck, the greatest master of the Flemish School, but it does have an exceptionally
interesting painting entitled The Fountain of Grace executed in the masters workshop by a
close pupil. Two works by Robert Campin, who initiated the thcentury Flemish style, should
be mentioned Saint John the Baptist and the Franciscan Theologian Heinrich von Werl and
Saint Barbara. His pupil, Rogier van der Weyden, is represented in the Prado by two of his
most important masterpieces, The Descent from the Cross and The Virgin and Child.
Magnificent works by other leading thcentury Flemish painters in the Museum include the
Triptych on the Life of Christ by Dirk Bouts and The Adoration of the Magi Triptych by Hans
Memling, as well as the panel of The Rest on the Flight into Egypt by Gerard David. The
Flemish Primitive School culminates in the Prados collection with the superb collection of
panel paintings by Hieronymous Bosch, the largest in any single public collection and, most
importantly, the collection that includes the greatest number of major works by this painter
from sHertogenbosch. These include the three triptychs of The Garden of Earthly Delights,
The Adoration of the Magi and The Haywain, and The Tabletop of the Seven Deadly Sins.
The Garden of Earthly Delights, by Bosch
Among thcentury Flemish painting a notable place is occupied by the four panels by Joachim
Patinir, The Rest on the Flight into Egypt, Landscape with Saint Jerome, Charon crossing the
Styx, and The Temptations of Saint Anthony, painted in collaboration with Quintin Massys.
As in the case of Bosch, this group is the largest and most important one by the artist to be
found in any museum. Among the thcentury Flemish paintings in the Museo del Prado are
various masterpieces by major artists. These include Quintin Massys Ecce Homo, Barend
van Orleys Holy Family, Christ between the Virgin and Saint John by Gossaert and The
Triumph of Death by Pieter Bruegel the Elder. Among genre paintings, notable works are
those by Marinus Reymerswaele and Jan Sanders van Hemessen. Portraits of this period in
the Prado include the magnificent series by Anthonis Mor, most notably the Portrait of Mary
Tudor and The Court Jester Pejern. They can be considered high points of this genre in the
th century and in particular within court portraiture, along with those by Titian. The th century
The collection of over paintings by Rubens includes a large number of his masterpieces,
among them The Adoration of the Magi, Adam, Eve, The Holy Family with Saint Anne, Marie
deMedici, The Duke of Lerma, The Three Graces, The Judgement of Paris, and The Garden
of Love. Other works are the collaborative compositions executed by Rubens with other
artists such as the series on the Five Senses which involved the participation of Jan
quotVelvetquot Brueghel. The collection of portraits by Van Dyck is exceptional, particularly
Sir Endymion Porter and Van Dyck, and Martin Ryckaert among the male portraits and Diana
Cecil, Countess of Oxford and Maria Ruthwen among the female ones. Of the paintings by
Jacob Jordaens in the Museum, the most notable are Three strolling Musicians, The
Wedding of Thetis and Peleus and the splendid Family Portrait. The most important genre
painter of this school and period is David Teniers, of whom the Prado owns more than
paintings. Among animal painters particular attention should be paid to Frans Snyders and
Paul de Vos, while Clara Peeters and Daniel Seghers are notable for their still lifes.
Museo del Prado
French painting
The French School is the fourth best represented in the Prado after the Spanish, Italian and
Flemish. With more than paintings, mainly from the Spanish royal collection, it offers an
incomplete but interesting overview of French paintings from the th to the early th centuries.
Best represented within this group are the th and th centuries. As in the case of the other
foreign schools, historical events and the artistic taste of the Spanish monarchs determined
the presence of these works in greater or lesser numbers in the various royal residences. A
number of paintings by Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorraine, the leading French,
classicising painters, were directly commissioned from the artists during the reign of Philip IV
to decorate the Buen Retiro Palace. In the th century the reign of Philip V marked the start of
the Bourbon dynasty in Spain and French art became more appreciated by royal collectors.
Various French artists worked for the first Bourbon monarch, such as MichelAnge Houasse,
Jean Ranc and LouisMichel van Loo. A considerable number of works also arrived from
France at this time or were acquired on the international market, including paintings by
Watteau, Coypel and Rigaud.
German painting
Selfportrait .
Adam and Eve
Despite the close relationship between Spain and the Holy Roman Empire during the period
of the Habsburgs, the German School is minimally represented in the Prados collection.
Nonetheless, among its holdings, which mostly come from the former royal collection, there
are various key works by Albrecht Drer, the most important German artist of this period. In
addition, the German School collection includes thcentury paintings by Anton Raphael
Mengs, Court Painter to Charles III and another leading name in German art. With regard to
the th century, the Prado has four works by Drer a Selfportrait, Adam and Eve, and Portrait of
an Unknown Man, all of which came to the Alczar in Madrid during the reign of Philip IV. With
a provenance dating back to Philip IIs collection are the two panels by Hans Baldung Grien,
Harmony or The Three Graces and The Ages of Man, and two works by Lucas Cranach the
Elder Hunt in Honour of Charles V at the Castle of Torgau and Hunt in Honour of Ferdinand
I, King of the Romans, at the Castle of Torgau. The largest number of thcentury German
paintings in the collection are by Mengs, and visitors can see Spanish, Neapolitan and
Tuscan court portraits by this artist, some of them depicting royal children, as well as a
Selfportrait and various religious compositions.
Museo del Prado
Dutch painting
The Museo del Prado possesses almost paintings of the thcentury Dutch School. It lacks
works by the most important artists such as Vermeer and Frans Hals but taken together this
group offers an overview of the different trends within this school. Due to historical
circumstances and the hostility at times open war between the House of Orange and the
Spanish Crown following their split in , few Dutch works arrived in Spain in the th century, as
might be expected. Most of the paintings in the Prado come from the former royal collection
and almost all were acquired in the th century. Notable among them is Rembrandts
Artemisia, purchased during the reign of Charles III.
Artemisia by Rembrandt, oil on canvas .
The Museum has various paintings by Matthias Stomer and Salomon de Bray, including The
Incredulity of Saint Thomas and Judith and Holofernes, as well as still lifes by the most
important artists of the Haarlem School Pieter Claesz, Willem Claesz Heda, and Jan Davidsz
de Heem. Dutch genre painting is represented by Philips Wouwerman and Adriaen van
Ostade. The landscape paintings include various works by Jan Both, Herman van Swanevelt
and Jacob van Ruisdael. An example of an intimately expressed portrait is Gerard Ter
Borchs Portrait of Petronella de Waert, while animal painting, one of the most characteristic
Dutch genres, is represented by Gabriel Metsus Dead Cockerel.
British painting
For historical reasons, British painting is the least well represented area in the Prados
collection. Political conflicts between Spain and England from the th century until the early th
century, limited contact between the aristocratic families of the two countries, and a lack of
royal alliances prior to the wedding of Alfonso XIII all impeded appreciation of British art in
Spain. Nonetheless, the Prado has a group of works which, although small in number, are of
fine quality and were mostly acquired in the th century. Most are portraits painted in the
second half of the th century and the first half of the th, by Reynolds, Gainsborough, Romney
and Hoppner. The bestrepresented portraitist is undoubtedly Thomas Lawrence, with
significant works such as the portraits of John Fane, th Earl of Westmorland, Miss Martha
Carr and A Lady from the Storer Family. David Roberts, who is an important artist due to his
associations with Spanish Romanticism, is present in the form of three paintings The Torre
de Oro, Seville, The Castle of Alcal de Guadaira and The Interior of the Mosque, Crdoba.
Sculpture
The Prados sculpture collection numbers more than works, in addition to around fragments.
Most are classical, Renaissance and Baroque sculptures and works from the th and th
centuries, but the Museum also possesses some Oriental and Medieval pieces. The first
group derives from the royal collection and principally comprises GrecoRoman sculptures in
addition to Renaissance bronzes by artists such as the Leoni, who executed sculpted
portraits of the Spanish monarchs in the th century. With the importation of sculptures from
Italy, the taste for the classical revived in thcentury Spain. This was in fact one of the main
reasons for Velzquezs second trip to Italy, and during his stay in Rome he was involved in
the selection of works on behalf of Philip IV. Particularly important were the acquisitions
made in the th century by Philip V and his queen, Isabella Farnese, who purchased the
collection of Queen Christina of Sweden, to which that of Jos Nicols de Azara was later
added.
Museo del Prado With regard to more recent acquisitions, an important addition was the
small but significant group of archaic Greek sculpture donated by Mario Zayas in , an area
not represented by a single work in the Spanish royal collection. Two sculptures of
Epimetheus and Pandora by El Greco are also recent acquisitions for the collection.
Greek sculpture
The Prado has two original works from the Archaic period, one of which is a thcentury BC
kouros. Fifthcentury classicism can be studied through Roman copies of Greek sculptures by
Phidias, Polyclitus, Myron and Callimachus. These include the Athena Parthenos, a
magnificent miniature copy of the great image that Phidias created for the Parthenon in
Athens a copy of Myrons Athena from the group of Athena and Marsyas a copy of Polyclituss
magnificent Diadumenos and a copy of the four Maenad reliefs by Callimachus.
Fourthcentury BC classicism is represented by Roman copies of the best artists of the period
the magnificent Head of the Cnidian Venus, the Satyr in Repose by Praxitiles, Scopass
Hercules, and the Head of Silenus and Head of Hercules by Lysippus. The Prado has
numerous works from the Hellenistic period, all Roman copies apart from the Head of
Diadocus, which is possibly Greek. Particularly fine examples among these copies are the
Faun with Kid from the Pergamene School, which is the only known copy of the Greek
original. Other notable works are the Hipnus, Ariadne, and a sizeable group of Hellenistic
Venuses of various types Crouching Venus, Venus with the Dolphin, The Venus of Madrid,
Venus with an Apple, and Venus with a Cockle Shell.
Greek horse head from the Archaic Period. Sculpted in marble towards BC.
Roman sculpture
Museo del Prado
The Saint Ildefonso Group is one of the best examples of NeoAttic eclecticism produced in
the first decades of the Roman Empire. Another exceptional piece is The Apotheosis of
Claudius, which stands on a Baroque pedestal. The collection of Roman portraits is
extensive. On display are three representative works of the three main iconographic models
used to represent the emperor Augustus in a Toga, symbolising the emperors religious and
civil power Figure in a Cuirass, presented as the leader of the armies and Augustus or
Tiberius in heroic Nude, depicted as a divinity after death. A sizeable group of male and
female busts, including Augustus, Antoninus Pius, Clodius Albinus and Vibia Sabina indicate
the interest in capturing the sitters personality evident in Roman art of this period. Largescale
sculptures of the type characteristic of cult images are also to be found in the collection,
including Jupiter and Neptune, as well as various mythological reliefs, among them the
Bacchic Altar, a NeoAttic work of the late Hellenic period, and the Sarcophagus with the
Story of Achilles and Polyxena.
Bust of Vibia Sabina, sculpted in marble around AD.
The sixteenth century
The Prado, considers the finest examples of Renaissance sculptures in the museum to be
the group of fulllength portraits, busts and reliefs of Charles V and his family the Empress
Elizabeth, their son Philip II and Charless sisters, Mary of Hungary and Leonora of Austria.
These bronzes and marbles portraits were created by the Italian sculptor Leone Leoni and
his son Pompeo Leoni. The group include the legendary bronze of Charles V and the Fury.
The collection also includes other works by various Spanish sculptors, such as the Venus by
Bartolomeo Ammanati and the alabaster relief of the Allegory of Francisco I deMedici by
Giambologna. El Grecos sculptures of Epimetheus and Pandora are particularly significant
due to the importance of the artist and the fact that they are one of the very few known
examples of sculpted nudes of a mythological type produced in Spain during the time of the
Council of Trent.
Sculpture of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, by Leone and Pompeo Leoni . Made of bronze
towards .
th and th centuries
The Museum has two works commissioned by Velzquez from Matteo Bonarelli de Lucca
during his second trip to Italy. These are the bronze lions that support various pietra dura
panels converted into tables, and the Hermaphrodite, a copy of a classical work that was in a
Roman collection. The collection also includes a copy by an unknown artist of the famous
classical sculpture The Spinario. The Prado also has a series of sculpted equestrian portraits
of small size depicting various Spanish monarchs. Those of Philip IV by Pietro Tacca and
Charles II by Foggini date from the th century, while Philip V by Lorenzo Vaccaro is an
thcentury work.
Museo del Prado
Drawings
The Museo del Prado also has an collection of drawings representative of various schools
and dating from the th to the th centuries. The collection is made up of a core group originally
from the Spanish royal collection to which , or so works from the Pedro Fernndez Durn
Bequest were subsequently added, along with various subsequent additions and the
occasional donation. As a result, the drawings collection now numbers over , works.
Spanish drawings
The Spanish school is the best represented among the Museums holdings of drawings, with
works dating from the late Medieval period to the Modern Age. A notable thcentury drawing
is the project for the altarpiece on the high altar of San Juan de los Reyes in Toledo,
attributed to Juan Guas. The collection of thcentury drawings is larger and includes works by
the Valencian painter Juan de Juanes and painters from El Escorial such as Bartolom
Carducho and Patricio Cajs. The thcentury drawings include magnificent sheets by Alonso
Cano, Ribera, Valds Leal, Ribalta, Vicente Carducho, Eugenio Cajs, Pereda, Claudio Coello
and Palomino. However, it is the th century that is best represented, both in terms of number
and quality. In addition to the very large group of more than drawings by Francisco Bayeu,
there are also drawings by other leading painters such as Ramn Bayeu, Salvador Maella,
Gonzlez Ruiz and Paret y Alczar. Without doubt, however, the most important and celebrated
part of the Prados drawings collection is the large group of works by Goya, numbering more
than . Albums and series such as the Sanlcar Album, the Madrid Album, The Disasters of
War, The Tauromaquia and The Proverbs mean that it is possible to study the artists stylistic
evolution. Goyas influence is to be seen in the numerous drawings in the collection by
Zapata, Alenza and Lucas. The group of drawings by Carlos de Haes is magnificent, more
than of which came from the Museo del Arte Moderno in addition to the album with a further
sheets purchased in . In addition to the names mentioned above, there is a significant group
of thcentury drawings by artists such as Fortuny, Vicente Lpez, Federico de Madrazo, Prez
Villaamil and Eduardo Rosales.
Other schools
The Italian School is very well represented in the collection with a large number of drawings
dating from the Early Renaissance to the onset of Neoclassicism. There are almost drawings
dating from the th century, outstanding among which are two by Michelangelo, Study of a
Mans right Arm and Study of a right Shoulder and Chest, rediscovered and attributed to the
artist in . In addition there are drawings by artists of the status of Pablo Veronese, Giulio
Romano, Luca Cambiaso, Il Bergamesco and Naldini. The th century is represented by
important examples by some of the leading painters of the time such as Annibale Carracci,
Guido Reni, Guercino and Luca Giordano. Among thcentury drawings the Prado has
magnificent pastels by Lorenzo Tiepolo, as well as very interesting works by Giambattista
Tiepolo, Giaquinto, Batoni and Bibiena. Drawings from other schools such as the Flemish,
French and German comprise a smaller group but there are significant works by Rubens,
Jordanes, Teniers, Corneille Blanchard and Mengs.
Museo del Prado
Prints
The print collection numbers around , works of which more than came from the library of Jos
Mara Cervello, recently acquired by the Museum. As in the case of the drawings, the most
important prints in the Prados collection are by Goya. The Museum has prints from his first
series, The Paintings of Velzquez, and from later ones such as The Caprichos, The
Disasters of War, The Tauromaquia and The Disparates. Other prints worthy of mention are
those by Mariano Fortuny, many of them related to his period in Morocco, the two series of
the Essays in Etching by Carlos de Haes and various works by Joaqun Pi i Margall, namely,
The Iliad, The Odyssey, The Days and The Theogony or The Divine Comedy. Various artists
collaborated on the collections of The Paintings from the Casn del Bueno Retiro, The
Lithographic Collection of the Paintings of the King of Spain, Selected Paintings from the
Real Academia de San Fernando and The Etcher. Among prints by nonSpanish artists, the
Museum has four by Drer Hercules at the Crossroads, The Penance of Saint John
Chrysostom, The Four Angels holding back the Winds, and Saint Michael defeating the
Dragon, the last two from the Apocalypse series. The Prado also has prints by Anthony van
Dyck, Annibale Carracci, Rembrandt and Giambattista Tiepolo. By the latter the Museum has
the set of ten prints from the Vari Capricci published in .
History
The building that is now the home of the Museo Nacional del Prado was designed on the
orders of Charles III in by the architect Juan de Villanueva in order to house the Natural
History Cabinet. Nonetheless, the buildings final function was not decided until the monarchs
grandson, Ferdinand VII, encouraged by his wife, Queen Mara Isabel de Braganza, decided
to use it as a new Royal Museum of Paintings and Sculptures. The Royal Museum, which
would soon become known as the National Museum of Painting and Sculpture and
subsequently the Museo Nacional del Prado, opened to the public for the first time in
November . It was created with the double aim of showing the works of art that belonged to
the Spanish Crown and to demonstrate to the rest of Europe that Spanish art was of equal
merit to any other national school. The first catalogue of the Museum, published in and solely
devoted to Spanish painting, included paintings, although at that time the Museum housed ,
from the various Reales Sitios royal residences including works from other schools. The
exceptionally important royal collection, which forms the nucleus of the presentday Museo
del Prado, started to increase significantly in the th century during the time of Charles V and
continued under the succeeding Habsburg and Bourbon monarchs. Their efforts and
determination meant that the Royal Collection was enriched by some of the masterpieces
now to be seen in the Prado. These include The Descent from the Cross by Rogier van der
Weyden, The Garden of Earthly Delights by Hieronymous Bosch, Knight with his Hand on his
Breast by El Greco, The Death of the Virgin by Mantegna, The Holy Family, known as quotLa
Perlaquot, by Raphael, Charles V at Mlhberg by Titian, Christ Washing the Disciples Feet by
Tintoretto, Drers Selfportrait, Las Meninas by Velzquez, The Three Graces by Rubens, and
The Family of Charles IV by Goya. In addition to works from the Spanish royal collection,
other holdings increased and enriched the Museum with further masterpieces, such as the
two Majas by Goya. Among the now closed museums whose collections have been added to
that of the Prado were the Museo del la Trinidad in , and the Museo de Arte Moderno in . In
addition, numerous legacies, donations and purchases have been of crucial importance for
the growth of the collection. Various works entered the Prado from the Museo de la Trinidad,
including The Fountain of Grace by the School of Van Eyck, the Santo Domingo and San
Pedro Martr altarpieces painted for the monastery of Santo Toms in vila by Pedro
Berruguete, and the five canvases by El Greco executed for the Colegio de doa Mara de
Aragn.
Museo del Prado Most of the Museums thcentury paintings come from the former Museo de
Arte Moderno, including works by the Madrazo, Vicente Lpez, Carlos de Haes, Rosales and
Sorolla. Upon the deposition of Isabella II in , the museum was nationalized and acquired the
new name of quotMuseo del Pradoquot. The building housed the royal collection of arts, and
it rapidly proved too small. The first enlargement to the museum took place in . The main
building was enlarged with short pavilions in the back between and . The next enlargement
was the incorporation of two buildings nearby but not adjacent into the institutional structure
of the museum the Casn del Buen Retiro which housed the bulk of the th century art from to ,
and the Salon de Reinos Throne building, formerly the Army Museum. The last enlargement ,
designed by architect Rafael Moneo, is an underground building which connects the main
building to another one entirely reconstructed. During the Spanish Civil War, upon the
recommendation of the League of Nations, the museum staff removed paintings, drawings
and the Dauphins Treasure and sent the art to Valencia, then later to Girona, and finally to
Geneva. The art had to be returned across French territory in night trains to the museum
upon the commencement of World War II.
One of the main promenade entrances to the Prado is dominated by this bronze statue of
Diego Velzquez.
Since the creation of the Museo del Prado more than , paintings have been incorporated into
its collection, as well as a large number of sculptures, prints, drawings and works of art
through bequests, donations and purchases, which account for most of the New Acquisitions.
Numerous bequests have enriched the Museums holdings, such as the outstanding
collection of medals left to the Museum by Pablo Bosch the drawings and items of decorative
art left by Pedro Fernndez Durn as well as Van der Weydens masterpiece, The Virgin and
Child and the Ramn de Errazu bequest of thcentury paintings. Particularly important
donations include Barn Emile dErlangers gift of Goyas Black Paintings in . Among the
numerous works that have entered the collection through purchase are some outstanding
ones acquired in recent years including two works by El Greco, The Fable and The Flight into
Egypt acquired in and , Goyas Countess of Chinchn bought in , and Velzquezs portrait of
The Popes Barber acquired in . In , the Museum executed the Moneos project to expand its
exposition room to , square meters, hoping to increase the yearly number of visitors from .
million to . million. The thcentury Cloister of Jernimo has been removed stone by stone to
make foundations for increased stability of surrounding buildings and will be reassembled in
the new museums extension. Hydraulic jacks had to be used to prevent the basement walls
from falling during construction.
Museo del Prado
Historic structure
The Museo del Prado is one of the buildings constructed during the reign of Charles III
Carlos III as part of a grandiose building scheme designed to bestow upon Madrid a
monumental urban space. The building that lodges the Museum of the Prado was initially
conceived by Jos Moino y Redondo, conde de Floridablanca and was commissioned in by
Charles III for the reurbanizacin of the Paseo del Prado. To this end, Charles III called on
one of its favorite architects, Juan de Villanueva, author also of the nearby Botanical Garden
and the City Hall of Madrid. The prado quotmeadowquot that was where the museum Gate of
Goya in the north facade of the museum. now stands gave its name to the area, the Saln del
Prado later Paseo del Prado, and to the museum itself upon nationalisation. Work on the
building stopped at the conclusion of Charles IIIs reign and throughout the Peninsular War
and was only initiated again during the reign of Charles IIIs grandson, Ferdinand VII. The
structure was used as headquarters for the cavalry and a gunpowderstore for the Napoleonic
troops based in Madrid during the War of Independence.
Nearby museums
Very close to the Prado, the Villahermosa Palace houses the ThyssenBornemisza Museum,
the bulk of whose collection was originally privately gathered and not part of the state
collection, but which well serves to fill the gaps and weaknesses of the Prados collection,
such as Dutch and German painting the Thyssen Bornemisza has been controlled as part of
the Prado system since . Near the Museo del Prado are two other national museums the
Museo Arqueolgico houses some art of Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome
formerly in the Prado Collection the Museo Reina Sofa houses thcentury artwork. These two
museums supplement the Prado, as do the Buen Retiro and ThyssenBornemisza Museum
all within a short walk of each other.
Directors
The serial Directors of the Prado have affected its development. Diego Angulo iguez, . Xavier
de Salas, . Jos Manuel Pita Andrade Francisco Calvo Serraller, . Jose Maria Luzon Nogu
Alfonso y Prez Snchez Fernando Checa, . Miguel Zugaza, present.
Museo del Prado
Works of art
The Holy Trinity, , by El Greco
The Knight with His Hand on His Breast, c. , by El Greco
The Surrender of Breda, , by Diego Velzquez
Agnus Dei, , by Francisco Zurbarn
La Inmaculada de Soult, , by Bartolom Esteban Murillo
The Prado in Google Earth
In , the Prado Museum selected of its most important paintings to be displayed in Google
Earth and Google Maps at extremely high resolution, with the largest displayed at ,
megapixels. The images zoom capability allows for closeup views of paint texture and fine
detail. The displayed paintings are Las Meninas by Diego Velzquez The Garden of Earthly
Delights by Hieronymus Bosch The Descent from the Cross by Rogier van der Weyden
Artemisia by Rembrandt Self Portrait by Albrecht Drer The Third of May by Francisco Goya
The Nobleman with his Hand on his Chest by El Greco Portrait of a Cardinal by Raphael
Emperor Charles V on Horseback by Titian Jacobs Dream by Jos de Ribera The Immaculate
Conception by Giambattista Tiepolo The Annunciation by Fra Angelico Crucifixion by Juan
de Flandes The Three Graces by Peter Paul Rubens
Museo del Prado
References
quotExhibition and museum attendance figures quot http/ / www. theartnewspaper. com/
attfig/ attfig. pdf. London The Art Newspaper. April . . Retrieved May . http/ / www.
museodelprado. es Prado website http/ / www. museodelprado. es/ en/ ingles/ collection/
description/ . See also Museo del Prado, Catlogo de las pinturas, , Ministerio de Educacin y
Cultura, Madrid, No ISBN, which lists about , paintings. Many works have been passed to the
Museo Reina Sofia and other museums over the years others are on loan or in storage. On
the new displays, see El Prado se reordena y agranda. europapress.es here in Spanish http/
/ www. europapress. es/ cultura/ noticiamuseopradoreordenaagranda. html http/ / www.
museodelprado. es/ en/ thecollection/ sculpture/ thesixteenthcentury/ quotChronology of the
expansionquot http/ / www. museodelprado. es/ en/ ingles/ theextension/
chronologyoftheextension/ . . Retrieved . Chronology of Museo del Prado, http/ / www.
museodelprado. es/ index. phpidSpanish Museo del Prado Articles and Information http/ /
neohumanism. org/ m/ mu/ museodelprado. html Snchez, Alfonso y Prez. quotAngulo iguez,
Diego,quot http/ / www. museodelprado. es/ enciclopedia/ enciclopediaonline/ voz/
anguloiniguezdiego/ Enciclopedia Online, Museo Nacional del Prado Spain, retrieved
quotXavier de Salas,quot http/ / www. biografiasyvidas. com/ biografia/ s/ salasxavier. htm
Biografias y vidas Spain, retrieved Riding, Alan. quotThe Prado Loses Another Director,quot
http/ / www. nytimes. com/ / / / arts/ thepradolosesanotherdirector. html New York Times US.
May , , retrieved Tremlett, Giles. quotPrado director is hung out to dry,quot http/ / www.
guardian. co. uk/ world/ / dec/ / gilestremlett The Guardian UK. December quotSpanish
museum director quits,quot http/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ / hi/ entertainment/ . stm BBC News UK.
December , retrieved . Titova, Irina. quotThe Hermitage wears Prado,quot http/ / www.
sptimes. ru/ story/ The St. Petersburg Times Russia. March , , retrieved Tremlett, December .
Giles Tremlett January , quotOnline gallery zooms in on Prados masterpieces even the
smutty bitsquot http/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ artanddesign/ / jan/ /
museumsinternetgoogleearthprado, The Guardian, quotThe Prado in Google Earthquot http/
/ www. google. com/ intl/ en/ landing/ prado/ . . Retrieved .
External links
Museo del Prado website http//www.museodelprado.es Prados online Shop
http//www.tiendaprado.com Museo del Prado, the main paintings
http//www.museodelprado.es/index.phpidampL The Prado Museum History and Photos
http//www.feelmadrid.com/pradomuseum.html Works of Art Owned by the Prado
http//www.museumsyndicate.com/owner.phpowner The Prado Museum Description and
Photos http//www.guiaturisticamadrid.com/museoprado.htm
Spanish
Information about the Prado museum map, price, contact, opening hours, etc.
http//www.muselia.com/ spain/madrid/pradomuseum// Prado in Google Earth, extra high
resolution http//www.google.com/intl/en/landing/prado/
Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofa
Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofa
Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofa
Established Location
September , Madrid, Spain
Visitor figures ,, Director Website Ranked nd nationally Ranked th globally
Manuel BorjaVillel
http/ / www. museoreinasofia. es
The Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofa MNCARS is the official name of Spains
national museum of th century art informally shortened to the Museo Reina Sofa, Queen
Sofia Museum, El Reina Sofia, or simply The Sofia. The museum was officially inaugurated
on September , and is named for Queen Sofia of Spain. It is located in Madrid, near the
Atocha train and metro stations, at the southern end of the socalled Golden Triangle of Art
located along the Paseo del Prado and also comprising the Museo del Prado and the Museo
ThyssenBornemisza. The museum is mainly dedicated to Spanish art. Highlights of the
museum include excellent collections of Spains two greatest th century masters, Pablo
Picasso and Salvador Dal. Certainly the most famous masterpiece in the museum is
Picassos painting Guernica. The Reina Sofa collection has works by artists such as Juan
Gris, Joan Mir, Julio Gonzlez, Eduardo Chillida, Antoni Tpies, Pablo Gargallo, Pablo Serrano,
Lucio Muoz, Luis Gordillo, Jorge Oteiza, Jos Gutirrez Solana and others. International artists
are few in the collection, but there are works by Robert Delaunay, Yves Tanguy, Man Ray,
Jacques Lipchitz, Lucio Fontana, Yves Klein, Max Ernst, Richard Serra, Bruce Neuman,
Julian Schnabel, Clyford Still, cubist still lifes by Georges Braque and a large work by Francis
Bacon. It also hosts a freeaccess library specializing in art, with a collection of over , books,
over , sound recordings and almost , videos. The central building of the museum was once a
th century hospital. Extensive modern renovations and additions to the old building were
made starting in . In , portions of the new museum were opened to the public, mostly in
temporary configurations that same year it was decreed by the Ministry of Culture as a
national museum. Its architectural identity was radically changed in by Ian Ritchie with the
addition of three glass circulation towers. An m ,ft expansion costing million designed by
French architect Jean Nouvel opened October .
Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofa
References
quotExhibition and museum attendance figures quot http/ / www. theartnewspaper. com/
attfig/ attfig. pdf. London The Art Newspaper. April . . Retrieved May . New Director named
http/ / www. typicallyspanish. com/ news/ publish/ article. shtml
Popular culture references
The museum features, as a major protagonist, in Jim Jarmuschs The Limits of Control .
External links
Official website http//http//www.museoreinasofia.es
ThyssenBornemisza Museum
ThyssenBornemisza Museum
ThyssenBornemisza
Established Location Director Website
Paseo del Prado, Madrid, Spain Guillermo Solana http/ / www. museothyssen. org
The ThyssenBornemisza Museum, or in Spanish Museo ThyssenBornemisza, is an art
museum near the Prado Museum in Madrid, Spain. It is known as a part of the quotGolden
Triangle of Artquot, which also includes the Prado and the Reina Sofia galleries. The
ThyssenBornemisza fills the historical gaps in its counterparts collections in the Prados case
this includes Italian primitives and works from the English, Dutch and German schools, while
in the case of the Reina Sofia the ThyssenBornemisza collection, once the second largest
private collection in the world after the British Royal Collection, includes Impressionists,
Expressionists, and European and American paintings from the second half of the th century,
with over , paintings. The competition was won after in Baron Thyssen having tried to enlarge
his Museum in Villa Favorita and searched for a location in Europe.
History
The collection started in the s as a private collection by Heinrich, Baron ThyssenBornemisza
de Kszon . In a reversal of the movement of European paintings to the United States during
this period, one of the elder Barons sources was the collections of American millionaires
coping with the Great Depression and inheritance taxes, from which he acquired such
exquisite old master paintings as Ghirlandaios portrait of Giovanna Tornabuoni once in the
Morgan Library and Carpaccios Knight from the collection of Otto Kahn. The collection was
later expanded by Heinrichs son Baron Hans Heinrich ThyssenBornemisza , who assembled
most of the works from his relatives collections and proceeded to acquire large numbers of
new works to produce what is one of the worlds finest private art collections. In , the Baron
married Carmen Cervera a former Miss Spain and introduced her to art collecting. Carmens
influence was decisive in persuading the Baron to decide on the future of his collection and
cede the collection to Spain. The museum was opened in after an agreement was reached
between the Baron and the Spanish government. A year later, the collection was bought
outright. The Baroness remains involved with the museum. She personally decided the
salmon pink tone of the interior walls and in May publicly demonstrated against plans of the
Mayor of Madrid, Alberto RuizGallardn to redevelop the Paseo del Prado as she thought the
works and traffic would damage the collection and the museums appearance.
ThyssenBornemisza Museum
The collection
The Old Masters were mainly bought by the elder Baron, while Hans focused more on the th
and th century, resulting in a collection that spans eight centuries of European painting,
without claiming to give an allencompassing view but rather a series of highlights. One of the
focal points is the early European painting, with a major collection of trecento and
quattrocento i.e. th and th century Italian paintings by Duccio, and his contemporaries, and
works of the early Flemish and Dutch painters like Jan Van Eyck, Albrecht Drer, and Hans
Holbein. Other highlights include works by the most famous Renaissance and Baroque
painters, including Titian, Sebastiano del Piombo, Caravaggio, Rubens, Van Dyck, Murillo,
Rembrandt and Frans Hals and wonderful portraits by Domenico Ghirlandaio and Vittore
Carpaccio. Also important for the Museums collection are Impressionist and
PostImpressionist works by artists like Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, Edgar Degas and
Vincent Van Gogh, as well as twentieth century masterpieces, like a Cubist work by Picasso
or late works by Piet Mondrian and Edward Hopper. A collection of works from the museum
is housed in Barcelona in the Museu Nacional dArt de Catalunya.
References
http/ / www. museothyssen. org Jonathan Kandell, quotBaron ThyssenBornemisza,
Industrialist Who Built Fabled Art Collection, Dies at ,quot http/ / www. nytimes. com/ / / /
nyregion/ baronthyssenbornemiszaindustrialistwhobuiltfabledartcollectiondies.
htmlpagewantedall New York Times, April . Toms, Llorens Laura Suffield translator . Guide to
the ThyssenBornemisza Museum nd edition ed.. Spain Lunwerg editores SA. ISBN.
External links
Official website http//http//www.museothyssen.org EducaThyssen
http//www.educaThyssen.org/ website of the Research and Further Studies Department
Virtual visit http//www.googleartproject.com/museums/thyssen in the Google Art Project
Temple of Debod
Temple of Debod
The Templo de Debod or Temple of Debod is an ancient Egyptian temple which was rebuilt
in Madrid, Spain. The temple was built originally km south of Aswan in southern Egypt very
close to the first cataract of the Nile and to the great religious center dedicated to the
goddess Isis, in Philae. In the early nd century BC, Adikhalamani Tabriqo, the Kushite king of
Mero, started its construction by building a small single room chapel dedicated to the god
Amun. It was built and decorated on a similar design to the later Meroitic chapel on which the
Temple of Dakka is based. Later, during the reigns of Ptolemy VI, Ptolemy VIII and Ptolemy
XII of the Ptolemaic dynasty, it was extended on all four sides to form a small temple, X m,
which was dedicated to Isis of Philae. The Roman emperors Augustus and Tiberius
completed its decorations. From the quay there is a long processional way leads to the
stonebuilt enclosure wall, through three stone pylon gateways and finally to the temple itself.
The pronaos, which had four columns with composite capitals collapsed in , and is now lost.
Behind it lay the original sanctuary of Amun, the offering table room and a later sanctuary
with several siderooms and stairs to the roof. In , due to the construction of the Great Dam of
Aswan and the consequent threat posed to several monuments and archeological sites,
UNESCO made an international call to save this rich historical legacy. As a sign of gratitude
for the help provided by Spain in saving the temples of Abu Simbel, the Egyptian state
donated the temple of Debod to Spain in .
The Temple of Debod at night
Temple of Debod
The temple was rebuilt in one of Madrids parks, the Parque del Oeste, near the royal palace
of Madrid, and opened to the public in . The reassembled gateways appear to have been
placed in a different order than when originally erected. Compared to a photo of the original
site, the gateway topped by a serpent flanked Templo de Debod in Egypt before relocation to
Spain. sun appears not to have been the closest gateway to the temple proper. It constitutes
one of the few works of ancient Egyptian architecture which can be seen outside Egypt and
the only one of its kind in Spain.
Temple of Debod
References
Dieter Arnold, Nigel Strudwick amp Sabine Gardiner, The Encyclopaedia of Ancient
Egyptian Architecture, I.B. Tauris Publishers, . p. Dieter Arnold, Temples of the Last
Pharaohs, Oxford University Press, . p. Arnold, Temples of the Last Pharaohs, p. http/ /
digitalgallery. nypl. org/ nypldigital/ dgkeysearchdetail. cfmtrgamp strucIDamp imageIDamp
wordcolidAamp samp notwordamp damp camp famp kamp lWordamp lFieldamp
sScopeimagesamp sLevelamp sLabelTheMiddleEastinEarlyPrintsandPhotographsamp
totalamp numamp imgsamp pNumamp posseemore
External links
Ayuntamiento de Madrid Templo de Debod http//www.munimadrid.es/templodebod/ Spanish
th century travellers descriptions and prints of the Debod temple
http//ascendingpassage.com/ NTheTempleofDabod.htm
Buen Retiro Park
The Jardines del Buen Retiro or Parque del Buen Retiro literally quotGardensquot or
quotPark of the Pleasant Retreatquot, or simply El Retiro, is the largest park of the city of
Madrid, capital of Spain. The park belonged to the Spanish Monarchy until the late th
century, when it became a public park.
Location
Buen Retiro Park Parque del Buen Retiro is a large and popular .km acres park at the edge
of the city center, very close to the Puerta de Alcal and not far from the Prado Museum. A
magnificent park, filled with beautiful sculpture and monuments, galleries, a peaceful lake
and host to a variety of events, it is one of Madrids premier attractions. The park is entirely
surrounded by the presentday city.
Monument to Alfonso XII
History of the park and palace
In , at the time of Isabella I r. the Jeronimos monastery was moved from an unsuitable
location elsewhere to the present site of San Jeronimo el Real Church, and a new monastery
built in Isabelline Gothic style. The royal family had a retreat built as part of the church. King
Philip II r. moved the Spanish court to Madrid in . Philip had the Retiro enlarged by his
architect Juan Bautista de Toledo, and formal avenues of trees were laid out.
Paseo de la Argentina
Buen Retiro Park
The gardens were extended in the s, when Gaspar de Guzmn, CountDuke of Olivares, Philip
IVs powerful favourite, gave the king several tracts of land in the vicinity for the Courts
recreational use. Olivares determined to build, in a place that the king liked, a royal house
which should be superior to those villas that Roman nobles had been setting up in the hilly
outskirts of Rome during the previous century. Although this second royal residence was to
be built in what were then outlying areas of Madrid, it was actually not far from the existing
Alczar or fortress residence, and the location in a cool, wooded area proved to be ideal. In
the s, under the supervision of architects Giovanni Battista Crescenzi and Alonso Carbonell,
several building were erected in great haste, two of which are still standing the quotCasn del
Buen Retiroquot which served as a ballroom, and the building that today houses the military
museum, the Museo del Ejrcito, which includes the grand entrance hall, the quotSaln de
Reinosquot Hall of Kingdoms, its wall decorated with paintings by Velzquez and Zurbarn and
frescoes by Luca Giordano. The CountDuke of Olivares commissioned the park in the s,
worked on by Cosimo Lotti, a garden designer who had worked under Bernardo Buontalenti
on the layout of the Boboli Gardens for Cosimo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Water was a
distinguishing trait of the garden from the outset the great pond, Estanque del Retiro, which
served as the setting for mock naval battles and other aquatic displays, the great canal, the
narrow channel, the chamfered or bellflower pond, created along with the chapels the basic
layout of the gardens. Buen Retiro was described as quotThe world art wonder of the
timequot, probably the last great creation of the Renaissance in Spain. Buen Retiro became
the center of Habsburg court life at a time when Spain was the foremost power in the world.
During the reigns of Philip IV and Charles II several magnificent plays were performed in the
park for the royal family and the court. The gardens were neglected after the death of Philip
IV in , but have been restored and changed on many occasions, notably after being opened
to the public in and becoming the property of the municipality in .
Crystal Palace
Fountain of the Falling Angel detail, by Ricardo Bellver
Monument to General Arsenio MartnezCampos
Philip V ordered the creation of a parterre, the only Frenchstyle garden in the complex.
During the reign of Ferdinand VI, Buen Retiro was the setting for magnificent Italian operas.
Charles III saw to the beautification of its perimeter, replacing the old walls with elegant
wroughtiron railings. Juan de Villanuevas Astronomical Observatory was built during the
reign of Charles IV .
Buen Retiro Park
The Buen Retiro Palace was used until the era of Charles III. Most of the palace was
destroyed during the Peninsular War with the First French Empire. The reign of Queen
Isabella II saw profound changes in the quotRetiroquot. During the queens minority, the
gardens enjoyed a particularly prosperous period, with the planting of shade and fruit trees,
and previously unplanted areas like the quotCampo Grandequot, were landscaped as well.
The gardens eventually passed to public ownership in , at the time of the overthrow of Queen
Isabella. El Retiro gradually became the green heart of the city. At the beginning of the th
century, the monument to Alfonso XII was erected next to the pond, designed by architect
Jos Grases Riera. Countless statues, fountains and commemorative monuments have filled
the park and converted it into an openair sculpture museum. The nineteenthirties and forties
witnessed the creation of new gardens attributed to Chief Gardener Cecilio Rodriguez who
designed and built the rose bed and the gardens that have been named to honor him.
Rosaleda del Retiro
Parque del Buen Retiro
Features of the Park
Close to the northern entrance of the park is the Estanque del Retiro quotRetiro Pondquot, a
large artificial pond. Next to it is the monument to King Alfonso XII, featuring a semicircular
colonnade and an equestrian statue of the monarch on the top of a tall central core. The
Rosaleda rose garden. Among the many rose bushes of all kinds stands the Fountain of the
Falling Angel, erected in , whose main sculpture El Angel Cado at the top is a work by
Ricardo Bellver inspired by a passage from John Miltons Paradise Lost, which represents
Lucifer falling from Heaven. It is claimed that this statue is the only known public monument
of the devil. The few remaining buildings of the Buen Retiro Palace, including Casn del Buen
Retiro and the Museo del Ejrcito, now house museum collections. The Casn has a collection
of th and th century paintings, including art by the Spanish painter Joaqun Sorolla. The
Ejrcito is one of Spains foremost Army museums and it houses quotLa Tizonaquot the sword
of the famous Spanish warrior El Cid. There are displays of armor, a cross carried by
Christopher Columbus on his sea voyage to the New World and other artifacts.
Artificial mountain
Casita del Pescador
Buen Retiro Park
Statue
Since assuming its role as a public park the late th century, the quotParque del Retiroquot
has been used as avenue for various international exhibitions. Several emblematic buildings
have remained as testimony to such events, including the Minig building, popularly known as
the Velzquez Palace by architect Ricardo Velzquez Bosco, and the Palacio de Cristal
quotCrystal Palacequot, a glass pavilion inspired by The Crystal Palace in London,
undoubtedly the gardens most extraordinary building. Built along with its artificial pond in by
architect Ricardo Velzquez Bosco for the Philippine Islands Exhibitions, it was first used to
display flower species indigenous to the islands. The landscapestyle gardens located in the
former quotCampo Grandequot are also a reminder of the international exhibitions that have
taken place here in the past. The Paseo de la Argentina, also popularly known as Paseo de
las Estatuas quotStatue Walkquot, is decorated with some of the statues of kings from the
Royal Palace from the Royal Palace, sculpted between and . There are now art galleries in
the Crystal Palace, Palacio de Velzquez, and Casa de Vacas. In the Retiro Park is also the
Forest of the Departed Bosque de los Ausentes, a memorial monument to commemorate the
victims of the March Madrid attacks.
Activities
From late May through early October, every Sunday at midday, the Banda Sinfnica de
Madrid gives free concerts from the bandstand in the park near the Calle dAlcala. Manuel
Lillo Torregrosa composed Kiosko del Retiro to this bandstand. The Park also features an
annual Book Fair. Around the lake, Retiro Pond, many puppet shows perform, and all
manner of street performers and fortune tellers. Rowboats can be rented to paddle about the
Estanque, and horsedrawn carriages are available.
Buen Retiro Park
Notes
The creation of Buen Retiro is narrated in Jonathan Brown and J.H. Elliott, A Palace for a
King the Buen Retiro and the Court of Philip IV, . Gardens Guide Buen Retiro http/ / www.
gardenvisit. com/ garden/ parquedelbuenretiro Catlogo de la Exposicin Nacional de Bellas
Artes quotCatalogue of the National Fine Arts Exhibitionquot, Madrid, , p. . Also mentioned,
among others, by professor Carlos Reyero in his book Escultura, museo y estado en la
Espaa del siglo XIX historia, significado y catlogo de la coleccin nacional de escultura
moderna, , Alicante, , ISBN Christopher Webber May . quotBanda Sinfnica Municipal de
Madridquot http/ / www. zarzuela. net/ ref/ reviews/ banda. htm. . quotOne of Madrids most
pleasant summer traditions is that of band music in the Parque de el Retiro. The Banda
Sinfnica de Madrid gather in the handsome bandstand close to the Calle dAlcala every
Sunday lunchtime between late May and early October to present varied repertoire extending
from Albniz and Granados through Shostakovich to zarzuela selections and popular
pasodobles.quot
External links
Parque del Buen Retiro a Gardens Guide history http//www.gardenvisit.com/historytheory/
libraryonlineebooks/mlgotheinhistorygardenartdesign/buenretiroparkmadrid The parks entry
in a Walking Tour of Madrid http//www.ctspanish.com/maps/retiro.htm Music Video filmed
mainly in front of Palacio Velazquez of the Retiro Park http//www.youtube.com/
watchvJyALEypgY
Sabatini Gardens
The Sabatini Gardens in Spanish Jardines de Sabatini are part of the Royal Palace in
Madrid, Spain, and were opened to the public by King Juan Carlos I in . They honor the
name of Francesco Sabatini , an Italian architect of the th century who designed, among
other works at the palace, the royal stables of the palace, previously located at this sight. In ,
clearing of the stable buildings was begun, and construction Sabatini Gardens, with the
Royal Palace. of the gardens begun, which were only completed in the late s. The gardens
have a formal Neoclassic style, consisting of wellsheared hedges, in symmetric geometrical
patterns, adorned with a pool, statues and fountains, with trees also disposed in a
symmetrical geometric shape. The statues are those of Spanish kings, not intended originally
to even grace a garden, but originally crowding the
Sabatini Gardens
adjacent palace. The tranquil array is a peaceful corner from which to view the palace.
External links
Picture of Sabatini Gardens The Quirky History of the Sabatini Gardens illustrated article
Statue of Alfonso VI of Castile at the Sabatini Gardens F. Corral, .
References
http/ / www. traveladventures. org/ continents/ europe/ madridparks. shtml http/ / www.
sitebits. com/ / sabatinigardenschillingwithkings. html
Real Jardn Botnico de Madrid
The Real Jardn Botnico de Madrid Spanish for Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid is an
hectare acre botanical garden located at Plaza de Murillo, next to the Prado Museum in
Madrid Spain. The garden was founded on October , , by King Ferdinand VI, and installed in
the Orchard of Migas Calientes, near what today is called Puerta de Hierro, on the banks of
the Manzanares River. It contained more than , plants collected by Jos Quer y Martnez,
botanist and surgeon. In King Charles III ordered the garden moved to its current Villanueva
Pavilion, with statue of Carl Linnaeus in front location on the Paseo del Prado, with design by
architects Francesco Sabatini and Juan de Villanueva that organized the garden into three
tiered terraces, arranging plants according to the method of Linnaeus. This new site opened
in . Its mission was not only to exhibit plants, but also to teach botany, promote expeditions
for the discovery of new plant species and classify them. The garden was greatly augmented
by a collection of , plants brought to Spain by Alessandro Malaspina in .
Real Jardn Botnico de Madrid
The Spanish War of Independence in caused the garden to be abandoned, but in director
Mariano de la Paz Gralls y de la Aguera revived it with a new greenhouse and refurbishment
of the upper terrace. Under his leadership a zoo was created in the garden, but subsequently
relocated to the Parque del Buen Retiro. Between and the garden suffered heavy losses, first
losing hectares .acres to the Ministry of Agriculture in , then losing trees in to a cyclone.
Since the garden has been dependent on the Spanish National Research Council CSIC and
in was declared Artistic Garden. In , after decades of hardship and neglect, the garden was
closed to the public for restoration work to its original plan. It reopened in .
Todays garden
Todays garden is divided into three major outdoor sections and two greenhouses. Total
collections include about , plants and flowers, and , trees. It also contains a substantial
herbarium. Terraza de los Cuadros collections of ornamental plants, medicinal, aromatic,
endemic and orchard gathered around a small fountain. All are planted in boxedged plots. At
its southern end is a rock garden. Terraza de las Escuelas Botnicas a taxonomic collection of
plants, ordered phylogenetically and set within plots about small fountains. Terraza del Plano
de la Flor a diverse collection of trees and shrubs, as designed in the midnineteenth century
in the romantic English style. It contains the Villanueva Pavilion, built in as a greenhouse,
and a pond with bust of Carl Linnaeus.
Statue of Jos Quer y Martnez in the gardens
Royal Botanical Garden, Madrid
The gardens two greenhouses are divided into four rooms. The Gralls greenhouse dates
from the nineteenth century and exhibits tropical plants and bryophytes. The newer structure
supports three climates tropical, temperate, and desert. The herbarium was established in ,
and now contains about a million specimens from around the world organized into two
collections phanerogams and cryptogams.
External links
The RJBM official website in English An, C., S. Castroviejo, A. Fernndez Alba, Real Jardn
Botnico de Madrid, Pabelln de Invernculos, . Colmeiro y Penido, Miguel, Bosquejo histrico y
estadstico del Jardn Botnico de Madrid, . El Jardn botnico de Madrid. Un paseo guiado /
Botanic Garden of Madrid. A guided walk, Madrid, . El Real Jardn Botnico de Madrid Ciencia,
Coleccin y Escuela, Real Jardn Botnico, Madrid, . Alessandro Malaspina, Andrew David,
Felipe FernandezArmesto, The Malaspina Expedition, , Hakluyt Society, .
Real Jardn Botnico de Madrid
References
http/ / www. rjb. csic. es/ jardinbotanico/ jardin/ lenen
El Pardo
El Pardo
Ward of Madrid
The Royal Palace of El Pardo
Country Aut. community Municipality District Population Elevation Postal code
Spain Madrid Madrid FuencarralEl Pardo , m
El Pardo is a ward barrio of Madrid belonging to the district of FuencarralEl Pardo. As of its
population was of , .
El Pardo
History
The ward was first mentioned in and still it was an autonomous municipality of the
Community of Madrid. One of the most notable buildings is the quotRoyal Palace of El
Pardoquot, ordered by King Henry III of Castile and built in . It was the first construction built
in the area . The Palace of El Pardo was the residence of General Franco when he was head
of the Spanish State.
Geography
El Pardo is located in the northern suburb of Madrid, close to the Manzanares river. Part of
its area is covered by a forest named Monte de El Pardo El Pardo Mountain. The ward
contains a neighbourhood named Mingorrubio.
Photogallery
The Manzanares at Monte de El Pardo
Panoramic view of the Monte de El Pardo
The gardens of the Quinta del Duque del Arco
References
Spanish Population statistics of Madrid http/ / www. munimadrid. es/
UnidadesDescentralizadas/ UDCEstadistica/ Publicaciones/ DemograPobla/
CifrasPoblacion/ Series/ Ficheros/ DistritosYbarrios/ datos. xls xls Spanish Infos about the
Royal Palace on www.patrimonionacional.es http/ / www. patrimonionacional. es/ Home/
PalaciosReales/ PalacioRealdeElPardo. aspx
External links
Spanish Bibliography about El Pardo http//www.zotero.org/groups/elpardo
Places to Go Outside Madrid
Toledo, Spain
Toledo
City
Toledo at sunset The Alczar on the left and Cathedral on the right dominate the skyline
Flag
Coat of arms
Toledo
Coordinates N W Country Autonomous Community Province Comarca Partido judicial
Settled Government Mayor Emiliano GarcaPage Snchez PSOE Spain CastileLa Mancha
Toledo Toledo Toledo ca. th Century B.C.
Toledo, Spain
Area Land Elevation Population INE Total Postcode Area codes Twin Cities Toledo Nara
Agen Safed Veliko Tarnovo Aachen Corpus Christi Website USA Japan France Israel
Bulgaria Germany USA http/ / www. aytotoledo. org/ .km.sqmi m ft
Toledo Latin Toletum, Arabic ulayulah is a municipality located in central Spain, km south of
Madrid. It is the capital of the province of Toledo. It is also the capital of autonomous
community of CastileLa Mancha. It was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in for its
extensive cultural and monumental heritage as one of the former capitals of the Spanish
Empire and place of coexistence of Christian, Jewish and Muslim cultures, as well as the
place where harsh religious persecutions were held against the Jews. Many famous people
and artists were born or lived in Toledo, including AlZarqali, Garcilaso de la Vega, Eleanor of
Toledo, Alfonso X and El Greco. It was also the place of important historic events such as
the Visigothic Councils of Toledo. As of , the city has a population of , and an area of .km .
square miles.
History
Having been populated since the Bronze Age, Toledo Toletum in Latin grew in importance
during Roman times, being a main commercial and administrative centre in the Roman
province of Tarraconensis. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Toledo served as the capital
city of Visigothic Spain, beginning with Liuvigild Leovigild, and was the capital of Spain until
the Moors conquered Iberia in the th century. Under the Caliphate of Cordoba, Toledo
enjoyed a golden age it became a very large cosmopolitan city with an overwhelming Muladi
population. This extensive period is known as La Convivencia, i.e. the coexistence of Jews,
Christians, and Muslims. Under Arab rule, Toledo was called Tulaytulah. After the fall of the
Caliphate, Toledo was the capital city of one of the richest Taifas of AlAndalus. Its population
was Puerta del Sol. overwhelmingly Muladi, and, because of its central location in the Iberian
Peninsula, Toledo took a central position in the struggles between the Muslim and Christian
rulers of northern Spain. The conquest of Toledo by Alfonso VI of Castile marked the first
time a major city in AlAndalus had fallen to Christian forces it served to sharpen the religious
aspect of the Christian reconquest.
Toledo, Spain
On May , , Alfonso VI of Castile took Toledo and established direct personal control over the
Moorish city from which he had been exacting tribute, ending the medieval Taifas Kingdom of
Toledo. This was the first concrete step taken by the combined kingdom of LeonCastile in the
Reconquista by Christian forces. After Castilian conquest, Toledo continued to be a major
cultural centre its Arab libraries were not pillaged, and a tagteam translation centre was
established in which books in Arabic would be translated from Arabic or Hebrew to Spanish
by Arab and Jewish Remains of Roman circus at Toledo. scholars, and from Spanish to Latin
by Castilian scholars, thus letting longlost knowledge spread through Christian Europe again.
For some time during the th century, Toledo served as the capital city of Castile, and the city
flourished. However, soon enough the Spanish court was moved, first to Valladolid and then
to Madrid, thus letting the citys importance dwindle until the late th century, when it became
the capital of the autonomous community of CastileLa Mancha. Nevertheless, the economic
decline of the city helped to preserve its cultural and architectural heritage. Today, because
of this rich heritage, Toledo is one of Spains foremost cities, receiving thousands of visitors
yearly.
Historical populations
Year Pop. . . . .
Toledos Alczar Arabicized Latin word for palacecastle became renowned in the th and th
centuries as a military academy. At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in its garrison was
famously besieged by Republican forces.
Economy
The metalworking industry has historically been Toledos economic base, with a great
tradition in the manufacture of swords and knives and a significant production of razor
blades, medical devices and electrical products. Soap and toothpaste manufacture, flour
milling, glass and ceramics have also been important.
Zocodover square after the famous Corpus Christi festivities.
Toledo, Spain
According to the Statistical Institute of CastillaLa Mancha, in the distribution of employment
by sectors of occupation was as follows . of the population engaged in the services, . in
construction, . in industry and . in agriculture and livestock.
The Museum Santa Cruz.
The manufacture of swords in the city of Toledo goes back to Roman times, but it was under
Moorish rule and during the Reconquista that Toledo and its guild of swordmakers played a
key role. Between the th and th centuries the Toledo swordmaking industry enjoyed a great
boom, to the point where its products came to be regarded as the best in Europe. Swords
and daggers were made by individual craftsmen, although the swordmakers guild oversaw
their quality. In the late th and early th century production began to decline, prompting the
creation of the Royal Arms Factory in by order of King Carlos III. The Royal Factory brought
together all the The Puerta de Bisagra. swordmakers guilds of the city and it was located in
the former mint. In , recognizing the need to expand the space, Carlos III commissioned the
architect Sabatini to construct a new building on the outskirts of the city. This was the
beginning of several phases of expansion. Its importance was such that it eventually
developed into a city within the city of Toledo.
Toledo, Spain
In the th century, the production of knives and swords for the army was reduced to cavalry
weapons only, and after the Spanish Civil War, to the supply of swords to the officers and
NCOs of the various military units. Following the closure of the factory in the s, the building
was renovated to house the campus of the Technological University of CastillaLa Mancha in
Toledo.
Unemployment
In the last decade, unemployment in absolute terms has remained fairly stable in the city of
Toledo, but in Historical swords and souvenirs of Toledo this figure increased significantly
nearly compared to , with the number of unemployed rising from , to , figures at March each
year, according to the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla La Mancha. Of this , one third of
the increase took place in the first quarter of , with , unemployed in December rising to , in
March . By gender men are more affected , unemployed than women ,, while the age group
most affected is between and years of age, with unemployed. From the standpoint of the
professional activity of the unemployed, the vast majority of registered unemployed in the city
of Toledo, with of the total, were in the services sector, corroborating the importance of the
tertiary sector in the citys economy. Distribution of unemployed by sector March Sector
Agriculture and fisheries Industry Construction Services No previous job Unemployed . . . , . .
According to other statistics from the same source, almost half the unemployed in the city of
Toledo , persons are among those whose education does not go beyond the compulsory
secondary level. However, there are groups whose level of studies is such that they have not
been registered as unemployed, such as those who have completed class professional
training, or those with virtually nonexistent unemployment rates less than ., which is the case
of unemployed with high school degrees or professional expertise. The largest demographic
of the unemployed represents those who have no qualifications ..
Culture
The old city is located on a mountaintop with a degree view, surrounded on three sides by a
bend in the Tagus River, and contains many historical sites, including the Alczar, the
cathedral the primate church of Spain, and the Zocodover, a central market place. From the
th century to the th century about thirty synods were held at Toledo. The earliest, directed
against Priscillian, assembled in . At the synod of the Visigothic King Reccared declared his
conversion from Arianism the synod of decreed uniformity of liturgy throughout the Visigothic
kingdom and took stringent measures against baptized Jews who had relapsed into their
former faith. Other councils forbade circumcision, Jewish rites and observance of the
A vista de Toledo the city of Toledo as depicted in the Codex Vigilanus in .
Sabbath and festivals. Throughout the seventh century, Jews were flogged, executed, had
their property confiscated, were subjected to ruinous taxes, forbidden to trade and, at times,
dragged to the baptismal font. The council of
Toledo, Spain assured to the archbishop of Toledo the primacy of Spain. At Guadamur, very
close to Toledo, was dug in the Treasure of Guarrazar, the best example of Visigothic art in
Spain. As nearly one hundred early canons of Toledo found a place in the Decretum
Gratiani, they exerted an important influence on the development of ecclesiastical law. The
synod of concerned itself with the execution of the decrees of the Council of Trent and the
last council held at Toledo, , was guided in detail by Philip II. Toledo was famed for religious
tolerance and had large communities of Vista de Toledo the View of Toledo by resident
Muslims and Jews until they were expelled from Spain in Jews El Greco c. . and Muslims.
Todays city contains the religious monuments the Synagogue of Santa Mara la Blanca, the
Synagogue of El Transito, Mosque of Cristo de la Luz and the church of San Sebastin dating
from before the expulsion, still maintained in good condition. Among Ladinospeaking
Sephardi Jews, in their various diasporas, the family name Toledano is still
prevalentindicating an ancestry traced back to this city the name is also attested among
nonJews in various Spanishspeaking countries. In the th century, Toledo was a major
cultural center under the guidance of Alfonso X, called quotEl Sabioquot quotthe Wisequot
for his love of learning. The Toledo School of Translators, that had commenced under
Archbishop Raymond of Toledo, continued to bring vast stores of knowledge to Europe by
rendering great academic and philosophical works in Arabic into Latin. The Palacio de
Galiana, built in the Mudjar style, is one of the monuments that remain from that period. The
Cathedral of Toledo Catedral de Toledo was built between and modeled after the Bourges
Cathedral, though it also combines some characteristics of the Mudjar style. It is remarkable
for its incorporation of light and features the Baroque altar called El Transparente, several
stories high, with fantastic figures of stucco, paintings, bronze castings, and multiple colors of
marble, a masterpiece of medieval mixed media by Narciso Tom topped by the daily effect
for just a few minutes of a shaft of light from which this feature of the cathedral derives its
name. Two notable bridges secured access to Toledo across the Tajo, the Alcntara bridge
and the later built San Martn bridge. The Monasterio de San Juan de los Reyes is a
Franciscan monastery, built , in a remarkable combination of GothicSpanishFlemish style
with Mudjar ornamentation. Toledo was home to El Greco for the latter part of his life, and is
the subject of some of his most famous paintings, including The Burial of the Count of Orgaz,
exhibited in the Church of Santo Tom. Toledo was famed for its production of iron and
especially of swords and the city is still a center for the manufacture of knives and other steel
implements. When Philip II moved the royal court from Toledo to Madrid in , the old city went
into a slow decline from which it never recovered.
Toledo, Spain
Gastronomy
The marzipan of Toledo is considered one of its finest food products. Toledos cuisine is the
cuisine Castillarooted in its traditions and is closely linked to hunting and grazing. A good
number of recipes are the result of the combination of Moorish and Christian influences.
Among his specialties include the lamb roast or stew, as cuchifrito, and beans with partridge
or stewed partridge, the carcamusas, the crumbs, the porridge Mancha and the tortilla to the
lean. Two of the foods that have brought fame to the city of Toledo are the Manchego
cheese and marzipan, which has a denomination of origin itself, the marzipan of Toledo.
Holidays
quotBomba Toledanaquot, typical tapa from Toledo.
Virgen del Valle This pilgrimage is celebrated on May at the Ermita de la Virgen del Valle,
with a concentration popular holiday in that place. Easter Declared of National Tourist
Interest, is held in spring with various processions, highlighting those that take place on
Good Friday, and religious and cultural events. Since the Civil War, most of the steps were
burned or destroyed, so it had to create new steps or using images from other churches and
convents Toledo. Being a city Toledo Castile, Holy Week is characterized as austere and
introspective, as well as beauty, due in part to the beautiful framework in which it takes place
Toledo. Many people take advantage of the Easter break to visit the monastery A restaurant
in the streets of Toledo. churches that are only open to the general public at this time of year.
Corpus Christi Feast declared International Tourist Interest. Its origins lie in the thirteenth
century and is probably the most beautiful Corpus Christi there. The processional cortege
travels around two kilometers of streets and richly decorated awnings. In recent years,
following the transfer of the traditional holiday Thursday present Sunday, was chosen to
conduct two processions, one each of these days, with certain differences in members and
protocol between them. Virgen del Sagrario On August they celebrate the festival in honor of
the Virgen del Sagrario. Procession is held inside the Cathedral and drinking water of the
Virgin in jars. Apart from these festivals should be noted that patterns of Toledo are San
Ildefonso, Toledo Visigoth bishop whose feast day is January . Santa Leocadia, virgin and
martyr of Roman Hispania, which falls on December .
Toledo, Spain
Main sights
Historic City of Toledo
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Old city of Toledo StateParty Type Criteria Reference Region Spain Cultural i, ii, iii, iv
Europe
Inscription history
Inscription th Session
Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. Region as classified by UNESCO.
The city of Toledo was declared a HistoricArtistic Site in , UNESCO later given the title of
World Heritage in . Sights include Castillo de San Servando. Medieval castle near the banks
of the Tagus river and the Infantry Academy. The Gothic Cathedral, dating from the thirteenth
century. Inside there is the Clear from Narciso Tome, in Baroque. Monasterio de San Juan
de los Reyes, in Elizabethan Gothic style th century The Renaissance MuseoHospital de
Santa Cruz th century Museo de El Greco. Housemuseum designed as a recreation of the
artists home, which was lost centuries ago. It houses several important paintings. Santa
Mara la Blanca, the oldest synagogue building in Europe still standing, now owned by the
Catholic Church. Synagogue de el Transito, in the Jewish Quarter. It is home to the
Sephardic Museum. Hospital de Tavera Museum Duque de Lerma. Renaissance style, dates
from the sixteenth century. Influenced the layout of El Escorial. Church of Santiago del
Arrabal, in Mudjar style. Iglesia de Santo Tome. Mudejar style, the fourteenth century,
houses the famous Burial of Count Orgaz, by El Greco. El Cristo de la Luz, a small
mosqueoratory built in , later extended with Mudejar apse for conversion into a church.
Galiana Palace th century, in Mudejar style. Torneras Mosque th century.
Toledo, Spain Alcazar fortress th century, located in the highest part of town, overlooking the
city. From it houses the collection of the Army Museum. Puerta de Bisagra Nueva. The main
entrance and face of Toledo. Puerta de Bisagra The main entrance to the city in Andalusian
times. Puerta del Sol. Mudejar style and built by the Knights Hospitallers in the fourteenth
century. Puerta Bab alMardum. The oldest city gate of Toledo. New Gate of Hinge, by Alonso
de Covarrubias th century, based on Arabic structures. Old door hinge or Puerta de Alfonso
VI. Cambrn gate, of Muslimth century origin. San Romn Museum of the Councils and
Visigoth culture. Ermita del Cristo de la Vega, in Mudjar style th century. Alcntara bridge,
Roman bridge across the Tagus Puente de San Martin, medieval bridge across the Tagus.
To mark the fourth centenary of the publication of the first part of Don Quixote, the Council of
Communities of CastileLa Mancha designed a series of routes through the region crossing
the various points in the novel are cited. Is known as the Route of Don Quixote and two of
pathways designed, sections and , are based in Toledo those linking the city with La Mancha
Castile and Montes de Toledo exploiting the natural route which passes through the
Cigarrales and heads to Cobisa, Nambroca Burguillos of Toledo where he takes the Camino
Real from Sevilla to suddenly turn towards Mascaraque Almonacid de Toledo, deep into their
surroundings, near Mora, in La Mancha. This stretch MascaraqueToledo of the Route of Don
Quixote has recently been included in an official way on the Camino de Santiago in
Levantine branch with origins in Cartagena, Alicante and Valencia, as both routes share
declared European Cultural Route route on this stretch .
Infrastructure
Toledo has since long been obligatory step in the center of the peninsula. The roads leading
to historic Toledo are still used and in many cases have provided the basis to existing roads
leading into the city.
Roads
From Toledo part of N, which links this city with Cuenca by Ocaa and Tarancn. It is currently
in the process of transformation in the future A motorway Castilla La Mancha, which will link
Maqueda where it joins the motorway Extremadura, Toledo, Ocaa where it attaches to the
Motorway of Andalusia, Tarancn where connects with the motorway Levante, Cuenca and
Teruel. The old National Road MadridToledoCiudad Real was transformed in the late s in the
current A as a result of splitting and deleting the path that the various crossings counted
Illescas, Yuncos, etc.. .
Cambrn Gate
The split path can take km south of Toledo, in effect Ciudad Real, where it continues as
conventional road. At this point, the A connects with the Highway of the Vineyard that
reaches Tomelloso. It is planned to extend the A, by a toll road, to Ciudad Real and Jan. In
the early twentyfirst century was built, in order to decongest the access of Madrid, the toll
motorway AP.
Toledo, Spain Another way of State Highway Network that Toledo is part of the N,
ToledoMaqueda vila Adanero. Part of the route of this road will be replaced by that of the
aforementioned Highway of Castilla La Mancha. In addition to these roads, from Toledo
depart several regional and provinciallevel linking the capital with the regions of Montes de
Toledo, La Jara and La Mancha.
Rail
In the midnineteenth century Toledo was one of the first Spanish cities to receive rail service,
being attached to the Madrid Aranjuez line which was inaugurated by Elizabeth II on June of
. The current station style NeoMudjar, was inaugurated on April of and is a remarkably
beautiful building, especially the paneling in the main hall of the same. With several ups and
downs in terms of technical equipment and services this is the line that served the city until
the early twentyfirst century on July of the last conventional train service between the two
capitals ended and work began on the highspeed link , Madrid Toledo, which entered service
on November of , thanks to which travel time to Madrid has been reduced to just under
minutes.
Toledo Railway Station
Health
In the early s of the twentieth century began the construction of the Residence Health Social
Security quotVirgen de la Saludquot. The original building still remains in use, although
successive extensions were added maternity, outpatient clinics, operating rooms, etc.. Into
the existing complex. The complex was also extended to move the clinic to a new nearby
building, now converted into Specialty Center San Ildefonso. On October of inaugurated the
National Hospital of Paraplegics who becomes the center of reference, both nationally and
internationally, in the treatment of these lesions. Also carries out a major work of social
integration of their patients.
Hospital of Tavera built between .
The transfer of powers from the state health at the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla La
Mancha will give new impetus to the health infrastructure, manifested in with the
commencement of construction of the new General Hospital of Toledo in the Santa Mary
Benquerencia. Also have been provided to the different parts of the relevant health centers.
In the Toledo Hospital Complex is also integrated Geriatric Hospital Virgen del Valle, a result
of reform and modernization of old tuberculosis hospital built in the mid twentieth century.
The center is located outside the city,
Toledo, Spain near the Parador Nacional de Turismo Conde de Orgaz. With regard to private
health, at present the city of Toledo has several centers Hospital de las Tres Culturas, Clnica
Nuestra Seora del Rosario, and so on.
Sport
The city of Toledo suffered from a shortage of sports facilities. Much of this problem was
resolved when the Central School of Physical Education of Army moved its headquarters to
the premises of the Academy of Infantry. In the s, the city council took over the old facilities
quotN quot W / ., . of the military center, which include in Today an athletics track, Olympic
swimming pool and an indoor sports hall, from the former military installations, and numerous
outdoor courts built in the area of the former runway of application, having been demolished
and the old gym complex pools indoor and outdoor. Besides these facilities, the city of
Toledo has covered sports pavilion in the districts of Santa Maria de Benquerencia, Santa
Barbara, San Anton Complejo Deportivo quotLeaping Horsequot outdoor pools in sugar,
Palomarejos, Santa Maria de Benquerencia, Santa Barbara, Santa Teresa and indoor
swimming pools in the gardens of the Alcazar old town, St. Mary of Benquerencia and St.
Anton. Toledo has a soccer team, the Club Deportivo Toledo, which returns in to the Second
Division B, after Third season. The club plays its matches in the municipal field Leaping
Horse, opened in . The team he played for seasons in second division and reached the
promotion play with Real Valladolid for promotion to First Division in /, but was defeated on
aggregate . They have been part of the player and Abel Resino, Luis Garcia, Rufete or
Casquero. Toledo also has teams of handball. The Toledo Handball, after years in the
Division de Honor B, start the season as ASOBAL new club for the first time in its history. A
refurbished town hall quotJavier Lozano Cid , with capacity for around , spectators, is its new
headquarters. Moreover, the city has two other Division II team in the National, the Toledo
Handball LbaroB and Club Deportivo Amibal. Toledo has two basketball teams the CIS
Toledo, with a long history that has gone through ups and downs in both regional and in
national leagues EBA and has just promoted to st Autonomic, and CB polygon , in Currently
the most representative, whose team has promoted male, years after leaving, to EBA
League to start the / season. This club based in the Santa Maria de Benquerencua has one
of the largest quarries of CastillaLa Mancha. Another sport representative of the Imperial City
is athletics. This striking sport has since April with the Toledo Athletic Club, that is
characterized by its actions, mainly in crosscountry, where he managed a large number of
medals in the championships team Spains specialty, in addition to their combined male and
female military in the late s in the st division league national track. Among the athletes who
have passed through its lanes are great athletes as Julio Rey, Roberto Parra, Chema
Martinez and Julia Lobato. Cycling, meanwhile, after the mythical victory in the Tour de
France in by Federico Bahamontes, The Eagle of Toledo, has been one of the sports with
more followers in the city, although, at present, no school despite having a velodrome in the
Santa Maria de Benquerencia. Other leading professional cyclists in the city have been
Nemesio Jimnez Mexico Olympic and Angel de las Heras. The FS and Volleyball Toledo
Toledo Association Toledo complete representation in the National League of First and
Second Division, after a brief journey in Fantasy, respectively, while the Toledo Rugby Club,
with many noisy fans, is immersed in the League Madrids Primera Liga.
Club Deportivo Toledo
Toledo, Spain At the individual level, the swimmer Javier Noriega and Julio Rey marathon
athletes are more representative of the city, both in Athens Olympics and Beijing , in recent
years. Rey, Spanish current marathon record holder, with h. , announced his retirement in
October . Toledo Other sports are famous footballers Roberto Fresnedoso, Miguel Angel
Ruiz, Luis Laguna, Pedro Pablo Braojos now coach and Luis Garcia, the latter serving
goalkeeper on the CD Tenerife, and the indoor football players international Javier
Lorentechampion Antonio Adeva Europe and World champion, not forgetting the former
Spain coach Javier Lozano Cid world champion. In handball, highlighted in the goalkeepers .
ASOBAL Fermin Ballesteros Toledo Handball Lbaro and Gonzalo PerezVargas FC
Barcelona.
Media
Various local and provincial newspapers are published in the city. In addition, national
newspapers such as the daily ABC publish unique local editions. Among the local
newspapers that should be highlighted are the subscriptionbased La Tribuna de Toledo, and
Toledo Day, as well as the free Global Castilla la Mancha and Toledo News. The general
information weekly magazines Echoes and Here are also published. There is also local
media in television, radio and Internet. The regional public television headquarters are in
Toledo where CastillaLa Mancha TV resides. In addition, there are six local television
stations, as well as local fare Localia, the diocesan channel TVPopular, Teletoledo, Regional
Channel News and Tribune Television. For radio stations, there is the dean of radio Radio
Toledo Onda Cero, as well as COPE, Cadena SER, RNE, RCM and Radio Here, and the
local fare Onda Polygon and the diocesan station Radio Santa Maria. Within the digital and
social media, Wave Toledo, Toledo Magic, Toledo Digital, and La Cerca.
Gallery
Alczar of Toledo
A view across the river of the old wall of Toledo August
Zocodover square in Toledo.
Alcntara bridge
Puerta del Cambrn
Santa Maria la Blanca Synagogue
Roofs and buildings
Puerta del Sol
Toledo, Spain
Shopping street
Craft shop
El Transito Synagogue
International relations
Twin towns Sister cities
Toledo is twinned with Agen, France, since June , Aachen, Germany, since October , Corpus
Christi, United States, since September , Damascus, Syria, since April , Guanajuato, Mexico,
since October , Havana, Cuba, since Nara, Japan, since September , Safed, Israel, since
September , Toledo, United States, since Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria, March ,
References
needed
This articleincorporates text from a publication now in the public domainSmith, William, ed.
quotarticle name quot. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London John Murray.
Notes
quotEconoma de Toledoquot http/ / www. grupoteresa. com/ modules.
phpnameGuiaTuristicaamp filepueblosamp idamp page. . Retrieved July . quotInstituto de
Estadstica de CastillaLa Mancha Ficha municipalquot http/ / www. ies. jccm. es/
Fichasmunicipales/ Fichas/ . pdf. . Retrieved July . quotlacerca.com Las espadas forjadas en
Toledo se remontan a la poca romanaquot http/ / www. lacerca. com/ noticias/
lasespadasforjadastoledoseremontanepocaromana. html. . Retrieved July . quotInstituto de
Estadstica de la Junta de Comunidades de CastillaLa Mancha Datos estadsticos de Toledo
Todos los Informes gt Informes por Temas gt Estadsticas Municipales gt Mercado de
Trabajoquot http/ / difusion. ies. jccm. es/ wds/ ReportFolders/ ReportFolders. aspx. .
Retrieved April . S. Katz, The Jews in the Visigothic Kingdoms of Spain and Gaul, Cambridge
. Cited in Paul Johnson writer, A History of the Jews, p. http/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ http/
/ whc. unesco. org/ en/ list http/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ searchamp searchbycountryamp
typeamp mediaamp regionamp orderregion quotSister Citiesquot http/ / www. toledoturismo.
com/ turismo/ contenido/ mastoledo/ toledohistoria/ ciudadeshermanadas. aspx. Toledo
Turismo. Patronato Municipal de Turismo. . Retrieved .
Toledo, Spain
External links
Municipality http//www.aytotoledo.org/ Exhibit on Toledo, Ohio Sister City Agreement
http//www.toledosattic.org/details.aspdid Photography of Toledo by Antony Marsh
http//www.markcundy.co.uk/antonymarshphotography/Toledo. html
http//historiadefermosa.com quotLa Historia de Fermosaquot Abraham S. Marrache,
Hebraica Ediciones , a historical novel in Spanish about the love affair in between King
Alfonso VIII of Castile and the young Toledan Jewess, Fermosa. Sunset in Toledo
http//acheret.co.il/en/cmdarticles.ampactreadampid, Eretz Acheret http//
www.acheret.co.il/en Magazine Legends of Toledo http//www.leyendasdetoledo.com/ Free
Audio Guide of Toledo ES/EN http//www.madshuttle.com/
El Escorial
El Escorial
El Real Monasterio de El Escorial
A distant view of El Real Monasterio de El Escorial Location Coordinates Architect Governing
body San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain .N .W Juan Bautista de Toledo Ministry of the
Presidency
UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Monastery and Site of the Escorial, Madrid Type
Criteria Designated Reference State Party Region Cultural i, ii, iv th session
Spain
Europe and North America Spanish Property of Cultural Interest Official name Monasterio de
San Lorenzo
Type Criteria Designated Reference
Real property Monument June R.I.
Location of El Escorial within Madrid
El Escorial El Escorial is a historical residence of the king of Spain, in the town of San
Lorenzo de El Escorial, about kilometres miles northwest of the capital, Madrid, in Spain. It is
one of the Spanish royal sites and functions as a monastery, royal palace, museum, and
school. El Escorial comprises two architectural complexes of great historical and cultural
significance El Real Monasterio de El Escorial itself and La Granjilla de La Fresneda, a royal
hunting lodge and monastic retreat about five kilometres away. These sites have a dual
nature that is to say, during the th and th centuries, they were places in which the temporal
power of the Spanish monarchy and the ecclesiastical predominance of the Roman Catholic
religion in Spain found a common architectural manifestation. El Escorial was, at once, a
monastery and a Spanish royal palace. Originally a property of the Hieronymite monks, it is
now a monastery of the Order of Saint Augustine. Philip II of Spain, reacting to the Protestant
Reformation sweeping through Europe during the th century, devoted much of his lengthy
reign and much of his seemingly inexhaustible supply of New World gold to stemming the
Protestant tide. His protracted efforts were, in the long run, partly successful however, the
same counterreformational impulse had a much more benign expression thirty years earlier
in Philips decision to build the complex at El Escorial. Philip engaged the Spanish architect,
Juan Bautista de Toledo, to be his collaborator in the design of El Escorial. Juan Bautista
had spent the greater part of his career in Rome, where he had worked on the basilica of St.
Peters, and in Naples, where he had served the kings viceroy, whose recommendation
brought him to the kings attention. Philip appointed him architectroyal in , and together they
designed El Escorial as a monument to Spains role as a center of the Christian world.
Faade of the Monastery of El Escorial
On November , , UNESCO declared The Royal Site of San Lorenzo of El Escorial a World
Heritage Site. It is an extremely popular tourist attraction, often visited by daytrippers from
Madrid more than , visitors come to El Escorial every year.
Design and conception
El Escorial is situated at the foot of Mt. Abantos in the Sierra de Guadarrama. It is a bleak,
semiforested, windswept place that owes its name to nearby piles of slag or tailings, called
scoria, the detritus of longplayedout iron mines in the Guadarrama. This austere location,
hardly an obvious choice for the site of a royal palace, was chosen by King Philip II of Spain,
and it was he who ordained the building of a grand edifice here to commemorate the Spanish
victory at the Battle of St. Quentin in Picardy against Henry II, king of France. He also
intended the complex to serve as a necropolis for the interment of the remains of his parents,
Charles I and Isabella of Portugal, himself, and his descendants. In addition, Philip
envisioned El Escorial as a center for studies in aid of the CounterReformation cause. The
buildings cornerstone was laid on April , . The design and construction were overseen by
Juan Bautista de Toledo, who did not live to see the completion of the project. With Toledos
death in , direction passed to his apprentice, Juan de Herrera, under whom the building was
completed in , in less than years.
El Escorial
Since then, El Escorial has been the burial site for most of the Spanish kings of the last five
centuries, Bourbons as well as Habsburgs. The Royal Pantheon contains the tombs of the
Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V who ruled Spain as King Charles I, Philip II, Philip III, Philip
IV, Charles II, Louis I, Charles III, Charles IV, Ferdinand VII, Isabella II, Alfonso XII, and
Alfonso XIII. Two Bourbon kings, Philip V who reigned from to and Ferdinand VI , as well as
King Amadeus , are not buried in the monastery. The floor plan of the building is in the form
of a gridiron. The traditional belief is that this design was chosen in honor of St. Lawrence,
who, in the third century AD, was martyred by being roasted to death on a grill. St.
Lawrences feast day is August , the same date as the Battle of St. Quentin.
El Escorial floor plan, based on the floorplan of Solomons Temple.
In fact, however, the origin of the buildings layout is quite controversial. The grilllike shape,
which did not fully emerge until Herrera eliminated from the original conception the six
interior towers of the facade, was, by no means, unique to El Escorial. Other buildings had
been constructed with interior courtyards fronting on churches or chapels Kings College,
Cambridge, dating from , is one such example the old Ospedale Maggiore, Milans first
hospital, begun in by Antonio Filarete, is another gridlike building with interior courtyards. In
fact, palaces of this approximate design were commonplace in the Byzantine and Arab world.
Strikingly similar to El Escorial is the layout of the Alczar of Seville and the design of the
Alhambra at Granada where, as at El Escorial, two courtyards in succession separate the
main portal of the complex from a fullyenclosed place of worship. Nonetheless, the most
persuasive theory for the origin of the floor plan is that it is based on descriptions of the
Temple of Solomon by the JudeoRoman historian, Flavius Josephus a portico followed by a
courtyard open to the sky, followed by a second portico and a second El Escorial was
constructed from a plan based on the descriptions of Solomons courtyard, all flanked by
arcades and temple. enclosed passageways, leading to the quotholy of holiesquot. Statues
of David and Solomon on either side of the entrance to the basilica of El Escorial lend further
weight to the theory that this is the true origin of the design. A more personal connection can
be drawn between the Davidwarrior figure, representing Charles V, and his son, the stolid
and solomonically prudent Philip II. Echoing the same theme, a fresco in the center of El
Escorials library, a reminder of Solomons legendary wisdom, affirms Philips preoccupation
with the great Jewish king, his thoughtful and logical character, and his extraordinary
monumental temple. The TempleofSolomon design, if indeed it was the basis for El Escorial,
was extensively modified to accommodate the additional functions and purposes Philip II
intended the building to serve. Beyond being a monastery, El Escorial is also a pantheon, a
basilica, a convent, a school, a library, and a royal palace. All these functional demands
resulted in a doubling of the buildings size from the time of its original conception. Built
primarily from locallyquarried gray granite, square and sparselyornamented, El Escorial is
austere, even forbidding, in its outward appearance, seemingly more like a fortress than a
monastery or palace. It takes the form of a gigantic quadrangle, approximately m by m, which
encloses a series of intersecting passageways and
El Escorial courtyards and chambers. At each of the four corners is a square tower
surmounted by a spire, and, near the center of the complex and taller than the rest rise the
pointed belfries and round dome of the basilica. Philips instructions to Toledo were simple
and clear, directing that the architects should produce quotsimplicity in the construction,
severity in the whole, nobility without arrogance, majesty without ostentation.quot Aside from
its explicit purposes, the complex is also an enormous storehouse of art. It displays
masterworks by Titian, Tintoretto, El Greco, Velzquez, Roger van der Weyden, Paolo
Veronese, Alonso Cano, Jos de Ribera, Claudio Coello and others. The library contains
thousands of priceless manuscripts for example, the collection of the sultan, Zidan Abu
Maali, who ruled Morocco from to , is housed at El Escorial. Giambattista Castello designed
the magnificent main staircase.
Sections of the building
In order to describe the parts of the great building in a coherent fashion, it may be useful to
undertake an imaginary walking tour, beginning with the main entrance at the center of the
western facade
The patio of the kings
The first thing you find upon arriving to El Escorial is the main Faade. This has three doors
the middle one leads to the Patio de los Reyes and the side ones lead to a school and the
other to a monastery. On the faade there is a niche where the image of a saint has been
placed. The Patio de los Reyes is an enclosure that owes its name to the statues of the
Kings of Judah that adorn the faade of the Baslica, located at the back, from which you can
access from the patio. This spectacular basilica has a floor in the shape of a Greek cross and
an enormous cupola inspired by St. Peters Basilica in Rome. The naves Patio of the Kings
and the Basilica. are covered with canyon vaults decorated with frescoes by Lucas Jordn.
The large chapel is one of the highlights in the basilica, presided by steps of red marble. Its
main altarpiece is meters high and divided in compartments of different sizes where are find
bronze sculptures and canvas authored by Tibaldi, Zuccari or Leoni. In the Capitulary and
the Sacristy Rooms, painting such as Josephs Coat by Velzquez, The Last Supper by Titian,
or The Adoration of the Sacred Host by Charles II by Claudio Coello are on exhibit. Under
the royal chapel of the Basilica is the Royal Pantheon. This is the place of burial for the kings
of Spain. It is an octagonal Baroque mausoleum made of marble where all of the Spanish
monarchs since Charles I have been buried, with the exception of Philip V, Ferdinand of
Savoy, and Amadeus of Savoy. The remains of Juan de Borbon, father of Juan Carlos I
Spains current king, also rest in this pantheon despite the fact that he never became king
himself. The enclosure is presided over by an altar of veined marble, and the sarcaphogi are
bronze and marble. also find the Pantheon of the Princes, where the bodies of the queens
who did not have a crowned succession and the princes and princesses were laid to rest.
This part was built in the nineteenth century. After the Basilica is the Patio of the Evangelists.
This is a gardened patio in whose center rises a magnificent pavilion by Juan de Herrera in
which you can find sculptures of the Evangelists. Around the patio are the galleries of the
main cloister, decorated with frescoes in which scenes from the history of the Redemption
are represented. In the East gallery, you find the splendid main stair case with a
frescodecorated vaulted ceiling depicting The glory of the Spanish monarchy. Next is the
Palacio de los Austrias, also known as the Casa del Rey House of the King, which is found
behind the presbytery of the basilica. The outbuildings of this palace are distributed around
the patio of the Mascarones, of Italian style. Inside the House of the King are the Sala de las
Batallas Hall of Battles, which contains frescoes of
El Escorial the battles of San Quintn and Higueruela, among others. The next building
contains the rooms of Philip II and of the Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia. Another outbuilding is
that of Alcoba del Rey, housing the bed in which Philip II died.
The basilica
The basilica of San Lorenzo el Real, the central building in the El Escorial complex, was
originally designed, like most of the late Gothic cathedrals of western Europe, to take the
form of a Latin cross. As such, it has a long nave on the westeast axis intersected by a pair
of shorter transepts, one to the north and one directly opposite, to the south, about
threequarters of the way between the west entrance and the high altar. This plan was
modified by Juan de Herrera to that of a Greek cross, a form with all four arms of equal
length. Coincident with this shift in approach, the bell towers at the western end of the church
were somewhat reduced in size and the small halfdome intended to stand over the altar was
replaced with a full circular dome over the center of the church, where the four arms of the
Greek cross meet.
Dome of the Basilica of El Escorial
Clearly Juan Bautista de Toledos experience with the dome of St. Peters basilica in Rome
influenced the design of the dome of San Lorenzo el Real at El Escorial. However, the
Roman dome is supported by ranks of tapered Corinthian columns, with their extravagant
capitals of acanthus leaves and their elaborately fluted shafts, while the dome at El Escorial,
soaring nearly one hundred metres into the air, is supported by four heavy granite piers
connected by simple Romanesque arches and decorated by simple Doric pilasters, plain,
solid, and largely unprepossessing. It would not be a flight of fancy to interpret St. Peters as
the quintessential expression of Baroque sensuality and the basilica at El Escorial as a
statement of the stark rigidity and grim purposefulness of the Inquisition, the two sides of the
CounterReformation. The most highlydecorated part of the church is the area surrounding
the high altar. Behind the altar is a threetiered reredos, made of red granite and jasper,
nearly twentyeight metres tall, adorned with gilded bronze statuary by Leone Leoni, and
three sets of religious paintings commissioned by Philip II. To either side are gilded lifesize
bronzes of the kneeling family groups of Charles and Philip, also by Leoni with help from his
son Pompeo. In a shallow niche at the center of the lowest level is a repository for the
physical elements of the communion ceremony, a socalled quotHouse of the Sacramentquot,
designed by Juan de Herrera in jasper and bronze. To decorate the reredos, or altar screens,
the kings preferences were Pantheon of the Evangelists Michelangelo or Titian, but both of
these giants were already more than eighty years old and in frail health. Consequently, Philip
consulted his foreign ambassadors for recommendations, and the result was a lengthy
parade of the lesser European artists of that time, all swanning through the construction site
at El Escorial seeking the kings favor.
El Escorial
Palace of Philip II
Situated next to the main altar of the Basilica, the residence of King Philip II is made up of a
series of austerely decorated rooms. It features a window from which the king could observe
mass from his bed when incapacitated by the gout that afflicted him.
Hall of Battles
Fresco paintings here depict the most important Spanish military victories. These include a
medieval victory over the Moors, as well as several of Philips campaigns against the French.
Wall in the Hall of Battles
Pantheon of the Kings
This consists of twentysix marble sepulchers containing the remains of the kings and queens
regnant the only queen regnant since Philip II being Isabella II, of the Habsburg and Bourbon
dynasties from Charles I to the present, except for Philip V and Ferdinand VI. The sepulchers
also contain the remains of royal consorts who were parents of monarchs. The only king
consort is Francis of Asis de Bourbon, husband of queen Isabella II. The most recent
remains in the sepulcher are those of King Alfonso XIII. Those of his wife, as well as his son
Juan, Count of Barcelona, and daughterinlaw Maria de las Mercedes the parents of the
current king, Juan Carlos I, lie at a prepared place called a pudridero, or decaying chamber.
There are two pudrideros at El Escorial, one for the Pantheon of the Kings and the other for
that of the Princes, which can only be visited by monks from the Monastery. In these rooms,
the remains of the deceased are placed in a small leaden urn, which in turn will be placed in
the marble sepulchers of the pantheon after the passage of fifty years, the estimated time
necessary for the complete decomposition of the bodies.
Detail of the Court of the Kings, in El Escorial
Pantheon of the Kings
When the remains of Juan and Maria Mercedes are deposited in the Royal Pantheon, they
will, in a sense, constitute exceptions to tradition. First, the Count Barcelona was never able
to reign, due to the institution of the Second Republic and the exile of Alfonso XIII and his
entire family, though they are the parents of a King, and their remains are in the Pantheon.
Second, the Pantheon also contains the remains of Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, who,
although the wife of a King, was never the mother of a king in the strict sense. Some,
however, do consider Juan to have been de jure King of Spain, which in turn would make
Queen Victoria Eugenia the mother of a king. With the interment of Juan and Marias
remains, all the sepulchers in the Royal Pantheon will be filled no decision has yet been
announced as to the final resting place of the currentlyliving members of the Royal Family.
There has already been one exception to this old tradition Elisabeth of Bourbon is for the
moment the only queen in the pantheon who has not been mother to a King. That is because
her only son, the presumed Heir to the Throne, died after her.
El Escorial The walls of polished Toledo marble are ornamented in goldplated bronze. All of
the wood used in El Escorial comes from the ancient forests of Sagua La Grande, on the
socalled Golden Coast of Cuba.
Pantheon of the Princes
Completed in , this is the final resting place of princes, princesses and queens who were not
mothers of kings. With floors and ceiling of white marble, the tomb of Prince John of Austria
is especially notable. Currently, thirtyseven of the sixty available niches are filled.
Art Gallery
Consists of works of the German, Flemish, Venetian, Lombard, Ligurian and more Italian and
Spanish schools from the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Wooden model of the roof
Architectural Museum
Its eleven rooms showcase the tools, cranes and other materials used in the construction of
the edifice, as well as reproductions of blueprints and documents related to the project,
containing some very interesting facts.
Gardens of the Friars
Constructed at the order of Philip II, a great lover of nature, these constitute an ideal place
for repose and meditation. Manuel Azaa, who studied in the monasterys Augustinianrun
school, mentions them in his Memorias Memoirs and his play El jardn de los frailes The
Garden of the Friars. Students at the school still use it today to study and pass the time.
Library
The Casita del Principe, was built in to designs of Juan de Villanueva, for the Prince of the
Asturias, the future Philip II donated his personal collection of documents to the Carlos IV
building, and also undertook the acquisition of the finest libraries and works of Spain and
foreign countries. It was planned by Juan de Herrera, who also designed the librarys shelves
the frescoes on the vaulted ceilings were painted by Pellegrino Tibaldi. The librarys collection
consists of more than , volumes, located in a great hall fiftyfour meters in length, nine meters
wide and ten meters tall with marble floors and beautifully carved wood shelves.
Benito Arias Montano produced the initial catalog for the library, selecting many of the most
important volumes. In he was granted the privilege of receiving a copy of every published
work, though there is no evidence that he ever took advantage of this right. The vault of the
librarys ceiling is decorated with frescoes depicting the seven liberal arts Rhetoric, Dialectic,
Music, Grammar, Arithmetic, Geometry and Astronomy.
El Escorial
The reliquaries
Following a rule approved by the Council of Trent dealing with the veneration of saints, Philip
II donated to the monastery one of the largest reliquaries in all of Catholicism. The collection
consists of some relics, which are stored in sculpted reliquaries designed by Juan de
Herrera. Most of them were constructed by the artisan, Juan de Arfe Villafae. These
reliquaries are found in highly varied forms heads, arms, pyramidal cases, coffers, etc. and
are distributed throughout the monastery, with the most important being concentrated in the
basilica.
Adjacent buildings
Juan de Herrera also designed the Casas de Oficios or Official Buildings opposite the
monasterys north faade, and his successor, Francisco de Mora, designed the Casa de la
Compaa Company Quarters.
References
This article draws heavily on the December version of the corresponding article in the
Spanishlanguage Wikipedia.
http/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ UNESCO . quotThe Monastery of San Lorenzo de El
Escorial and Natural Surroundingsquot http/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ tentativelists/ / . .
Retrieved . Mary Crawford Volk Kubler, George . quotBuilding the Escorialquot http/ / www.
jstor. org/ pss/ . The Art Bulletin The Art Bulletin, Vol. , No. . doi./. . Retrieved . Fodors
Review . quotReal Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorialquot http/ / www. fodors. com/
world/ europe/ spain/ madrid/ review. html. . Retrieved . Juan Rafael de la Cuadra Blanco .
King Philip of Spain as Solomon the Second. The origins of Solomonism of the Escorial in
the Netherlands, en The Seventh Window. The Kings Window donated by Phillip II and Mary
Tudor to Sint Janskerk , p. concept amp editing Wim de Groot, Verloren Publishers,
Hilversum ed.. Hilversum Uitgeverij Verloren. ISBN. Ren Taylor . Arquitectura y Magia.
Consideraciones sobre la Idea de El Escorial, Ediciones Siruela, Madrid, enhanced from
monograph in Rudolph Wittkowers festschrift. . Hermetism and the Mystical Architecture of
the Society of Jesus in quotBaroque Art The Jesuit Contributionquot by Rudolf Wittkower
amp Irma Jaffe MSN Encarta . quotEl Escorialquot http/ / www. microsoftencarta. org/ media/
ElEscorial. html. . Retrieved . Tenth International Symposium on High Performance
Computer Architecture . quotEl Escorialquot http/ / www. ac. uma. es/ hpca/ pamphlets/
elescorial. pdf. . Retrieved . The Latin cross, with its long descending arm, is the form most
familiar to western Christians as the cross on which Christ was supposed to have been
crucified. Michelangelo died in , scarcely a year after the first stones at El Escorial were laid,
and Titian, when asked to come to Spain, respectfully refused on the basis of his advanced
age.
External links
Practical Information for Public Visits
http//www.patrimonionacional.es/en/infprac/visitas/escorial.htm Patrimonio Nacional Royal
Seat of San Lorenzo de El Escorial http//www.patrimonionacional.es/en/
escorial/escorial.htm Jardin del Monasterio de El Escorial a Gardens Guide review
http//www.gardenvisit.com/ge/eles.htm El Escorial Monastery History and Photos
http//www.feelmadrid.com/elescorial.html Photos of El Escorial
http//musique.free.fr/espagnenew/thumbnails.phpalbumamplangenglish Maps showing areas
of outstanding natural beauty, educational, scientific or cultural importance in Spain http//
www.maps.dataspain.com/worldheritage/elescorial.html El Escorial tourist and travel
connexions guide Eng http//www.madridguidespain.com/ valledeloscaidos.html COPYRIGHT
IN THE RENAISSANCE http//books.google.es/booksidQijgkYdxgMCamp
printsecfrontcoverampdqprivilegiowitcombeampeiqkhSdXWOpTElQSiXLCg
El Escorial HISTORIA DEL REAL MONASTERIO DE SAN LORENZO http//books.google.es/
booksidcCfcRCDIkCampdqquevedohistoriaescorialampprintsecfrontcoverampsourceblamp
otsyrNkOUHBampsigurUJZPJvXZSniraemOisamphlesampsaXampoibookresultampresnuma
mp ctresult
Valle de los Cados
The Valle de los Cados in English Valley of the Fallen is a Catholic basilica and a
monumental memorial in the municipality of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, erected at
Cuelgamuros Valley in the Sierra de Guadarrama, near Madrid, conceived by Spanish
dictator Francisco Franco to honor and bury those who fell during the Spanish Civil War. It
was also claimed by Franco that the monument was meant to be a quotnational act of
atonementquot. The monument, a landmark of thcentury Spanish architecture, was designed
by Pedro Muguruza and Diego Mndez on a scale to equal, according to Franco, quotthe
grandeur of the monuments of old, Santa Cruz del Valle de los Cados, view from the
esplanade which defy time and forgetfulnessquot. Together with the Universidad Laboral de
Gijn, it is the most prominent example of the original Spanish NeoHerrerian style, which was
intended as a revival of Juan de Herreras late renaissance architecture, exemplified in El
Escorial. This uniquely Spanish architecture was widely used in public buildings of postwar
Spain and is rooted in International classicism exemplified by Albert Speer or Mussolinis
Esposizione Universale Roma. The monument precinct encloses over acres .km of
Mediterranean woodlands and granite boulders on the Sierra de Guadarrama hills, over feet
m over sea level where stand the Basilica, the Benedictine Abbey, the Hospedera, the Valley
and the Juanelos, four cylindrical monoliths dating from the th century. The most prominent
feature of the monument is the towering meterhigh ft cross erected over a granite outcrop
meters over the basilica esplanade and visible from over miles km away. Work started in and
took over eighteen years to complete, the monument being officially inaugurated on April , .
According to the official ledger, the cost of the construction totalled . billion pesetas, funded
through National Lottery draws and donations. As a surviving artifact of Francos rule, the
monument and its Catholic basilica remain controversial, particularly because of the
construction workforce were convicts, some of them Popular Front prisoners. The complex is
owned and operated by the Patrimonio Nacional, the Spanish governmental heritage agency,
and ranked as the third most visited monument of the Patrimonio Nacional in . The Spanish
socialist government closed the complex to visitors at the end of , basing the decision on
safety reasons connected to restoration on the facade. Controversy arose upon this decision,
as the closure was attributed by part of the public opinion to the quotMemoria Historicaquot
law enacted during president Zapateros mandate, as supported by some media. Other media
support that the abbey monks are misinterpreting the closure due to restoration works with a
political decision. The works include the Piet sculpture prominently featured at the entrance
of the crypt, using hammers and heavy machinery. In November, , alleging safety reasons,
the Spanish government closed down the Basilica for Mass. Mass was celebrated in the
open during several weeks with an attendance of . faithful, in a rainy day on November .
Checkpoints were set up, according to government sources, to prevent political
manifestations
Valle de los Cados such as Falange flags, in accordance to the Law of quotMemoria
Histricaquot. However, Catholic sources claimed that the government was simply trying to
interfere with the celebration of the Mass.
Basilica, cross and abbey
Rising above the valley is one of the worlds largest basilicas, Baslica de la Santa Cruz del
Valle de los Cados Basilica of the Holy Cross of the Valley of the Fallen, hewn out of a
granite ridge, and the tallest memorial cross in the world, a .metrehigh construction of stone.
In , Pope John XXIII declared the underground crypt a basilica. The dimensions of the
underground basilica, as excavated, are larger than those of St. Peters Basilica in Rome. To
avoid competition, a partitioning wall was built near the inside of the entrance and a sizable
entryway was left unconsecrated. The monumental hieratic sculptures over the main gate
and the base of the cross culminated the career of Juan de valos. The monument consists of
a wide explanada esplanade with a spectacular view of the valley and the outskirts of Madrid
in the distance. A long vaulted crypt was tunnelled out of solid granite, piercing the mountain
to the massive transept, which lies exactly below the cross. On the wroughtiron gates,
Francos neoHabsburg doubleheaded eagle is prominently displayed. On entering the
basilica, visitors are flanked by two large metal statues of art deco angels holding swords.
There is a funicular that connects the basilica with the base of the cross. There is a spiral
staircase and a lift inside the cross, connecting the top of the basilica dome to a trapdoor on
top of the cross, but their use is restricted to maintenance staff. The Benedictine Abbey of
the Holy Cross of the Valley of the Fallen Spanish Abada Benedictina de la Santa Cruz del
Valle de los Cados, on the other side of the mountain, houses priests who say perpetual
Masses for the repose of the fallen. The abbey ranks as a Royal Monastery.
Benedictine Abbey Central Nave of the Crypt
Dome inside the Basilica
Valley of the Fallen
The valley that contains the monument, preserved as a national park, is located km northeast
of the royal site of El Escorial, northwest of Madrid. Beneath the valley floor lie the remains of
,, whose names are accounted for in the monuments register.
Valle de los Cados Although the valley contains both Nationalist and Republican graves, the
tone of the monument is distinctly Nationalist and antiCommunist, containing the inscription
quotCados por Dios y por Espaaquot quotFallen for God and Spainquot, reflecting the close
ties of Francos Nationalist regime to the Catholic Church. Additionally, the timing of Francos
announcement of the decision to create the monument suggests one side is being
commemorated more than the other on April , the day of the victory parade to celebrate the
first anniversary of his triumph over the Republic, Franco announced his personal decision to
raise a splendid monument to those who had fallen in his cause.
Francos tomb
In , after Francos death, the site was designated by the interim government as the burial
place for the Caudillo, who actually did not desire to be buried in the valley, but in Madrid.
Unlike the fallen of the Civil War who were laid to rest in the valley exterior to the basilica,
Franco was buried inside the church. His grave is marked by a simple tombstone engraved
with his name, on the choir side of the main altar between the altar and the apse of the
Church behind the altar, from the perspective of a person standing at the main door. Franco
was the second person buried in the Santa Cruz basilica. Franco had earlier interred Jos
Antonio Primo de Rivera, founder of the Falange, the Spanish fascist party that aided his
ascension to power, under a modest gravestone on the nave side of the altar. Primo de
Rivera died November , , exactly years before Franco, whose grave is on the exact opposite
side of the altar.
Virgen de Loreto
A somewhat Controversial Monument
Presenting the monument in a politically neutral way poses a number of problems, not least
the strength of opposing opinions on the issue. The Times quotes Jaume Bosch, a farleft
politician seeking to change the monument, as saying quotI want what was in reality
something like a Nazi concentration camp to stop being a nostalgic place of pilgrimage for
Francoists. Inevitably, whether we like it or not, its part of our history. We dont want to pull it
down, but the Government has agreed to study our plan.quot The charge that the monument
site was quotlike a Nazi concentration campquot refers to the use of convicts, including
Popular Front war prisoners, trading their labour for a conviction redemption quotThe drilling
of the Risco de la Nava was undertaken by San Roman, an affiliate of the incumbent
construction company Agroman. The workforce
Francos tomb
Valle de los Cados was provided by the despair and hardship of the post war period. These
were joined by Republican prisoners who were promised a conviction redemption for risking
their lives working on the monument construction ..., which in amounted to six hundred.
Other souces point out up to . prisoners and speak about forced labour. The Spanish law did
not allow for forced labour, but recognized the possibility of voluntarily redeeming two days of
conviction for each working day to reduce the burden of a large convict population that
included many war and political prisoners. This benefit was increased to six days when
labour was carried out at the basilica with a salary of pesetas per day, a fairly reasonable
salary for that time, with the possibility of the family of the convict benefiting from the housing
and children schools built on the valley for the other workers. Only convicts with a good
behaviour record would qualify for this redemption scheme, as the works site was considered
to be a low security environment. The motto used by the Spanish Nationalist government
was quotel trabajo enoblecequot quotwork ennoblesquot. According to the official
programme records, , workers participated directly in the construction, some of them highly
skilled, as required by the complexity of the work. of them were convicts. During the
eighteenyear construction period, the official tally of workers who died as result of accidents
during the building of the monument totalled fourteen. Since the leftleaning Spanish
government, which has been following a policy of the removal of Francoist symbols from
public buildings and spaces, has had an uneasy relationship with a monument that is the
most conspicuous legacy from Francos rule. Political rallies in celebration of the former
dictator are now banned by the Law of Historical Memory, voted on by the Congress of
Deputies on October . This law dictated that quotthe management organisation of the Valley
of the Fallen should aim to honour the memory of all of those who died during the civil war
and who suffered repressionquot. It has been suggested that The Valley of the Fallen be
redesignated as a quotmonument to Democracyquot or as a memorial to all Spaniards killed
in conflict quotfor Democracyquot. Some organisations, among them centrist Catholic
groups, question the purpose of these plans, on the basis that the monument is already
dedicated to all of the dead, civilian and military of both Nationalist and Republican sides.
Closure of the monument
In November , Patrimonio Nacional controversially ordered the closure of the basilica for an
indefinite period of time, alleging preservation issues which also may affect the Cross and
some sculptures. These allegations have been contested by experts and the religious
community that lives in the complex, and had been seen by some conservative opinion
groups as a policy of harassment against the monument. In , the Pieta sculpture group
started to be quotdismantledquot with hammers and heavy machinery, which according to
the Juan de Avalos trust may result into irreparable damage of the masterpiece. As result,
the trust has filed several lawsuits against Spanish government . Several parallelisms has
been made between the Piet and the Buddhas of Bamyan by liberal and conservative
groups. On the other hand, Spanish government followers assert that this process is fair to
socialists, communists, and anarchists fallen during the Spanish Civil War.
Valle de los Cados
In Popular Culture
The Valle de los Cados appears in Richard Morgans novel Altered Carbon, where it is being
used as a base of operations for one of the major antagonists, Reileen Kawahara.
References
Diario de la Sierra de febrero de . quotUna decisin polmica Ordenan el cierre del Valle de
los Cados por tiempo indefinidoquot http/ / www. diariodelasierra. es/ / / /
unadecisionquetraerapolemicaordenanelcierredelvalledeloscaidosportiempoindefinido. .
Retrieved de abril de . http/ / www. elpais. com/ solotexto/ articulo. htmlxrefelpepinacamp
typeTesamp anchorelpepunac quotEl desmontaje de La Piedad del Valle de los Cados, a
mazazo limpioquot http/ / www. elmundo. es/ elmundo/ / / / madrid/ . html. El Mundo. April . .
Retrieved de abril de . quotImages that show how the sculpture is being destroyedquot http/ /
www. elvalledeloscaidos. es/ . . Libertad digital November . quotValle de los cados cerrado
por orden gubernativaquot http/ / www. libertaddigital. com/ sociedad/
valledeloscaidoscerradoporordengubernativa/ . . Retrieved November . quotLa Cruz
monumentalquot http/ / www. vki. net/ cmonumental. htm. . The Valle de los Caidos http/ /
wais. stanford. edu/ Spain/ spainthevalledeloscaidos. html Spain reclaims Francos shrine
http/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ news/ world/ article. ece Cesar Vidal. quotComo se
realiz el Valle de los Caidosquot http/ / revista. libertaddigital. com/
comoserealizolacruzdeloscaidos. html EJP http/ / www. ejpress. org/ article/ news/ Cristina
Rodenas, quotValle de los Caidos, Cronologiaquot http/ / www. abc. es/ / nacionalnacional/
fundacionfranciscofrancoconvocara. html ABC, September , . quotBoletn Oficial de las
Cortes Generales, de octubrequot http/ / www. congreso. es/ publicoficiales/ L/ CONG/
BOCG/ A/ A. PDF, report about the resolution voted at the Congreso de los Diputados http/ /
www. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ news/ world/ article. ece, Times online quotUna decision
Polemica, ordenan el cierre del Valle de los Caidos por tiempo indefinidoquot http/ / www.
diariodelasierra. es/ / / /
unadecisionquetraerapolemicaordenanelcierredelvalledeloscaidosportiempoindefinido/ Diario
de la Sierra November Pio Moa quotEl Valle de los Caidos y los Talibanesquot http/ / blogs.
libertaddigital. com/ presenteypasado/ elvalledeloscaidosylostalibanes/ Libertad Digital,
February , quothttp/ / www. libertaddigital. com/ sociedad/
elhijodejuandeavalosdenunciaapatrimonioporeldesmontajedelapiedad/ quotJuan de Avaloss
son claims against demolition of his father sculpturequot. quot. Morgan, Ricahard K. . Altered
Carbon. Del Rey Book. p.. ISBN.
External links
WAIS Forum on Spain, http//wais.stanford.edu/Spain/spainthevalledeloscaidos.html
quotSpain the Valley of the Fallenquot includes quote from Francos decree, April , Abada de
la Santa Cruz del Valle de los Cados http//www.valledeloscaidos.es Official Website
Spanish. El Valle de los Caidos http//www.ctv.es/USERS/fnff/valle.htm an apologetic account
Spanish Fundacion Francisco Franco, Valle de los Caidos
http//www.fnff.es/francohombre.htm another apologetic account from Francos Memorial Trust
Spanish Valley of the Fallen http//www.madridguidespain.com/valledeloscaidos.html
Practical visitor information and Photos. http//skyscraperpage.com/cities/buildingID The
Valley of the Fallen http//www.feelmadrid.com/valleyofthefallen.html History and Photos. Pio
Moa, Manifesto for historians regarding the Valley of the Fallen
http//blogs.libertaddigital.com/ presenteypasado/unmanifiestoparaloshistoriadores/
Apologetic manifesto from a leading Spanish historian to debunk the well publicised myths
around the construction of the monument and the policy of harassment from the government
Spanish
Royal Family
Spanish Royal Family
The Royal Family of the Kingdom of Spain consists of the current king, Juan Carlos, his
spouse, Queen Sofia of Spain and their direct descendants. The Spanish royal family
belongs to the House of Borbn. The Royal Family is not to be confused with the Family of the
King, the former is strictly composed by the King and his Consort the Prince and Princess of
Asturias and their daughters and the Infantas of Spain, their consorts and children. The
Family of the King refers to the extended family of the Monarch. The Kings two daughters
hold the title Infanta Princess of Spain, with the style Her Royal Highness. Their husbands
hold no title of their own but are styled His Excellency The Duke of ltwifes ducal titlegt. Their
children hold the style of His or Her Excellency and the rank of a Grandee of Spain. The
Kings heir bears the title Prince of Asturias with the style His Royal Highness. The wife of a
Prince of Asturias holds the title Princess of Asturias with the style Her Royal Highness. The
children of the Prince of Asturias have the title Infante/Infanta and the style Royal Highness.
If the heirs of King Juan Carlos I were to expire, the Constitution reserves the right for the
Cortes Generales legislature to designate the successor branch in a manner suitable for
Spain.
List of members
The Royal Family includes HM The King HM The Queen The Kings wife TRH The Prince and
Princess of Asturias The Kings son and his wife HRH The Infanta LeonorThe Prince of
Ausuriess eldest daughter HRH The Infanta Sofa The Prince of Austuriass second daughter
HRH The Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo The Kings eldest daughter HE Don Felipe de
Marichalar de Borbn The Duchess of Lugos eldest son HE Doa Victoria de Marichalar de
Borbn The Duchess of Lugos daughter HRH The Infanta Cristina, Duchess of Palma de
Mallorca and HE Iaki Urdangarin Liebaert, Duke of Palma de Mallorca The Kings eldest
daughter and her husband
Spanish Royal Family HE Don Juan Valentn Urdangarn de Borbn The Duchess of Palma de
Mallorcas eldest son HE Don Pablo Nicols Urdangarn de Borbn The Duchess of Palma de
Mallorcas second son HE Don Miguel Urdangarn de Borbn The Duchess of Palma de
Mallorcas third son HE Doa Irene Urdangarn de Borbn The Duchess of Palma de Mallocras
daughter
Extended family the Family of the King
The Kings sisters
The Kings two sisters renounced their rights of succession upon marriage, but those
renunciations took place before the adoption of the Constitution and were not ratified by the
Cortes. Both sisters bear the title Infanta of Spain with the style Her Royal Highness. Their
children have the right to the status of Grandee and the title Excellency like the children of
Infanta Elena and Infanta Cristina. HRH Infanta Doa Pilar de Borbn, Duchess of Badajoz ad
personam. HRH Infanta Doa Margarita de Borbn, Duchess of Soria ad personam, nd
Duchess of Hernani hereditary title.
The Spanish Royal Family The Queen, the Prince and Princess of Asturias with their
daughter, Infanta Leonor and the King with his grandson, Pablo Urdangarn
House of BourbonTwo Sicilies
HRH Don Carlos Maria Alfonso Marcel of BourbonTwo Sicilies amp BourbonParma, Infante
of Spain, Prince of the two Sicilies, Duke of Calabria born , cousin of the King, from the
BourbonTwo Sicilies family, received the title Infante of Spain by Royal Decree dated
December , . Although it is often stated that this title was given in recognition of Don Carlos
status as head of the House of BourbonTwo Sicilies, the wording of the decree does not
support that view. The King refers to quotLas circunstancias excepcionales que
concurrenquot the exceptional circumstances that concur in Don Carlos. The reference is to
circumstances, not a single circumstance. The decree then cites Don Carlos representation
of the ties between his family and the Spanish Crown as one of those circumstances. For
whatever reason, the King chose not to specify what he meant. Although Don Carlos claims
to be the rightful King of the Two Sicilies, his position is disputed. Don Carlos is also the
senior heir of Infanta Doa Mercedes, Princess of Asturias, the eldest sister of King Alphonso
XIII of Spain who was heiress presumptive to the throne for her entire life. Alphonso XIII was
born months after his fathers death if he had been a girl Maria de las Mercedes would have
become Queen. Alphonsos first child was not born until after his sisters death. Don Carlos
father, Don Alphonso de BorbnDos Sicilies who was heir presumptive to the Spanish Throne
from , and King Juan Carlos of Spains mother were siblings. Don Carlos mother belongs to
the BourbonParma family that used to rule the Italian Duchy of Parma. His wife belongs to
the French branch of the House of Bourbon. His wifes mother belonged to the Brazilian
branch of the Bourbons. Being a representative of the family descended from someone who
nearly became Queen, descended from two former heirs presumptive, having immediate
connections father, mother, grandmother, wife, motherinlaw to all branches of the vast
Bourbon Dynasty, and the family that provided the mother of the current King is much more
relevant to Spain that any link Don Carlos might have with the long defunct Kingdom of the
Two Sicilies. The title was not extended to Don Carlos wife who was born HRH Anne
Marguerite Brigitte Marie dOrlans, Fille de France, Princess of Orlans, a member of the
French Royal House. Their children would ordinarily have the status of Grandee with the title
Excellency but instead generally use the title Princess of BourbonTwo Sicilies based on
Spanish Royal Family their fathers descent from the former Kings of the Two Sicilies,
although his wife is officially styled Her Royal Highness Princess Anne of BourbonTwo
Sicilies, Duchess of Calabria. From Don Carlos mother HRH Princess Alicia of
BourbonParma is infanta of Spain by marriage to Infante Alfonso November February ,
eldest child and son of Prince Carlos of BourbonTwo Sicilies and his wife Mercedes,
Princess of Asturias.
Current Accession to Throne
In , General Franco designated Prince Juan Carlos de Borbn, with the new title of King of
Spain, as his successor. This designation came as a surprise for the Carlist pretender to the
throne, as well as for Juan Carloss father, Don Juan, the Count of Barcelona, who technically
had a superior right to the throne. By , Franco had surrendered the function of prime minister
Presidente del Gobierno, remaining only as head of state and commander in chief of the
military. As his final years progressed, tension within the various factions of the Movimiento
would consume Spanish political life, as varying groups jockeyed for position to control the
countrys future. In July , the aged Franco fell ill from various health problems, and Juan
Carlos took over as Head of State. Franco soon recovered, but one year later he fell ill once
again from more health problems including a long battle with Parkinsons Disease. Franco
died on November and Juan Carlos became King.
The king and queen
As a young man Juan Carlos completed his fouryear military training and then received a
rigorous two year liberal education in the European tradition as insisted upon by his father
Don Juan, Count of Barcelona, in . Impatient with the pace of democratic political reforms,
King Juan Carlos, known for his formidable personality, dismissed Carlos Arias Navarro and
appointed the reformer Adolfo Surez as President of the Government in . The next year the
king signed into law the new liberal democratic Constitution of Spain, which was approved by
of voters. Juan Carlos quotquick wit and steady nervequot cut short the attempted military
coup in when the king used a specially designed command communications center in the
Zarzuela Palace to denounce the coup and command the militarys eleven captaingenerals to
stand down. Following the events of Juan Carlos has led a less eventful life, according to
author John Hooper. The king does not open hospitals and bridges as often as monarchs in
other nations rather he has worked towards establishing reliable political customs when
transitioning one government administration to another, emphasizing constitutional law and
protocol, representing the Spanish State domestically and internationally, all the while
maintaining a professionally nonpartisan yet independent monarchy. In while celebrating his
anniversary, the king said he wanted to represent all Spanish people. Juan Carlos set a
modest tone for his kingship as early as when he declared that he and his family would
continue to reside at the modest Palacio de Zarzuela, rather than the Palacio de Oriente in
Madrid. Additionally, the king, who can still look awkward at large events, did not resurrect
any formal Royal Court, much to the disappointment of some in the aristocracy. The kings
charms are best evident in smaller and less formal events, according to Hooper. Juan
Carlos, publicly perceived as a kind of action man or G.I. Joe, is fond of sports and enjoys
skiing in winter and sailing in the summer, and likes to play snooker after dinner. Such is the
kings enthusiasm for sailing that he competed in the Summer Olympic Games in the Dragon
Class, and each year he and the royal family holiday in Majorca where they are
photographed sailing by the media. It is this image of the king enjoying himself that is
somewhat instilled in the public mind in recent years, according to Hooper. In his younger
years Juan Carlos enjoyed and was reportedly good at squash, tennis, and karate. However,
the king has angered environmental activists when
Spanish Royal Family he engaged in bear hunting in Romania in . Queen Sofa, on the other
hand, is opposed to the wearing of furs and of bullfighting, and is quotsomething of a
vegetarianquot, according to author John Hooper. Born in a Princess of Greece and
Denmark, Sofa enjoys sailinga passion she shares with her husband. As a young woman
Sofa qualified as a reserve for the Greek sailing team at the Summer Olympics. Initially their
shared passion for sailing threatened to stifle their relationship as Sofa later recalled quotI
once went sailing with him when we were still engaged, and I shall never understand how I
was able to marry him after thatquot Juan Carlos married Sofa in Athens at the Church of
Saint Dennis on May . Exile is another experience which had bonded Sofa and Juan Carlos,
according to Hooper. Sofa and the Greek Royal Family went into exile in South Africa ahead
of the Nazi invasion of Greece, and she and her family did not return to Greece until she was
eight. Of Juan Carlos and Sofas shared experiences in exile John Hooper wrote quotBoth
the King and Queen were given a lesson in their early years that no member of the British
Royal Family receivedthat, for a monarch, the penalty for failing to judge correctly the mood
of his or her country, can be exile and debilitating irrelevance.quot The queens interests over
the years have been more intellectual, and Sofa may be given credit for encouraging Juan
Carlos in his transition of Spain from an authoritarian dictatorship to a liberal democracy.
According to author John Hooper, it is noteworthy that shortly after Juan Carlos married Sofa
he began his secret meetings with politicians and others as early as . Sofa demonstrated her
empathy and solidarity with Spanish families when she sent her children to secular schools
known for their progressive methods. When the parents at Felipes school boycotted the
increase in meal prices, Sofa took the side of the parents, sending Felipe to school with
sandwiches in packed lunches. Sofa is far more religious then her husband or her children,
having converted to Catholicism just before her marriage. Queen Sofa sparked controversy
in a autobiography when she commented on gay marriage in Spain. This and other
comments by the queen opened the monarchy to rare criticism in , with the Zarzuela palace
issuing an apology on behalf of the queen for the quotinexactquot quotes attributed to her.
King Juan Carlos, known to be far more liberal then his wife, was reportedly incensed by the
autobiography, with reporters stating the king will fire palace officials who allegedly approved
official royal endorsement of the book.
Other members
The kings heir is his youngest child Felipe, Prince of Asturias b. , who married Letizia,
Princess of Asturias b. on May in the Cathedral Santa Mara la Real de la Almudena in
Madrid. The Prince and Princess of Asturias have two daughters, TRH the Infantas Leonore
b. and Sofa b. . HRH Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo, b. is the kings eldest child and mother
of two with Jaime de Marichalar, Their Excellencies Felipe Juan b. and Victoria Federica b..
Infanta Elena and Jaime de Marichalar got divorced in . HRH Infanta Cristina, Duchess of
Palma de Mallorca, b is the kings middle child and mother of three boys and a daughter with
Iaki Urdangarn, Duke of Palma de Mallorca, Their Excellencies Juan Valentn b. , Pablo
Nicols b. , Miguel b. , and Her Excellency Irene b. . The king has two sisters HRH Infanta
Doa Pilar de Borbn, Duchess of Badajoz b. and mother of five, and HRH Infanta Doa
Margarita de Borbn, Duchess of Soria, nd Duchess of Hernani b. and mother of two with HE
Carlos Zurita, Duke of Soria b. . However, both sisters renounced any claim to the Spanish
Crown before their marriage and before the Constitution was ratified. If the heirs of King Juan
Carlos I were to expire, the Constitution reserves the right for the Cortes to designate the
successor branch in a manner suitable for Spain, and presumably the Cortes would consider
the claims of these heirs.
Spanish Royal Family
Public role
Members of the Spanish Royal Family, quotthe royalsquot, are often asked by nonprofit
charitable, cultural, or religious organizations within Spain or internationally to become their
patrons, a role the Spanish constitution recognizes and codified in Title II Article j It is
incumbent for the monarch quotto exercise the High Patronage of the Royal Academiesquot.
Royal patronage conveys a sense of official credibility as the organization is scrutinized for
suitability. A royal presence often greatly raises the profile of the organization and attracts
media publicity and public interest that the organization may not have otherwise garnered,
aiding in the charitable cause or cultural event. Royals use their considerable celebrity to
assist the organization to raise funds or to affect or promote government policy. Additionally,
members of the royal family may also pursue their own charitable and cultural interests.
Queen Sofa devotes much of her time to the Queen Sofia Foundation Fundacin Reina Sofa
while Prince Felipe chairs the Prince of Asturias Foundation Fundacin Prncipe de Asturias,
which aims to promote quotscientific, cultural and humanistic values that form part of
mankinds universal heritage.quot The Prince of Asturias Foundation holds annual awards
ceremonies acknowledging the contributions of individuals, entities, and/or organizations
from around the world who make notable achievements in the sciences, humanities, or public
affairs. Prince Felipe serves as president of the Codespa Foundation, which finances specific
economic and social development activities in Latin American and other countries, and
serves as president of the Spanish branch of the Association of European Journalists, which
is composed of achieving communications professionals. Prince Felipe also serves as
honorary chair of the Ministry of Culture National Awards Ceremonies. Infanta Elena,
Duchess of Lugo, the kings eldest daughter, is the Director of Cultural and Social Projects of
Mapfre Foundation, while Infanta Cristina, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca, the kings
youngest daughter, served as the Goodwill Ambassador to the United Nations for the nd
World Assembly on Ageing, and is a member of the Dali Foundation Board of Trustees,
president of the International Foundation for Disabled Sailing, and Director of Social Welfare
at the La Caixa Foundation in Barcelona where she lives with her family. The king, queen,
and Infanta Cristina are all members of the Bilderberg Group, an informal thinktank centered
on United States and European relations, and other world issues.
References
Real Decreto / http/ / www. boe. es/ g/ es/ basesdatos/ doc. phpcoleccioniberlexamp id/ The
fascist dictator General Francisco Franco had thought to mold the young Juan Carlos to
succeed him and retain the fascist regime Franco had established following the Civil War.
During his young adulthood, Juan Carlos did not reveal that he shared many of the political
sentiments with his father, who had been judged by Franco as too liberal to be King of Spain.
Franco had once commented to Juan Carlos that he had more chance then his father to be
king. Juan Carlos father wished to reestablish constitutional monarchy in a democratic Spain,
and even Sofa, Juan Carlos wife since , had counseled Juan Carlos that the only way a
restored monarchy would be legitimate was with the support of the people, not followers of a
totalitarian regime. According to author John Hooper, it is noteworthy that shortly after Juan
Carlos married Sofa he began his secret meetings with politicians and others as early as .
Juan Carlos was born in while the royal family was then in exile during the Second Spanish
Republic and Civil War which followed, but returned to Spain for his education in . By Juan
Carlos completed his formal military training, two years in the army collage in Saragossa and
a year each in the navy and the air force. Juan Carlos father insisted on a liberal academic
university education for his son, and a panel of six eminent academics drafted a special
twoyear course in liberal studies that Juan Carlos received in Madrid between and .
After his university education, Juan Carlos spent a few weeks in each of the government
ministries to learn how they operated, and in Franco designated Juan Carlos as his
successor, with the Cortes overwhelmingly endorsing the appointment. To drive home the
point that Juan Carlos was Francos successor, according to author John Hooper, Juan
Carlos received the title Prince of Spain rather than the traditional Prince of Asturias
John Hooper, The New Spainards, , An Engaging Monarchy John Hooper, The New
Spainards, , From Dictatorship to Democracy quotSpains fastliving king turns quot http/ /
news. bbc. co. uk/ / hi/ europe/ . stm. BBC News. . . Retrieved .
Spanish Royal Family
Burnett, Victoria . quotQueen Sofia Unamused by a Book Quoting Herquot http/ / www.
nytimes. com/ / / / world/ europe/ sofia. html. nytimes.com. . Retrieved . quotQueen of Spains
Gay Marriage Comment Ignites Controversyquot http/ / www. foxnews. com/ story/ ,,,. html.
FoxNews.com. . . quotQueens outburst sparks debate about the monarchy in Spainquot http/
/ www. efluxmedia. com/ newsQueensoutburstsparksdebateaboutmonarchyinSpain. html.
efluxmedia.com. . . NewsEditor . quotSpains queen criticized for antigay commentsquot http/
/ lgbtqnews. com/ gaynews/ spainsqueencriticizedforantigaycomments. aspx.
lgbtqnews.com. . Retrieved . quotSpanish Queen alone in antigay commentsquot http/ /
www. expatica. com/ nl/ news/ dutchnews/ SpanishQueenaloneinantigaycomments. html.
.expatica.com Dutch News. . . Retrieved . Rhodes, Matt . quotSpain Gay Anger Over
Spanish Queen Bookquot http/ / news. sky. com/ skynews/ Home/ WorldNews/
SpainsQueenSofiaPilarUrbanosNewBookCausesControversyDueToCommentsAboutGayMar
riage/ Article/ lposWorldNewsSecondWorldNewsArticleTeaserRegionamp
lidARTICLESpainsQueenSofiaPilarUrbanosNewBookCausesControversyDueToCommentsA
boutGayMarriage. sky.com. . Retrieved . Giles, Ciaran . quotSpain Gay marriage bill clears
hurdlequot http/ / web. archive. org/ web/ / http/ / www. planetout. com/ news/ article. html/ / /
. Planetout.com. Archived from the original http/ / www. planetout. com/ news/ article. html/ / /
on . . Retrieved . Morris and Larraz, Sarah and Theresa . quotQueen draws ire over gay
marriage commentquot http/ / www. reuters. com/ article/ oddlyEnoughNews/ idUSTREUJH.
reuters.com. . Retrieved . quotquotLa Infanta Elena y Jaime de Marichalar firman el convenio
de su divorcioquot quotInfanta Elena and Jaime de Marichalar sign their divorce
papersquotquot http/ / www. elperiodico. com/ default. aspidpublicacioPKamp
idiomaCASamp idnoticiaPKamp idseccioPK in Spanish. El peridico. . . Retrieved .
Constitucin espaola de Ttulo II. De la Corona http/ / es. wikisource. org/ wiki/
Constitucinespaolade Queen Sofia Foundation http/ / www. fundacionreinasofia. es/ Prince
of Asturias Foundation http/ / www. fundacionprincipedeasturias. org/ Codespa Foundation
http/ / www. codespa. org/ epages/ Codespa. sf Delivery of the National Awards of the
Ministry of Culture http/ / translate. google. com/ translatehlenamp slesamp uhttp/ / www.
casareal. es/ indexidenidweb. htmlamp eiVpHSuHsBKGtgftayXCwamp saXamp
oitranslateamp resnumamp ctresultamp prev/ searchqSpanish monarchyamp hlenamp
rlscom. microsoftIESearchBoxamp rlzIGGLLen Infanta Elena http/ / www. casareal. es/
sarelena/ indexidenidweb. html Infanta Cristina http/ / www. casareal. es/ sarcristina/
indexidenidweb. html Mark Oliver June . quotThe Bilderberg groupquot http/ / www.
guardian. co. uk/ news/ / jun/ / netnotes. markoliver. The Guardian. . quotBilderberg Meeting
of Assemblesquot http/ / www. prnewswire. de/ cgi/ releaseid. PR Newswire. June . .
quotBilderberg Group Meets In Athens Amid Tight Securityquot http/ / www. nasdaq. com/
aspx/ stockmarketnewsstory. aspxstoryiddowjonesdjonlineamp
titlebilderberggroupmeetsinathensamidtightsecurity. NASDAQ. .
Spanish Royal Family http//www.marbellaguide.com/blog/thespanishroyalfamily/
House of Bourbon
House of Bourbon
Bourbons redirects here for other uses of the term Bourbon, please see Bourbon
disambiguation
House of Bourbon
Country
France, Navarre, Spain, Luxembourg
Ancestral house Capetian Dynasty Titles King of France King of Navarre King of Spain Duke
of Orlans Duke of Vendme Duke of Bourbon Duke of Parma King of the Two Sicilies Grand
Duke of Luxembourg Duke of Seville
Final sovereign
France and Navarre
Charles X
Parma
Roberto I
Two Sicilies
Francesco II Current head
France and Navarre Legitimists and Orlanists
Henry VII of Orlans
France and Navarre Blancs dEspagne
Louis XX present
Spain
King Juan Carlos I present
Parma
Duke Carlos present
Two Sicilies DISPUTED
Duke Carlos of Calabria or Duke Carlo of Castro present
Luxembourg
Grand Duke Henri I present Founding Robert, Count of Clermont, the sixth son of Louis IX of
France
House of Bourbon
Deposition
France and Navarre
July Revolution
Parma
Annexation by Kingdom of Sardinia
Two Sicilies
Italian unification Ethnicity French House of Orlans House of OrlansBraganza House of
BourbonTwo Sicilies House of BourbonParma
Cadet branches
The House of Bourbon English /brb.n/ French pronunciationbu.b is a European royal house,
a branch of the Capetian dynasty /kpin/. Bourbon kings first ruled Navarre and France in the
th century. By the th century, members of the Bourbon dynasty also held thrones in Spain,
Naples, Sicily, and Parma. Spain and Luxembourg currently have Bourbon monarchs.
Bourbon monarchs ruled Navarre from and France from until the overthrow of the monarchy
during the French Revolution. Restored briefly in and definitively in after the fall of the First
French Empire, the senior line of the Bourbons was finally overthrown in the July Revolution
of . A cadet branch, the House of Orlans, then ruled for years , until it too was overthrown.
The Princes of Cond BourbonCond were a cadet branch of the BourbonVendmes and, in
turn, were senior to the Princes of Conti BourbonConti. Both these lines became extinct in
the early nineteenth century. Philip V of Spain was the first Bourbon ruler of Spain, from .
The Spanish Bourbons in Spain the name is spelled Borbn and rendered into English as
Borbon have been overthrown and restored several times, reigning , , , and to the present
day. From this Spanish line comes the royal line of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and , and
Sicily only in , the BourbonSicilies family, and the Bourbon rulers of the Duchy of Parma.
Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg married a cadet of the BourbonParma line, and
thus her successors, who have ruled Luxembourg since her abdication in , have also
technically been members of the House of Bourbon. Isabel, Princess Imperial, the declared
heiress and thriceregent of the nowdefunct Empire of Brazil married twenty years before their
deposition Gaston, comte dEu a prince of Orlans, and their descent, known as the
OrlansBraganza, would have ascended that throne, had the empire not ended in . From the
time of Hugh Capet to Charles X , the Senior Capets were also the Kings of France.
Origins
The preCapetian House of Bourbon was a noble family, dating at least from the beginning of
the th century, when the estate of Bourbon was ruled by a Lord who was a vassal of the King
of France. In , Robert, Count of Clermont, sixth son of King Louis IX of France, married
Beatrix of Bourbon, heiress to the lordship of Bourbon. Their son Louis was made Duke of
Bourbon in . His descendant, the Constable of France Charles de Bourbon, was the last of
the senior Bourbon line when he died in . Because he chose to fight under the banner of Holy
Roman Emperor Charles V and lead a life of exile, his title was discontinued after his death.
However the junior line of La MarcheVendme remained, the ruling house of the Dukedom of
Vendme. The BourbonVendme branch were to become rulers of the Kingdom of Navarre on
the northern side of the Pyrenees in and then of France, with Henry III of Navarre becoming
Henry IV of France
House of Bourbon
France
The rise of Henry IV
The first Bourbon King of France was Henry IV. He was born on December in the Kingdom of
Navarre. Antoine de Bourbon, his father, was a ninth generation descendent of King Louis IX
of France. Jeanne dAlbret, his mother, was the Queen of Navarre and the niece of King
Francis I of France. He was baptized Catholic, but raised Calvinist. After his father was killed
in , he became Duke of Vendme at the age of , with Admiral Gaspard de Coligny as his
regent. Five years later, the young duke became the nominal leader of the Huguenots after
the death of his uncle the Prince of Cond in . Henry succeeded to Navarre as Henry III when
his mother died in . That same year Catherine de Medici, the influential mother of King
Charles IX of France, arranged for the marriage of her daughter, Margaret of Valois, to Henry
as a peace offering between the Catholics and Huguenots. Many Huguenots had gathered
for the wedding held on August and were massacred by the Catholics in the St.
Bartholomews Day Massacre. Henry saved his own life by converting to Catholicism. He
repudiated his conversion in and resumed his leadership of the Huguenots. The period from
to was relatively calm in France, with the Huguenots consolidating control of much of the
south with only occasional interference from the royal government. Extended civil war
erupted again in , when Franois, Duke of Anjou, younger brother of King Henry III of France,
died, leaving Navarre next in line for the throne. Thus began the War of the Three Henries,
as Henry of Navarre, Henry III, and the ultraCatholic leader, Henry of Guise, fought a
confusing threecornered struggle for dominance. When Henry III was assassinated on July ,
Navarre became the first Bourbon king of France as Henry IV. Much of Catholic France,
organized into the Catholic League, refused to recognize a Protestant monarch and instead
recognized Henry IVs uncle, Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon, as king as Charles X, and the
civil war continued. Henry won a crucial victory at Ivry on March , and following the death of
the Cardinal the same year, the forces of the League lacked an obvious Catholic candidate
for the throne and divided into various factions. Nevertheless, as a Protestant, Henry IV was
unable to take Paris, a Catholic stronghold, or to decisively defeat his enemies, now
supported by the Spanish. He reconverted to Catholicism in he is said to have remarked,
quotParis is well worth a massquot and was crowned King of France at the Cathedral of
Chartres on February .
Early Kings of France
Henry granted the Edict of Nantes on April , establishing Catholicism as an official state
religion, but otherwise assuring the Huguenots the right to practice their religion. However, it
did not grant full civil and religious equality to the Huguenots. This compromise ended the
religious wars in France. That same year the Treaty of Vervins ended the war with Spain,
adjusted the SpanishFrench border, and resulted in a belated recognition by Spain of Henry
as king of France. Ably assisted by Maximilien de Bthune, duc de Sully, Henry reduced the
land tax known as the taille promoted agriculture, public works, construction of highways,
and the first French canal started such important industries as the tapestry works of the
Gobelins and intervened in favor of Protestants in the duchies and earldoms along the
German frontier. This last was to be the cause of his assassination.
House of Bourbon
Henrys marriage to Margaret, which had produced no heir, was annulled in and he married
Marie de Medici, the niece of the grand duke of Tuscany. A son, Louis, was born to them in .
Henry IV was assassinated on May in Paris. Louis XIII was only nine years old when he
succeeded his father. He was to prove a weak ruler his reign was effectively a series of
distinct regimes, depending who held the effective reins of power. At first, Marie de Medici,
his mother, served as regent and advanced a proSpanish policy. To deal with the financial
troubles of France, Louis summoned the Estates General in this would be the last time that
body met until the eve of the French Revolution. Marie arranged the marriage of Louis to
Anne of Austria, the daughter of King Philip III of Spain. In , however, Louis conspired with
Charles dAlbert, duc de Luynes to dispense with her influence, having her favorite Concino
Concini assassinated on April of that year. After some years of weak government by Louiss
favorites, the King made Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, a former protg of his
mother, the chief minister of France in .
Richelieu advanced an antiHabsburg policy. He arranged for Louis sister, Henrietta Maria, to
marry King Charles I of England, on May . Her proCatholic propaganda in England was one
of the contributing factors for the English Civil War. Richelieu, as ambitious for France and
the French monarchy as for himself, laid the ground for the absolute monarchy that would
last in France until the Revolution. He wanted to establish a dominating position for France in
Europe, and he wanted to unify France under the monarchy. He established the role of
intendants, nonnoble men whose arbitrary powers were granted by and revocable by the
monarchy and superseded many of the traditional duties and privileges of the noble
governors. Although it required a succession of internal military campaigns, he abolished the
fortified Huguenot towns that Henry had allowed. He involved France in the Thirty Years War
against the Habsburgs by concluding an alliance with Sweden in and, actively, in . He died in
before the conclusion of that conflict, having groomed Cardinal Jules Mazarin as a
successor. Louis XIII outlived him but by one year, dying in at the age of fortytwo. After a
childless marriage for twentythree years he had a son with Anne on September , whom he
named after himself.
Henry IV of France, the first Bourbon King of France
House of Bourbon
Louis XIV and Louis XV
When Louis XIV succeeded his father he was only four years old he would become the most
powerful king in French history. His mother Anne served as his regent with her favorite Jules
Mazarin as chief minister. Mazarin continued the policies of Richelieu, bringing the Thirty
Years War to a successful conclusion in and defeating the noble challenge to royal
absolutism in a series of civil wars known as the Fronde. He continued to war with Spain until
. In that year the Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed signifying a significant shift in power,
France had replaced Spain as the dominant state in Europe. One of the terms of the treaty
arranged the marriage of Louis to his cousin Maria Theresa, the daughter of King Philip IV of
Spain, by his first wife Elizabeth, the sister of Louis XIII. They were married in and had a son,
Louis, in . Mazarin died on March and it was expected that Louis would appoint another chief
minister, as had become the tradition, but instead he shocked the country by announcing he
would rule alone.
Royal Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of France and Navarre.
Louis intended to glorify France by making war on his neighbors. For six years he reformed
the finances of his state and built formidable armed forces. France fought three wars
between and and gained some minor territory. Maria Theresa died in and the next year he
married Franoise dAubign, marquise de Maintenon. She had great influence over him
especially in matters of religion. Louis XIV was staunchly Catholic and he revoked the Edict
of Nantes on October , undoing the religious tolerance established by grandfather, Henry IV,
almost a hundred years before. The last war waged by Louis XIV proved to be one of the
most important to dynastic Europe. In , King Charles II of Spain died without a son. Louiss
son the Grand Dauphin, as nephew to the late king, was closest heir, and Charles willed the
kingdom to the Dauphins second son, the Duke of Anjou. Other powers, particularly the
Austrian Habsburgs, who had the next closest claims, objected to such a vast increase in
French power. Initially, most of the other powers were willing to accept Anjous reign as Philip
V, but Louiss arrogance and blunders soon made the English, the Dutch, and other powers
join the Austrians in a coalition against France. The War of the Spanish Succession began in
and raged for years. In the end Louiss grandson was recognized as King of Spain, but
Spains other European territories were largely ceded to Austria, and France was nearly
bankrupted by the cost of the struggle. Louis died on September ending his seventytwo year
reign, the longest in European history.
House of Bourbon
The reign of Louis XIV was so long that he had outlived both his son and eldest grandson.
He was succeeded by his greatgrandson Louis XV. Louis XV was born on February and was
thus aged only five at his ascension, the third Louis in a row to become king of France before
the age of ten. Initially, the regency was held by the Philip, Duke of Orlans, Louis XIVs
nephew, as nearest adult male to the throne. This Regency period was seen as one of
debauchery and loose morals following the austere nature of the latter years of Louis XIVs
reign, which had seen a series of cripplingly expensive wars and the Kings turn to religiosity.
Louis XIV with Louis le Grand Dauphin, Louis, duc de Bourgogne, and Louis, duc de
Bretagne
Following Orlanss death in , another junior Bourbon, the Duke of Bourbon, the representative
of the BourbonCond line, became Prime Minister. It was expected that Louis would marry his
cousin, the daughter of King Philip V of Spain, but this marriage was cancelled by the duke in
so that Louis could marry Maria Leszczynska, the daughter of Stanislas, former king of
Poland. Bourbons motive appears to have been a desire to produce an heir as soon as
possible so as to reduce the chances of a succession dispute between Philip V and the Duke
of Orlans in the event of the sickly kings death. Maria was already an adult woman at the
time of the marriage, while the Infanta was still a young girl.
House of Bourbon
Nevertheless, Bourbons action brought a very negative response from Spain, and for his
incompetence Bourbon was soon replaced by CardinalAndre Hercule de Fleury, the young
kings tutor, in . Fleury was a peace loving man who intended to keep France out of war, but
circumstances presented themselves that made this impossible. The first cause of these
wars came in when Augustus II, the elector of Saxony and king of Poland died. With French
backing Stanislas was again elected king. This brought France into conflict with Russia and
Austria who supported Augustus III, duke of Saxony and son of Augustus II.
Stanislas lost the Polish crown, but he was given the Duchy of Lorraine as compensation,
which would pass to France after his death. Next came the War of the Austrian Succession
in in which France supported King Frederick II of Prussia against Maria Theresa of Austria,
archduchess of Austria. Fleury died in before the conclusion of the war. Shortly after Fleurys
death in Louis was most influenced by his mistress the Marquise de Pompadour. She
reversed the policy of France in by creating an alliance with Austria against Prussia in the
Seven Years War. The war was a disaster for France, losing most of her overseas
possessions to the British in the Treaty of Paris in . Louis only son died in making his
grandson the Dauphin. Maria, his wife, died in and Louis himself died on May .
A posthumous mural commissioned around by Philippe de France.It shows the French
Bourbon Family around that time. It includes Henrietta Maria of France d , exiled Queen of
England Philippe I, Duke of Orlans, founder of the House of Orlans his first wife Princess
Henriette d the couples first daughter Marie Louise dOrlans later Queen of SpainAnne of
Austria d the Orlans daughters of Gaston de France Louis XIV the Dauphin of France with
his wife Maria Theresa of Spain with her third daughter MarieThrse de France, called
Madame Royale d and her second son PhilippeCharles de France, duc dAnjou d. The first
daughter of Gaston stands on the far rightAnne Marie Louise dOrlans. The picture frame with
the children are the other daughters of Louis and Maria Theresa who died in and .
House of Bourbon
French Revolution
Louis XVI had become the dauphin of France upon the death of his father, the son of Louis
XV, in . He married Marie Antoinette of Austria, a daughter of Maria Theresa, in . Louis
intervened in the American Revolution against Britain in , but he is most remembered for his
role in the French Revolution. France was in financial turmoil and Louis was forced to
convene the EstatesGeneral on May . They formed the National Assembly and forced Louis
to accept a Philip V of Spain and his family with his second wife, Elisabeth of Parma.
constitution that limited his powers on July . He tried to flee France in June , but was
captured. The French monarchy was abolished on September and a republic was
proclaimed. The chain of Bourbon monarchs begun in was broken. Louis XVI was executed
on January . Marie Antoinette and her son, Louis, were held as prisoners. Many French
royalists proclaimed him Louis XVII, but he never reigned. She was executed on October .
He died of tuberculosis on June at the age of ten while in captivity. The French Revolutionary
Wars and Napoleonic Wars spread nationalism and antiabsolutism throughout Europe, and
the other Bourbon monarchs were threatened. Ferdinand was forced to flee from Naples in
when Napoleon Bonaparte deposed him and installed his brother, Joseph, as king.
Ferdinand continued to rule from Sicily until . Napoleon conquered Parma in and
compensated the Bourbon duke with Etruria, a new kingdom he created from the Grand
Duchy of Tuscany. It was shortlived, as Napoleon annexed Etruria in . King Charles IV of
Spain had been an ally of France. He succeeded his father, Charles III, in . At first he
declared war on France on March , but he made peace on June . This peace became an
alliance on August . His chief minister, Manuel de Godoy convinced Charles that his son,
Ferdinand, was plotting to overthrow him. Napoleon exploited the situation and invaded
Spain in March . This led to an uprising that forced Charles to abdicate on March in favor of
his son, Ferdinand VII. Napoleon forced Ferdinand to return the crown to Charles on April
and then convinced Charles to relinquish it to him on May. In turn, he gave it to his brother,
Joseph, king of Naples on June. Joseph abandoned Naples to Joachim Murat, the husband
of Napoleons sister. This was very unpopular in Spain and resulted in the Peninsular War, a
struggle that would contribute to the downfall of Napoleon.
House of Bourbon
The Bourbon Restoration
With the abdication of Napoleon on April the Bourbon Dynasty was restored to the kingdom
of France in the person of Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI. Napoleon escaped from exile
and Louis fled in March . Louis was again restored after the Battle of Waterloo on July. The
conservative elements of Europe dominated the postNapoleonic age, but the values of the
French Revolution could not be easily swept aside. Louis granted a constitution on June to
appease the liberals, but the ultraroyalist party, led by his brother, The standard of the
French royal family under the Ancien Rgime and the restoration period. Charles, continued to
influence his reign. When he died in his brother became king as Charles X much to the
dismay of French liberals. In a saying ascribed to Talleyrand, quotthey had learned nothing
and forgotten nothingquot. Aftermath Charles passed several laws that appealed to the
upper class, but angered the middle class. The situation came to a head when he appointed
a new minister on August who did not have the confidence of the chamber. The chamber
censured the king on March and in response Charles proclaimed five ordinances on July
intended to silence criticism against him. This almost resulted in another revolution as
dramatic as the one in , but moderates were able to control the situation. As a compromise
the crown was offered to LouisPhilippe, duke of Orlans, a descendant of the brother of Louis
XIV, and the head of the Orleanist cadet branch of the Bourbons. He was proclaimed King of
the French on August. The resulting regime, known as the July monarchy, lasted until the
Revolution of . The Bourbon monarchy in France ended on February , when LouisPhilippe
was forced to abdicate and the shortlived French Second Republic was established. Some
legitimists refused to recognize the Orleanist monarchy. After the death of Charles in his son
was proclaimed Louis XIX, though this title was never formally recognized. Charles grandson
Henri, comte de Chambord, the last Bourbon claimant of the French crown, was proclaimed
by some Henry V, but the French monarchy was never restored. Following the collapse of
the empire of Emperor Napoleon III, Henri was offered a restored throne. However
Chambord refused to accept the throne unless France abandoned the revolutioninspired
tricolour and accepted what he regarded as the true Bourbon flag of France. The tricolour,
originally associated with the French Revolution and the First French Republic, had been
used by the July Monarchy, the Second Republic and both Empires the French National
Assembly could not possibly agree. A temporary Third Republic was established, while
monarchists waited for the comte de Chambord to die and for the succession to pass to the
Comte de Paris, who was willing to accept the tricolour. Henri lived until , by which time
public opinion had come to accept the republic as the quotform of government that divides us
least.quot His death without issue marked the extinction of the French Bourbons. Thus head
of the House of Bourbon became the now eldest male heir of the dynasty Juan, Count of
Montizn of the Spanish line of the house who was also Carlist claimant to the throne of
Spain. His heir as eldest Bourbon and head of the house is today Louis Alphonse, Duke of
Anjou. By an ordinance of Louis Philippe I of France of August , it was decided that the kings
children and his sister would continue to bear the arms of Orlans, that LouisPhilippes eldest
son, as Prince Royal, would bear the
House of Bourbon title of duc dOrlans, that the younger sons would continue to have their
existing titles, and that the sister and daughters of the king would only be styled
quotprincesses dOrlansquot, which meant the Orlans royalty did not take the name quotof
Francequot.
Philip V
The Spanish branch of the House of Bourbon was founded by Philip V. He was born in in
Versailles, the second son of the Grand Dauphin, son of Louis XIV. He was Duke of Anjou
and probably never expected to be raised to a rank higher than that. However King Charles II
of Spain, dying without issue, willed the throne to his grand nephew the Duke of Anjou,
younger grandson of his eldest sister MarieThrse, daughter of King Philip IV of Spain who
had married Louis XIV of France. Having a Bourbon king on both the French and Spanish
thrones disturbed the balance of power in Europe and upon Charles IIs death on November
a Grand Alliance of European nations united against Philip. This was known as the War of
Spanish Succession. In the Treaty of Utrecht signed on April Philip was recognized as king of
Spain, but Sicily was ceded to Savoy and the Spanish Netherlands, Milan and Naples went
to Austria. Philip had two sons from his first wife. After her death he married Elizabeth
Farnese, niece of Francesco Farnese, Duke of Parma, in . She presented Philip with three
sons, for whom she ambitioned Italian crowns. Thus she induced Philip to occupy Sardinia
and Sicily in . A Quadruple Alliance of Britain, France, Austria and the Netherlands, was
organized on August to stop him. In the Treaty of The Hague signed on February Philip
renounced his claim to Sardinia and Sicily, but assured the ascension of his eldest son with
Elizabeth to the Duchy of Parma upon the current dukes death. Philip abdicated in January in
favor of Louis I, his eldest son with his first wife, but Louis died in August and Philip resumed
the throne. When the War of the Polish Succession began in they saw it as another
opportunity to advance the claims of their sons and recover at least part of the former
possessions of the Spanish Crown on the Italian peninsula. Philip signed the Family
Compact with Louis XV, his nephew and king of France. Charles, duke of Parma since ,
invaded Naples. At the conclusion of peace on November control of Parma and Piacenza
was ceded to Austria which had occupied the duchies but was now forced to recognise
Charles as King of Naples and Sicily. Philip also used the War of the Austrian Succession to
win more territory in Italy. He did not see it to its conclusion because he died in .
Ferdinand VI and Charles III
Ferdinand VI, second son of Philip V and his first wife, succeeded his father. He was a
peaceloving monarch who kept Spain out of the Seven Years War. He died in in the midst of
that conflict and was succeeded by his halfbrother Charles III. Charles was the eldest son of
Philip and Elizabeth Farnese. He was born in and had become Duke of Parma when the last
Farnese duke died in . Following Spains victory over the Austrians at the battle of Bitonto, it
proved inexpedient to reunite Naples and Sicily to Spain, so as a compromise Charles
became King of Naples, as Charles IV and VII of Sicily. Following Charles accession to the
Spanish throne in he was required, by the Treaty of Naples of October , to abdicate Naples
and Sicily to his third son, Ferdinand, thus initiating the branch known as the Neapolitan
Bourbons. Charles revived the Family Compact with France on August and joined in the
Seven Years War against Britain in the reformist policies he had espoused in Naples were
pursued with similar energy in Spain, where he completely overhauled the cumbersome
bureaucracy of the state. As a French ally he opposed Britain during the American
Revolution in June , supplying large quantities of weapons and munitions to the rebels and
keeping one third of all the British forces in the Americas occupied defending Florida and
what is now Alabama, which were ultimately recaptured by Spain. Charles died in .
House of Bourbon
BourbonParma
Elizabeth Farneses ambitions were realized at the conclusion of the War of the Austrian
Succession in when the Duchey of Parma and Piacenza, already occupied by Spanish
troops, were ceded by Austria to her second son, Philip, and combined with the former
Gonzaga duchy of Guastalla. Elizabeth died in .
Bourbon monarchs outside France
Upon the fall of the Napoleonic empire, Ferdinand I was restored to the throne of the
kingdom of the Two Sicilies in . His subjects revolted on July and he was forced to grant a
constitution on July. Austria invaded in March and revoked the constitution. He was
succeeded by his son, Francis I, in and by his grandson, Ferdinand II, in . Another revolution
erupted on January and Ferdinand was also forced to grant a constitution on February. This
constitution was revoked in . Ferdinand was succeeded by his son, Francis II, in May . When
Giuseppe Garibaldi captured Naples on September Francis restored the constitution on July
in an attempt to save his sovereignty. He fled to the fortress of Gaeta, which was captured by
the Piedmontese troops on February his kingdom was incorporated in the Kingdom of Italy
on March , after the fall the fortress of Messina surrendered on March , although the
Neapolitan troops in Civitella del Tronto resisted until March. After the fall of Napoleon,
Napoleons wife, Maria Louisa, was made Duchess of Parma. As compensation, Charles
Louis, the former king of Etruria, was made the Duke of Lucca. When Maria Louisa died in he
was restored to Parma as Charles II. Lucca was incorporated into Tuscany. He was
succeeded by his son, Charles III, and grandson, Robert I, in . The people of Parma voted for
a union with the kingdom of Sardinia on March . After Italian unification in the Bourbon
dynasty in Italy was no more. Ferdinand VII was restored to the throne of Spain after the fall
of Napoleon in March . Like his Italian Bourbon counterpart his subjects revolted against him
in January and he was forced to grant a constitution. A French army invaded in and the
constitution was revoked. Ferdinand married his fourth wife, Maria Christina, the daughter of
Francis I, the Bourbon king of Sicily, in . Despite his many marriages he did not have a son
so on June he was influenced by his wife to abolish the Salic Law so that her daughter,
Isabella, could become queen depriving his brother, Don Carlos, of the throne. Isabella II
succeeded her father when he died on September . She was only three years old and Maria
Cristina, her mother, served as regent. Maria knew that she needed the support of the
liberals to oppose Don Carlos so she granted a constitution in . Don Carlos found his
greatest support in Catalonia and the Basques country because the constitution centralized
the provinces thus denying them the autonomy they sought. He was defeated and fled the
country in . Isabella was declared of age in and she married her cousin Francisco de Asis,
the son of her fathers brother, on October . A military revolution broke out against Isabella in
and she was deposed on September. She abdicated in favor of her son, Alfonso, in , but
Spain was proclaimed a republic for a brief time. When the First Spanish Republic failed the
crown was offered to Isabellas son who accepted on January as Alfonso XII. Don Carlos,
who returned to Spain, was again defeated and resumed his exile in February . Alfonso
granted a new constitution on July that was more liberal than the one granted by his
grandmother. His reign was cut short when he died in at the age of twentyeight. Alfonso XIII
was born on May after the death of his father. His mother, Maria Christina, the second wife of
Alfonso XII served as regent. Alfonso XIII was declared of age in and he married Victoria
Eugnie Julia Ena of Battenberg, the granddaughter of the British queen Victoria, on May . He
remained neutral during World War I, but supported the military coup of Miguel Primo de
Rivera on September . A movement towards the
House of Bourbon establishment of a republic began in and Alfonso fled the country on April
. He never formally abdicated, but lived the rest of his life in exile. He died in . The Bourbon
dynasty seemed finished in Spain as in the rest of the world, but it would be resurrected. The
Second Spanish Republic was overthrown in the Spanish Civil War, leading to the
dictatorship of Francisco Franco. He named Juan Carlos de Borbn, a grandson of Alfonso
XIII, his successor on July . When Franco died on November a Bourbon monarch was
restored to the throne of Spain two days later as Juan Carlos I. The new king oversaw the
Spanish transition to democracy the Spanish Constitution of , approved on September ,
recognized the monarchy. Though it is not as powerful as it once was under Louis XIV and it
no longer reigns in its native country of France, it is by no means extinct, and the House of
Bourbon has survived to the presentday world of republics. In a couple of generations or so,
the reign of the Bourbons will end in Spain, as the Spanish legislature will almost certainly
change the succession law to equal primogeniture. Since the BourbonParma line has
reigned agnatically in Luxembourg through Grand Dukes Jean and his son Henri. Thus, with
SemiSalic law of succession, Luxembourg would become the last bastion of Bourbon rule in
Europe.
List of Bourbons from Louis XIV onwards
Main article Descendants of Louis XIV of France
List of Bourbon rulers
France
Monarchs of France Dates indicate reigns, not lifetimes. Henry IV, the Great Louis XIII, the
Just Louis XIV, the Sun King Louis XV, the WellBeloved
Philippe II of Orlans Regent Louis XVI Claimants to the throne of France Dates indicate
claims, not lifetimes. Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Monarchs of France Dates indicate
reigns, not lifetimes. Louis XVIII Charles X LouisPhilippe House of BourbonOrlans
House of Bourbon Legitimist claimants in France Dates indicate claims, not lifetimes. Charles
X Louis XIX Henri V Unionist Legitimists and Orlanists claimants in France Dates indicate
claims, not lifetimes. Philippe, Comte de Paris Philippe VII Philippe, Duc dOrlans Philippe VIII
Jean, Duc de Guise Jean III Henri, Comte de Paris Henry VI Henri, Comte de Paris, Duc de
France Henry VII Present
Legitimist claimants in France Spanish branch Dates indicate claims, not lifetimes. Jean III
Charles XI Jacques I Charles XII Alphonse I respectful of the international treaties and of the
ancient laws and customs of the Kingdom of France, he never claimed the Throne of France
Henri VI Alphonse II Louis XX present
Spain
Heads of the Spanish House of Bourbon Dates indicate years as head of the house, not
lifetime. Where reign as king of Spain is different, this is noted. Philip V and Louis I ruled less
than one year Ferdinand VI Charles III Charles IV Ferdinand VII, El Deseado King , Isabella
II Queen Alfonso XII King Alfonso XIII King Juan, Count of Barcelona Juan Carlos I present
King present
House of Bourbon Carlist claimants in Spain Dates indicate reigns, not lifetimes. Carlos V
Carlos VI Juan II Carlos VII Jaime III Alfonso Carlos I Xavier I Carlos Hugo I Sixto Enrique I
present
Luxembourg
Grand Dukes of Luxembourg Dates indicate reigns, not lifetimes. Jean Henri present
Other significant Bourbon titles
Dukes of Bourbon Dukes of Montpensier Dukes of Vendme Dukes of Anjou Kings of the
Two Sicilies Dukes of Parma Dukes of Orlans Princes of OrlansBraganza Princes of Cond
Princes of Conti
Notable Bourbon branches
Notable legitimate branches House of BourbonOrlans Called the House of Orlans and
holders of the title Duke of Orlans. This house was founded by the younger brother of Louis
XIV Philippe I, Duke of Orlans. This is the oldest and thus, the most genealogically junior
surviving cadet branch of the House of Bourbon. House of BourbonTwo Sicilies House of
BourbonParma House of BourbonBraganza also called Branch of the Infant Gabriel House of
BourbonOrlansBraganza called the House of OrlansBraganza and now representing the
Brazilian Imperial Family House of BourbonMontpensier extinct House of BourbonCond
extinct House of BourbonConti extinct
House of Bourbon House of BourbonLa Marche extinct House of BourbonSoissons extinct
Notable morganatic branches House of BourbonOrlansGalliera called the House of
OrlansGalliera Notable illegitimate branches BourbonBusset BourbonVendme extinct at the
death of Louis Joseph de Bourbon, duc de Vendme, great grandson of Henry IV of France
BourbonMaine extinct at the death of Louis Charles de Bourbon, comte dEu, grandson of
Louis XIV BourbonPenthivre extinct at the death of Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, duc de
Penthivre in but his daughter Louise Marie Adlade de BourbonPenthivre who died in
inherited all of the BourbonPenthivre wealth /
References
The Royal Household of His Majesty the King Welcome http/ / www. casareal. es/ smrey/
indexidenidweb. html The English language version of the Official Royal Family website is
rendered as Borbon Frieda, Leonie, Catherine de Medici In French Ils nont rien appris, ni rien
oubli. There is no historic evidence linking the saying to Talleyrand. It may derive from a
similar lamentation about the royalists, found in a letter by Charles Louis Etienne, chevalier
de Panat, a French naval officer, dated January and sent from London to Mallet du Pan
personne na su ni rien oublier, ni rien apprendre quotnobody has been able to forget
anything, nor to learn anythingquot, included in A.Sayou, ed . Mmoires et correspondance de
Mallet du Pan http/ / books. google. com/ booksidLZpCAAAAYAAJamp pgPA. II. p.. . Letter
of the Count of Barcelona to the Spanish Minister of Justice http/ / www. heraldica. org/
topics/ national/ spsucc. htmjuan
Further reading
Bergamini, John D. The Spanish Bourbons The History of a Tenacious Dynasty. Putnam, .
Petrie, Sir Charles. The Spanish Royal House. Geoffrey Bles, . Seward, Desmond. The
Bourbon Kings of France. Barnes amp Noble, . Van Kerrebrouck, Patrick. La Maison de
Bourbon, . v. Villeneuve dAscq, France The Author, . only Vol. amp Vol. have been published
as of . J. H. Shennan, The Bourbons The History of a Dynasty London, Hambledon
Continuum, . Klaus Malettke, Die Bourbonen. Band I Von Heinrich IV. bis Ludwig XV.
Stuttgart, W. Kohlhammer, Band II Von Ludwig XV. bis Ludwig XVI. / Stuttgart, W.
Kohlhammer, Band III Von Ludwig XVIII. bis zu Louis Philippe Stuttgart, W. Kohlhammer, .
Juan Carlos I of Spain
Juan Carlos I of Spain
Juan Carlos I
King of Spain more Reign Anointment Predecessor Heir apparent President of the
Government Consort Issue Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo Infanta Cristina, Duchess of
Palma de Mallorca Felipe, Prince of Asturias Full name Juan Carlos Alfonso Vctor Mara
House Father Mother Born Religion House of Bourbon
November present years, days November aged Francisco Franco Felipe, Prince of Asturias
Sophia of Greece and Denmark
Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona Princess Maria Mercedes of BourbonTwo Sicilies January
Rome, Italy Roman Catholic Church
Juan Carlos I of Spain
Spanish Royal Family
HM The King HM The Queen HRH The Prince of Asturias HRH The Princess of Asturias
HRH Infanta Leonor HRH Infanta Sofa HRH The Duchess of Lugo HE Don Felipe HE Doa
Victoria HRH The Duchess of Palma de Mallorca HE The Duke of Palma de Mallorca HE
Don Juan Valentn HE Don Pablo HE Don Miguel HE Doa Irene
Royal styles of
King Juan Carlos
Reference style Spoken style His Majesty Your Majesty
Alternative style Sire
Juan Carlos I baptized as Juan Carlos Alfonso Vctor Mara de Borbn y BorbnDos Sicilias born
January is the reigning King of Spain. On November , two days after the death of dictator
Francisco Franco, Juan Carlos was designated king according to the law of succession
promulgated by Franco. The Spanish throne had been vacant for years in when Franco
named Juan Carlos as the next head of state. The Spanish Constitution of , voted in
referendum, acknowledges him expressly as King of Spain. The Spanish Constitution, Title II
the Crown, Article , Subsection , affirms the role of the Spanish monarch as the
personification and embodiment of the Spanish nation, a symbol of Spains enduring unity
and permanence and as such, the monarch is the headofstate and commanderinchief of the
Spanish Armed Forces in a system known in Spanish as quotmonarqua parlamentariaquot
parliamentary monarchy. King Juan Carlos successfully oversaw the transition of Spain from
dictatorship to parliamentary democracy. Juan Carlos married Sophia of Greece and
Denmark in . The couple have three children and eight grandchildren.
Juan Carlos I of Spain Polls from show that he is widely approved of by Spaniards.
According to the Spanish Constitution, the monarch is also instrumental in promoting
IberoAmerican relations, the quotnations of its historical communityquot. In this capacity, the
King of Spain serves as the president of the IberoAmerican States Organization,
representing over ,, people in member nations worldwide. In he was considered the most
popular leader in all IberoAmerica.
Early life
Juan Carlos of Spain was born to the Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona and the Princess
Mara Mercedes of BourbonTwo Sicilies in Rome, Italy, where his grandfather, King Alfonso
XIII and other members of the Spanish royal family had settled following the proclamation of
the Second Spanish Republic in . His early life was dictated largely by the political concerns
of his father and General Franco. He moved to Spain in to be educated there after his father
persuaded Franco to allow this. He began his studies in San Sebastin and finished them in at
the San Isidro Institute in Madrid. He then joined the army, doing his officer training from to at
the Military Academy of Zaragoza. Juan Carlos has two sisters and one brother Infanta Pilar,
Duchess of Badajoz born , and Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria born and his younger
brother Alfonso. In March , Juan Carloss younger brother Alfonso died in a gun accident at
the familys home Villa Giralda in Estoril, Portugal. The Spanish Embassy in Portugal issued
an official communiqu Whilst His Highness Prince Alfonso was cleaning a revolver last
evening with his brother, a shot was fired hitting his forehead and killing him in a few
minutes. The accident took place at . hours, after the Infantes return from the Maundy
Thursday religious service, during which he had received holy communion. Very quickly,
however, rumours appeared in newspapers that the gun had actually been held by Juan
Carlos at the moment the shot was fired. Josefina Carolo, dressmaker to Juan Carloss
mother, said that Juan Carlos pointed the pistol at Alfonso and pulled the trigger, unaware
that the pistol was loaded. Bernardo Arnoso, a Portuguese friend of Juan Carlos, also said
that Juan Carlos fired the pistol not knowing that it was loaded, and adding that the bullet
ricocheted off a wall hitting Alfonso in the face. Helena Matheopoulos, a Greek author who
spoke with Juan Carloss sister Pilar, said that Alfonso had been out of the room and when he
returned and pushed the door open, the door knocked Juan Carlos in the arm causing him to
fire the pistol. In Juan Carlos spent a year in the naval school at Marin, Pontevedra and
another in the Air Force school in San Javier in Murcia. In he graduated from the
Complutense University. He then went to live in the Palace of Zarzuela, and began carrying
out official engagements.
Prince of Spain,
The dictatorial regime of Francisco Franco had come to power during the Spanish Civil War,
which had pitted democrats, anarchists, socialists, and Communists supported in part by the
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and by international volunteers, against conservatives,
monarchists, nationalists, and fascists, with the latter group ultimately emerging successful
with the support of neighbouring Portugal and the major European Axis powers of Fascist
Italy and Nazi Germany. Despite his alliance with monarchists, Franco was not eager to
restore the deposed Spanish monarchy once in power, preferring to head a regime with
himself as head of state for life. Though Francos partisan supporters generally accepted this
arrangement for the present, much debate quickly ensued over who would replace Franco
upon his death. The far right factions demanded the return of a hardline absolute monarchy,
and eventually Franco agreed that his successor would be a monarch. Franco, a Carlist by
some accounts, had no intention of restoring the constitutional form of monarchy known
during the th Century or the republican form of government created by the Spanish
Constitution of .
Juan Carlos I of Spain The heir to the throne of Spain was Juan de Borbn Count of
Barcelona, the son of the late Alfonso XIII. However, General Franco viewed the heir with
extreme suspicion, believing him to be a liberal who was opposed to his regime. Franco then
considered giving the Spanish throne to Juan Carloss cousin Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and
Cdiz. Alfonso was known to be an ardent Francoist and would marry Francos granddaughter,
Doa Mara del Carmen MartnezBordi y Franco in . In response, Juan Carlos started to use his
second name Carlos to assert his claim to the heritage of the Carlist branch of his family.
Ultimately, Franco decided to skip a generation and name Juan de Borbns son, Prince Juan
Carlos, as his personal successor. Franco hoped the young prince could be groomed to take
over the nation while still maintaining the ultraconservative nature of his regime. In , Juan
Carlos was officially designated heir and was given the new title of Prince of Spain not the
traditional Prince of Asturias. As a condition of being named heirapparent, he had to swear
loyalty to Francos Movimiento Nacional, which he did with little outward hesitation. Prince
Juan Carlos met and consulted Franco many times while heir apparent and often took part in
official and ceremonial state functions standing alongside the dictator, much to the anger of
hardline republicans and more moderate liberals, who had hoped that Francos death would
bring in an era of reform. During , Juan Carlos publicly supported Francos regime. Although
Francos health worsened during those years, whenever he did appear in public, from state
dinners to military parades, it was in Juan Carlos company as he continued to praise Franco
and his government for the economic growth and positive changes in Spain. However, as the
years progressed, Juan Carlos began meeting secretly with political opposition leaders and
exiles, who were fighting to bring liberal reform to the country. He also had secret
conversations with his father over the telephone. Franco, for his part, remained largely
oblivious to the princes actions and denied allegations from his ministers and advisors that
Juan Carlos was in any way disloyal to his vision of the regime. During periods of Francos
temporary incapacity in and Juan Carlos was acting head of state. Near death, on October ,
Franco gave full control to Juan Carlos. On November, following Francos death, the Cortes
Generales proclaimed Juan Carlos King of Spain and on November, Juan Carlos was
anointed king in a ceremony called Holy Spirit Mass, which was the equivalent of a
coronation, at the Jernimos Church in Madrid. He opted not to call himself John III or Charles
V, but by his Spanish name of Juan Carlos I.
Restoration of the monarchy
After dictator Francos death, King Juan Carlos I quickly instituted reforms, to the great
displeasure of Falangist and conservative monarchist elements, especially in the military,
who had expected him to maintain the authoritarian state. He appointed Adolfo Surez, a
former leader of the Movimiento Nacional, as Prime Minister of Spain.
Royal trips of King Juan Carlos I from until today.
Juan Carlos I of Spain
On May , the leader of the only recently legalized Spanish Socialist Workers Party PSOE
Felipe Gonzlez, accompanied by Javier Solana, visited Juan Carlos in the Zarzuela Palace.
The event represented a key endorsement of the monarchy from Spains political left, who
had been historically republican. Leftwing support for the monarchy grew when the
Communist Party of Spain was legalized shortly thereafter, a move Juan Carlos had pressed
for, despite enormous rightwing military opposition at that time, during the Cold War.
On June , Spain held its first postFranco democratic elections. In , a new Constitution was
promulgated that acknowledged Juan Carlos as rightful heir of the Spanish dynasty and King
specifically, Title II, Section asserted Juan Carlos right to the throne of Spain by dynastic
succession in the Borbn tradition, Juan Carlos greeting Nicolae Ceauescu, President of
Romania, as quotthe legitimate heir of the historic dynastyquot rather during his visit to Spain
in than as the designated successor of Franco. The Constitution was passed by the
democratically elected Constituent Cortes, ratified by the people in a referendum December
and then signed into law by the King before a solemn meeting of the Cortes. Further
legitimacy had been restored to Juan Carlos position on May , when his father, Don Juan
whom many monarchists had recognized as the legitimate, exiled King of Spain during the
Franco era, formally renounced his claim to the Throne and recognized his son as the sole
head of the Spanish Royal House, transferring to him the historical heritage of the Spanish
monarchy, thus making Juan Carlos both the de facto and the de jure rightful King in the
eyes of the traditional monarchists. Juan Carlos, who had already been King since Francos
death, gave an acceptance address after his fathers resignation speech and thanked him by
confirming the title of Count of Barcelona that Don Juan had assumed in exile. It was a
sovereign title associated to the crown. An attempted military coup, known as F, occurred on
February . In this coup the Cortes were seized by members of the Guardia Civil in the
parliamentary chamber. Believed to be a major factor in foiling the coup was the public
television broadcast by the king, calling for unambiguous support for the legitimate
democratic government. Certainly, in the hours before his speech, he had personally called
many senior military figures to tell them that he was opposed to the coup and that they had to
defend the democratic government. When Juan Carlos became king, Communist leader
Santiago Carrillo nicknamed him Juan Carlos the Brief, predicting that the monarchy would
soon be swept away with the other remnants of the Franco era. After the collapse of the
attempted coup mentioned above, however, in an emotional statement, Carrillo told
television viewers quotGod save the king.quot The Communist leader also remarked
quotToday, we are all monarchists.quot If public support for the monarchy among democrats
and leftists before had been limited, following the kings handling of the coup, it became
significantly greater. According to a poll in the newspaper El Mundo in November , . of
Spaniards thought Juan Carlos was quotgood or very goodquot, . quotnot so goodquot, and
only . quotbad or very badquot. Even so, the issue of the monarchy reemerged on
September as photos of the king were burnt in public in Catalonia by small groups of
protesters wanting the restoration of the Republic. In July , Juan Carlos was the target of an
enraged protester and some think a possible royal assassin when Juan Mara Fernndez y
Krohn, who had previously tried to take the life of Pope John Paul II, began shouting
Juan Carlos I of Spain quotMurderer Murdererquot at the king in reference to the adolescent
shooting of the kings younger brother and then approached him in a very threatening
manner.
Role in contemporary Spanish politics
The election of socialist leader Felipe Gonzlez to the Spanish prime ministership in marked
the effective end of the Kings active involvement in Spanish politics. Gonzlez would govern
for over a decade, and his administration helped consolidate the democratic gains and thus
maintained the stability of the nation. While the king is generally reckoned as having a merely
ceremonial role in politics, he commands great moral authority as an essential symbol of the
countrys unity. Under the constitution, the King has immunity from prosecution in matters
relating to his official duties. This is so because every act of the King as such and not as a
citizen needs to be undersigned by a government official, thus making the undersigner
responsible instead of the king. Offences against the honour of the Royal Family are
specially protected by the Spanish Penal Code. Under this protection, Basque independentist
Arnaldo Otegi and cartoonists from El Jueves were tried and punished. The King gives an
annual speech to the nation on Christmas Eve. He is the commanderinchief of the Spanish
armed forces. When the media asked Juan Carlos in if he would endorse the bill legalizing
gay marriage that was then being debated in the Cortes Generales, he answered quotSoy el
Rey de Espaa y no el de Blgicaquot quotI am the King of Spain, not of Belgiumquot a
reference to King Baudouin I of Belgium, who refused to sign the Belgian law legalising
abortion. The King gave his Royal Assent to Law / on July the law legalizing gay marriage
was gazetted in the Boletn Oficial del Estado on July, and came into effect on July.
The King center standing with the presidents of all the other Iberoamerican Nations present
at the XVIII IberoAmerican Summit.
In November at the IberoAmerican Summit in Santiago de Chile, during a heated exchange,
Juan Carlos interrupted Venezuelan President Hugo Chvez and asked him, quotPor qu no te
callasquot quotWhy dont you shut upquot. Chvez had been interrupting the Spanish Prime
Minister, Jos Luis Rodrguez Zapatero, while the latter was defending his predecessor and
political opponent, Jos Mara Aznar, after Chvez had referred to Aznar as a fascist and
quotless human than snakesquot. The King shortly afterwards left the hall when President
Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua accused Spain of intervention in his countrys elections and
complained about some Spanish energy companies working in Nicaragua. This was an
unprecedented diplomatic incident and a rare display of public anger by the King.
Juan Carlos I of Spain
Popularity in Portugal and the Iberian Union question
A poll from taken in Portugal shows that of the Portuguese were in favour of an Iberian Union
and wished to become Spanish having Juan Carlos I as their King which could also be a sign
of discontent with local politicians, and followed attentively the Spanish Royal Familys life,
while a similar poll taken in Spain states that . of the Spanish also wish an Iberian Union, a
number that rises to . in ages between and . A new poll from presents a rise in the
Portuguese supporters of such a union from . to . and in the Spanish supporters from to ..
Family and private life
Juan Carlos was married in Athens at the Church of Saint Dennis on May , to HRH Princess
Sophia of Greece and Denmark, daughter of King Paul. She was Greek Orthodox but
converted to Roman Catholicism in order to become Spains queen. They have two
daughters and a son. Infanta Elena Mara Isabel Dominica Infanta Cristina Federica Victoria
Antonia Felipe Juan Pablo Alfonso, Prince of Asturias In , Juan Carlos, a keen sailor,
competed in the Dragon class event at the Olympic Games, though he did not win any
medals. In their summer holidays, the whole family meets in Marivent Palace Palma de
Mallorca and the Fortuna yacht, where they take part in sailing competitions. The king has
manned the Bribn series of yachts. In winter, they usually go skiing in BaqueiraBeret and
Candanch Pyrenees, where the king has occasionally ended with a broken leg. Juan Carlos
also enjoys bear hunting. In October , he angered environmental activists by killing nine
bears of which one was a pregnant female in central Romania. In August , it is alleged that
Juan Carlos shot a drunken tame bear Mitrofan during a private hunting trip to Russia. The
Office of the Spanish Monarchy denies this claim, which was made by the Russian regional
authorities.
King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofa with U.S. President George W. Bush and Laura Bush .
The King in .
Juan Carlos and Sophia are fluent in several languages. They both speak Spanish, English,
and French. The king also speaks fluent Italian and Catalan. Unlike the queen, Juan Carlos
does not speak any German, nor her native language, Greek, a fact he regrets. Juan Carlos
is an amateur radio operator and holds the call sign EAJC. His fondness of incognito
motorbike riding has raised urban legends of people finding him on lonely roads. Even to the
extent that a biker out of petrol stranded on a hot sunny day was assisted by a fellow
motorcyclist who returned with a small container of petrol, the goodSamaritan on removing
his helmet was apparently, Juan Carlos. Juan Carlos is member of the World Scout
Foundation.
Juan Carlos I of Spain
Health
A benign tumour was removed from King Juan Carlos lung in an operation carried out in the
quotHospital Clnicquot of Barcelona on Saturday May . The year old Monarch was expected
to be allowed home in three or four days, and able to renew full physical activity in a fortnight.
The operation came as a result of the Kings latest annual checkup, and doctors said the
procedure went well and Juan Carlos would not need any further followup treatment. At a
press convention the operating team said that the mm tumour which had been removed
under a general anaesthetic from the right lung contained no malignant cells. This is good
news, said doctor Laureano Molins, who had directed the operation.
The king is featured on the Spanish and euro coins
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles
The current Spanish constitution refers to the monarchy as quotthe Crown of Spainquot and
the constitutional title of the monarch is simply Rey/Reina de Espaa that is, quotking/queen
of Spainquot. However, the constitution allows for the use of other historic titles pertaining to
the Spanish monarchy, without specifying them. A decree promulgated November at the
Council of Ministers regulates the titles further, and on that basis the monarch of Spain has a
right to use quotmay usequot those other titles appertaining to the Crown. Contrary to some
belief, the long titulary that contains the list of over kingdoms, etc., is not in state use, nor is it
used in Spanish diplomacy. In fact, it has never been in use in that form, as quotSpainquot
was never a part of the list in pre era when the long list was officially used.
Royal Monogram
This feudal style was last used officially in , in the titulary of Isabella II of Spain before she
became constitutional Queen. Juan Carloss titles include that of King of Jerusalem, as
successor to the royal family of Naples.
Juan Carlos I of Spain Titles in official use King of Spain, of Castile, of Len, of Aragon, of the
Two Sicilies Naples and Sicily, of Jerusalem, of Navarre, of Granada, of Toledo, of Valencia,
of Galicia, of Majorca, of Seville, of Sardinia, of Crdoba, of Corsica, of Murcia, of Menorca, of
Jan, of Algeciras, of Gibraltar, of the Canary Islands, of the East and West Indies and of the
Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea Archduke of Austria Duke of Burgundy, of Brabant,
of Milan, and of Neopatra New Patras Count of Habsburg, of Flanders, of Tyrol, of Roussillon
and of Barcelona Lord of Biscay and of Molina
Honours
Sovereign of the Order of the Golden Fleece Spain
The Standard of the King of Spain.
Grand Master of the Royal and Distinguished Order of Charles III Spain Grand Master of the
Royal Order of Isabel the Catholic Spain Grand Master of the Royal and Military Order of St.
Hermenegildo Spain Grand Master of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Ferdinand Spain
Grand Master of the Order of Montesa Spain Grand Master of the Order of Alcntara Spain
Grand Master of the Order of Calatrava Spain Grand Master of the Order of Santiago Spain
Grand Cross of the Legion d Honor franch Knight Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry
Portugal Knight th of the Order of the Garter United Kingdom Royal Victorian Chain United
Kingdom Knight of the Order of the White Lion Czech Republic Knight of the Order of the
Rajamitrabhorn Thailand Knight Grand Cross of Justice of the Sacred Military Constantinian
Order of Saint George House of Bourbon Knight of the Order of Saint Januarius House of
BourbonTwo Sicilies Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation House of Savoy Lord
Protector of the International Order of St Hubertus
Other honours The king has been the recipient of numerous honorary degrees, including
from University of Santo Tomas, Philippines Harvard University Southern Methodist
University where, in , he formally opened the Meadows Museum, housing the largest
collection of Spanish art outside Spain, and Georgetown University. Juan Carlos also has
received honorary Doctor of Laws degrees from New York University, the University of
Cambridge and the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands October . In , NYU opened the
King Juan Carlos I of Spain Center to promote research and teaching on Spain and the
Spanishspeaking world in the historic Judson Hall and adjacent buildings on Washington
Square in New York City. He is also a member of the Sons of the American Revolution
organization. In , he received the Jean Monnet award of the Jean Monnet Foundation for
Europe for his work on integrating Spain into the European
Juan Carlos I of Spain Community. Juan Carlos I Park, the main municipal park of Madrid,
was named after the king. The Spanish Antarctic Base on Livingston Island in the South
Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for King Juan Carlos I of Spain. The multipurpose
warship Juan Carlos I of the Spanish navy is named for King Juan Carlos I. Juan Carlos also
was awarded the Charlemagne Prize in .
Ancestors
King Juan Carlos is a direct descendant of many famous European rulers from different
countries. He is a descendant of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom through his
grandmother, Victoria Eugenie of Louis XIV of France through the House of Bourbon of the
Emperor Charles V, who belonged to the Habsburg dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. The
Capetian dynasty to which he belongs is the oldest in Europe. Some of his distant ancestors
include Joan, Duchess of Burgundy and queen consort of Philip VI of France. He is a
descendant of Maria Leszczyska, daughter of King Stanislaus Leszczynski of Poland, and
Queen Consort of France through an unbroken line of Bourbon princesses who married
within the Bourbon house. Hes also a descendant of Pelagius, first king a.C during the
Reconquista, as descendant of the kings of Castile and Leon, and through him the Visigothic
kings. The King is a direct descendent of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.
The Coat of arms of the King of Spain.
References
Notes
http/ / www. casareal. es/ smrey/ indexidenidweb. html The English language version of the
Official Royal Family website is rendered as Borbon, while in Spanish it is Borbn His name,
while rarely anglicised, is rendered as John Charles Alphonse Victor Mary of Bourbon and
BourbonTwo Sicilies. He was given these baptismal names after his father Juan de Borbn,
grandfather Alfonso XIII and maternal grandfather Prince Charles of BourbonTwo Sicilies.
quotThose Apprentice Kings and Queens Who May One Day Ascend a Throne,quot http/ /
select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. htmlresFCFDACAADFFamp scpamp sqakihito and
Windsoramp stcse New York Times. November . Ttulo II. De la Corona, Wikisource http/ / es.
wikisource. org/ wiki/ Constitucinespaolade Title II, Article , Subsection , Text The King is
Head of State, the symbol of its unity and permanence. He arbitrates and moderates the
regular functioning of the institutions, assumes the highest representation of the Spanish
State in international relations, especially with the nations of its historical community, and
exercises the functions expressly conferred on him by the Constitution and the laws El Rey
es el Jefe del Estado, smbolo de su unidad y permanencia, arbitra y modera el
funcionamiento regular de las instituciones, asume la ms alta representacin del Estado
espaol en las relaciones internacionales, especialmente con las naciones de su comunidad
histrica, y ejerce las funciones que le atribuyen expresamente la Constitucin y las leyes
Spanish Los espaoles de hoy y el franquismo http/ / www. elpais. com/ especiales/ / rey/ rey.
swf, quotThe Spaniards of today and Francoismquot, El Pas, undatedAdobe Shockwave file,
part of Un rey para una democracia http/ / www. elpais. com/ especiales/ / rey/ , . Accessed
online December . Juan Carlos most popular leader in IberoAmerica spanish http/ / www.
elmundo. es/ elmundo/ / / / internacional/ . html Quoted in Paul Preston, Juan Carlos
Steering Spain from Dictatorship to Democracy New York W.W. Norton, , . Preston, . Title II,
Section , Subsection quotThe Crown shall be inherited by the successors of H.M. Juan
Carlos I de Borbn, the legitimae heir of the historic dynasty.quot quotLa Corona de Espaa es
hereditaria en los sucesores de S. M. Don Juan Carlos I de Borbn, legtimo heredero de la
dinasta histrica.quot
Juan Carlos I of Spain
English Tarvainen, Sinikka September . Spanish royals worried about protests against
monarchy. EUX.TV., September . Retrieved on December from http/ / eux. tv/ article.
aspxarticleId. Dutch Cardyn, Hans undated. Belager koning Albert komt er goedkoop vanaf.
Het Belgische Koningshuis, undated. Retrieved on December from http/ / www. gva. be/
dossiers/ k/ koningshuis/ actua/ actua. asp. English Basque convicted for king insult http/ /
news. bbc. co. uk/ / hi/ europe/ . stm, BBC News, November . Accessed online December .
quotDon Juan Carlos, sobre el matrimonio gay Soy el Rey de Espaa y no el de Blgicaquot
http/ / www. elmundo. es/ elmundo/ / / / espana/ . html. El Mundo. May . . Retrieved January .
Spanish quotDisposiciones Generalesquot http/ / www. boe. es/ boe/ dias/ / / / pdfs/ A. pdf
PDF. Boletin Oficial del Estado. June . . Retrieved January . Spanish Spanish quotEl Rey
Don Juan Carlos a Hugo Chvez quotPor qu no te callasquotquot http/ / www. antena. com/
anoticias/ servlet/ Noticiasdestino. . / an/ noticia/ noticia. jspamp sidicomsiamp id. Antena .
November . . Retrieved November . quotKing Juan Carlos to Hugo Chvez Why dont you shut
upquot Spanish quotNunca se haba visto al Rey tan enfadado en pblicoquot http/ / www.
elperiodico. com/ default. aspidpublicacioPKamp idiomaCASamp idnoticiaPKamp
idseccioPK. November . . Retrieved November . quotNever has the King been seen so angry
in publicquot http/ / diario. iol. pt/ noticia. htmlidamp divid http/ / aeiou. expresso. pt/
dosportuguesesqueremuniaoibericaf Romania Elite Hunting Spree Sparks Calls For Better
Animal Protection http/ / www. rferl. org/ featuresarticle/ / / bdaaaafefcc. html, RFE/RL,
January quotRoyal row over Russian bear fatequot http/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ / hi/ world/
europe/ . stm, BBC, October quotEinladung zun Pressegesprch am .SeptemberWorld Scout
Foundation in sterreichSeine Mjestt Carl XVI von Schweden zu Gast in Wienquot http/ /
www. ppoe. at/ presse/ pdf/ wsfpressegespraech. pdf in German PDF. Pfadfinder und
Pfadfinderinnen sterreichs. . Retrieved September . Sacred Military Constantinian Order of
Saint George . quotMembership of the Constantinian Orderquot http/ / www.
constantinianorder. org/ index. phpoptioncomcontentamp viewarticleamp idamp Itemid.
Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George http/ / www. constantinianorder. org/ . .
Retrieved October . The Royal House of the Two Sicilies . quotMEMBERSHIP OF THE
ROYAL ILLUSTRIUOS ORDER OF ST. JANUARIUSquot http/ / www. bourbontwosicilies.
org/ english/ januariusmembership. html. The Royal House of the Two Sicilies http/ / www.
bourbontwosicilies. org/ . . Retrieved October . The Supreme Order of the Most Holy
Annunciation http/ / www. chivalricorders. org/ orders/ italian/ annunz. htm Website
ChivalricOrders.org English quotHonorary Doctorates conferred upon HM the Kingquot http/ /
www. casareal. es/ smrey/ doctoradosidenidweb. html/ . website. Official site of the Royal
Household of HM the King. . Retrieved February . English Honorary doctors http/ / www. uu.
nl/ uupublish/ homeuu/ homeenglish/ aboututrechtuniv/ factsandfigures/ honorarydoctorat/
honorarydoctors/ main. html, Utrecht University. Accessed online December . English
Edward F. Butler, Spains Involvement in the American Revolutionary War, Part http/ / www.
sar. org/ mxssar/ spinvo. htm, National Society of Sons of the American Revolution,
November . Accessed online December . English quotInternational Distinctions awarded to
HM the Kingquot http/ / www. casareal. es/ smrey/ premiosidenidweb. html/ . website. Official
site of the Royal Household of HM the King. . Retrieved February . Scolovsky, Jerome. quot
Spains Royal Family Under Fire http/ / www. npr. org/ templates/ story/ story. phpstoryId.quot
National Public Radio. October . Retrieved on March . English http/ / www. militarytoday.
com/ navy/ juancarlos. htm, www.MilitaryToday.com Juan Carlos I. Accessed online January
.
Paul Preston, Juan Carlos Steering Spain from Dictatorship to Democracy, W W Norton
amp Co Inc, June . ISBN . Ronald Hilton, SPAIN King Juan Carlos
http//wais.stanford.edu/Spain/spainkingjuancarlos.html.
Juan Carlos I of Spain
External links
Official website of the Spanish Royal Family http//www.casareal.es Royal House of Spain
http//pages.prodigy.net/ptheroff/gotha/spain.html Royal House of Greece
http//pages.prodigy.net/ptheroff/gotha/greece.html Juan Carlos I Family Tree
http//public.genoom.com/trees/familiareal/juancarlos Spanish king tells Chavez to shut up
http//news.bbc.co.uk//hi/americas/.stm Voices of the Transition A Political History of Spain,
http//www.voicesofthetransition.net/ Spanish Biography of Juan Carlos I at CIDOB
Foundation http//www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/
biografiasliderespoliticos/europa/espana/juancarlosi His pedigree not necessarily reliable
http//freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/jamesdow/s/f. htm Earth Times article
http//www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/.html Spain supports the monarchy
http//www.angusreid.com/polls/view/ spaniardsclearlysupportthemonarchy/ Royals
http//news.yahoo.com/s/afp//enafp/spainroyals
Queen Sofa of Spain
Sofa
Queen consort of Spain more Tenure Spouse Issue Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo Infanta
Cristina, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca Felipe, Prince of Asturias Full name English Sophia
Margaret Victoria Frederica Spanish Sofa Margarita Victoria Federica Greek House Father
Mother Born House of Bourbon House of SchleswigHolsteinSonderburgGlcksburg Paul of
Greece Frederika of Hanover November Athens, Greece November present Juan Carlos I of
Spain
Queen Sofa of Spain
Signature
Religion
Roman Catholicism
Queen Sofa of Spain ne Princess Sophia Margaret Victoria Frederica of Greece and
Denmark Spanish Sofa de Grecia y Dinamarca Greek , Vaslissa Sofa tis Ispanas born
November is the wife of King Juan Carlos I of Spain. By birth, she is a Princess of Greece
and Denmark.
Early life and family
Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark was born in Psychiko, Athens, Greece on
November , the eldest child of the King Paul of Greece and his wife, Queen Frederika , a
former princess of Hanover. Queen Sofia is a member of the
SchleswigHolsteinSonderburgGlcksburg dynasty. Her brother is the deposed King
Constantine II of Greece and her sister Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark. However,
since the abolition of the monarchy, the royal titles are not recognized by the Constitution of
Greece. Princess Sophia spent some of her childhood in Egypt where she took her early
education in El Nasr Girls College EGC in Alexandria, then went to South Africa during her
familys exile from Greece during World War II. They returned to Greece in . She finished her
education at the prestigious Schloss Salem boarding school in Southern Germany, and then
studied childcare, music and archeology in Athens. Sofia also studied at Fitzwilliam College,
Cambridge a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. She represented Greece in
sailing at the Summer Olympics.
Marriage and family
On May Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark married Infante Juan Carlos of Spain,
whom she met on a cruise of the Greek Islands in , in Athens at the Church of Saint Dennis.
In doing so, she relinquished her rights to the throne of Greece and converted to Roman
Catholicism from Greek Orthodoxy, an act of convenience in order to become more palatable
to Catholic Spain. Further, the Latin transliteration of her Greek name , was changed from
Sophia to the Spanish variant Sofa, which nonetheless is pronounced identically to the
original Greek version. Sofia was able to bring a cool realism to the marriage and shifted
Juan Carlos from the sphere of influence of his father Don Juan to a more realistic
rapprochement with Franco. In , Prince Juan Carlos, who was never Prince of Asturias, the
traditional title of the heir to the throne, was given the official title of Prince of Spain by the
Spanish state this was a title suggested by Sofia herself. Juan Carlos acceded to the throne
as Juan Carlos I in . The couple have three children HRH Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo
born December , HRH Infanta Cristina, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca born June , and HRH
Felipe, Prince of Asturias born January . The King and Queen have eight grandchildren, four
boys and four girls Felipe and Victoria from the Infanta Elena Juan, Pablo, Miguel and Irene
from the Infanta Cristina and Infanta Leonor, and Infanta Sofa, named in her honor, of Prince
Felipe all of whom are in the line of succession to the Spanish Throne.
Queen Sofa of Spain
Ancestry
Queen Sofa is both a greatgreatgranddaughter paternally and a
greatgreatgreatgranddaughter maternally of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and is,
through several lines, her husbands third cousin. She is a first cousin of Ernst August of
Hanover Pretender, and through her greatgrandfather George I of Greece, she is a second
cousin to Charles, the Prince of Wales. Through Christian IX of Denmark and Queen
Victoria, she is also related to Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and thereby related to all
the royal families of Europe. She is also a first cousin once removed of Elizabeth IIs
husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Queen Sofia is of Hohenzollern descent through
her mother, Frederica of Hanover, and through her paternal grandmother, Sophia of Prussia,
and of Romanov descent through her fathers paternal grandmother, Olga Constantinovna of
Russia.
Royal duties
Spanish Royal Family
HM The King HM The Queen HRH The Prince of Asturias HRH The Princess of Asturias
HRH Infanta Leonor HRH Infanta Sofa HRH The Duchess of Lugo HE Don Felipe HE Doa
Victoria HRH The Duchess of Palma de Mallorca HE The Duke of Palma de Mallorca HE
Don Juan Valentn HE Don Pablo HE Don Miguel HE Doa Irene Besides travelling with her
husband within Spain and abroad, the Queen has her own agenda. She is the executive
president of the Queen Sofa Foundation, which in sent funds for relief in Bosnia and
Herzegovina, and is the honorary president of the Royal Board on Education and Care of
Handicapped Persons and the Foundation for Aid for Drug Addicts. She takes special
interest in programs against drug addiction, travelling to conferences in both Spain and
abroad. The Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofa is named after her, as is Reina Sofa
Airport in Tenerife. Queen Sofia is often seen representing the Spanish Royal Family at
weddings of other European royal families, most recently at the wedding of Victoria, Crown
Princess of Sweden, and Daniel Westling in and the
Queen Sofa of Spain wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton in , since her
husband the King has expressed his wish not to attend weddings and other such royal
functions. As a keen supporter of sports of all kind, the Queen also attended the final match
of the Wimbledon Championships Mens Singles where she watched Spanish tennis
champion Rafael Nadal win for a second time, as well as the FIFA World Cup where the
team from Spain was crowned as world champion. She has been working closely with Dr.
Muhammed Yunus on his Grameen Bank or quotVillage Bankquot, which offers microcredits
to women across the world. Sofa has travelled to Bangladesh, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador
and Mexico to support the activities of the organization led by Yunus. Queen Sofia of Spain
has also been a strong supporter of Somaly Mams efforts and that of the NGO she founded,
AFESIP Agir pour les Femmes en Situation Prcaire, in combating child prostitution and
slavery in Cambodia. In , Somaly Mam was awarded the prestigious Prince of Asturias
Awards for International Cooperation in the presence of Queen Sofia. The Queen is an
Honorary Member of the San Fernando Royal Academy of Fine Arts and of the Royal
Academy of History. She has received Honorary Doctorates from the Universities of Rosario
Bogot, Valladolid, Cambridge, Oxford, Georgetown, Evora, St. Marys University, Texas, and
New York.
Life and lifestyle
In addition to Greek and Spanish, she also speaks French, English, Italian, and German. Her
Majesty is also considered as one of the most fashionable royals in Europe and theres
always great interest in her clothing at royal gatherings.
Opinions
Greek Royal Family
HM The King HM The Queen
HRH The Crown Prince HRH The Crown Princess HRH Princess MariaOlympia HRH Prince
ConstantineAlexios HRH Prince AchileasAndreas HRH Prince OdysseasKimon HRH Prince
AristidisStavros HRH Princess Alexia, Mrs Morales HRH Prince Nikolaos HRH Princess
Tatiana HRH Princess Theodora HRH Prince Philippos
An interview for the occasion of the Queens th birthday with Opus Dei journalist Pilar Urbano
revealed some details of the Queens conservative ideals on politically debated issues and
the lifestyle of the Queen. Strong controversy arose from comments against the samesex
marriage law recently approved by the Spanish Parliament,
Queen Sofa of Spain and also against Gay Pride demonstrations. quotI can understand,
accept and respect that there are people of other sexual tendencies, but why should they be
proud to be gay she asked. quotShould they ride on a parade float and come out in protests
If all of us who are not gay were to parade in the streets, wed halt the traffic in every city. On
the subject of gay marriage, legal since in Spain, she offered these thoughts quotIf those
people want to live together, dress up like bride and groom and marry, they could have a
right to do so, or not, depending on the law of their country, but they should not call this
matrimony, because it isnt. These opinions forced the Spanish Monarchy to be the center of
the claim for a new Spanish Republic during Gay Pride Parade in Madrid, in which
participation of left party Izquierda Unida included showing more than republican flags. She
also critizised the military intervention in Afghanistan, where Spanish troops were taking part
at the moment, her defence of religious education in schools, and her conviction that gender
violence publicity will encourage new cases to happen. Her opinions were the object of lively
criticism from LGTB associations and from Spanish intellectuals. Also responding were
Spanish republican political parties like IU and ERC. Government party decided to keep
silence, while conservative party PP decided to do so, after a first criticism of the Queens
political intervention from its representative. Also controversial were her publicly exposing
private conversations between King Juan Carlos of Spain and King Hassan II of Morocco,
and her revealing King Juan Carloss autocratic references to Spanish regions as quotmy
landsquot mis tierras. She mentioned her relationship with her daughterinlaw Letizia Ortiz, a
former divorce, saying that Letizia has brought her closer to the people, and that she and
Letizia spend time together and visit restaurants and shops. On the election of Barack
Obama, she said how surprised she was that for the first time in the USA a black candidate
might be elected as president, and said she does not tolerate racism. She also mentioned
that the King would never abdicate, and that she is against abortion and euthanasia. After
the uproar, a press release was issued mentioning that the Queen considered her words
were expressed in private conversations and were inaccurate. Pilar Urbano defended herself
saying that the book had been sent to the Palace for approval and that everything in the book
is documented. Some members of the Spanish royal family, including the Kings sister, the
Infanta Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz who declared her total agreement with Sofia, supported
the Queens opinions.
Royal styles of
Sofa, Queen of Spain
Reference style Spoken style Her Majesty Your Majesty
Alternative style Maam
Queen Sofa of Spain
Titles, honours and arms
Titles
Here is a list of titles Queen Sofa held from birth in chronological order Her Royal Highness
Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark Her Royal Highness Princess Sofa of Spain Her
Royal Highness The Princess of Spain Her Majesty The Queen of Spain present
Spanish honours
Dame Grand Collar of The Royal and Distinguished Order of Charles III. Dame of the Royal
Order of Queen Maria Luisa ,rd lady on May .
Foreign honours
Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Royal House
of Chakri Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion Knight of the Order of the
Elephant Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav Member of the Order of the Seraphim Grand
Cross of the Order of Leopold Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross Grand Cross
of the National Order of the Lgion dhonneur Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit
of the Federal Republic of Germany Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olga and St. Sophia
Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon Collar Lady of the Equestrian Order of the Holy
Sepulchre in Jerusalem Order of the White Double Cross Dame Grand Cordon of the Order
of Chula Chom Klao Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Queen of Sheba Dame Grand
Cross of the Order of Ojaswi Rajanya Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer Order of
the Precious Crown, First Class Dame Grand Cross decorated with Grand Cordon of the
Order of St. James of the Sword Wissam alMohammadi Lady of the Order of the Golden Lion
of Nassau Dame Grand Cross of Justice of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint
George Grand Cross with Grand Cordon of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Order of
the White Eagle Poland,
Royal Monogram
Queen Sofa of Spain
The personal coat of arms of HM Sofia, Queen of Spain. It contains the coat of arms of
Kingdom of Greece right.
Arms
The personal coat of arms of the Queen impales the Spanish Royal Arms her husbands
shield to the dexter viewers left with her fathers shield, the arms of King Paul of Greece
Azure a cross argent inescutcheon, the coat of arms of Denmark as used when George I
became king of Greece and showing the dynastic link to the
SchleswigHolsteinSonderburgGlcksburg dynasty a shield containing a cross argent
fimbriated gules from the Danish flag and subcoats representing Denmark, Schleswig, the
former Kalmar Union, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Holstein, Stormarn,
Dithmarschen, Lauenburg, Oldenburg, Delmenhorst, and the former Danish royal titles of
King of the Wends and Goths. All surmounted by the Spanish Royal Crown Crowns arches
differenced as consort and surrounded by the Collar of the Order of Charles III. The Queens
coat of arms has no official status. In Spain only the coats of arms of the King and the Prince
of Asturias are official.
Queen Sofa of Spain
References
Royal house of Bourbon http/ / web. archive. org/ web/ / http/ / www. geocities. com/
Heartland/ Hills/ / , Unknown publisher, unknown date accessed January Her majesty the
Queen http/ / www. sispain. org/ english/ politics/ royal/ queen. html www.sispain.org
unknown date accessed January quotNo nos queman a nosotros. Son trozos de papel. Ya
se apagarnquot. Confesiones polmicas de la reina Sofa en un libro al cumplir aos en www.
elpais.com http/ / www. elpais. com/ articulo/ espana/ nos/ queman/ trozos/ papel/ apagaran/
elpepiesp/ elpepinac/ Tes Malestar en el colectivo homosexual por las palabras de la Reina
en www.elpais.com http/ / www. elpais. com/ articulo/ sociedad/ Malestar/ colectivo/
homosexual/ palabras/ Reina/ elpepusoc/ elpepusoc/ Tes PP y PSOE ordenan guardar
silencio sobre las declaraciones de la Reina en www.elpais.com http/ / www. elpais. com/
articulo/ espana/ PP/ PSOE/ ordenan/ guardar/ silencio/ declaraciones/ Reina/ elpepiesp/
elpepinac/ Tes Spanish The Arms of the Queen of Spain http/ / blogdeheraldica. blogspot.
com/ / / lareinadoasofia. html. Blog de Herldica November . accessed June Spanish The
Arms of the Queen of Spain Collar changed http/ / blogdeheraldica. blogspot. com/ / /
lasarmasdelareina. html. Blog de Herldica November . accessed June
External links
Official website of the Spanish Royal Family http//www.casareal.es/ Official website of the
Queen Sofia Foundation http//www.fundacionreinasofia.es Royal House of Greece
http//pages.prodigy.net/ptheroff/gotha/greece.html Royal House of Spain
http//pages.prodigy.net/ptheroff/gotha/spain.html Queen Sofia Family Tree
http//public.genoom.com/trees/familiareal/sofiadegrecia
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
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lorenzo, e, rt, dylan, , ...xxx, deseptiembre, help, qaz, a, .., A Softer Answer, A, ACP,
AKMask, AThing, ATurtle, AVM, Aan, Aaron Einstein, Abberley, Abby , Abductive, Acather,
Accurizer, Acsb, Acuts, Adam Scott , Adashiel, AdeMiami, Adelbrecht, Adrian, Adrian.benko,
Adrin V.M., Aeporue, Aeusoes, Afdacool, Afinebalance, Afrox, Agent, AgnosticPreachersKid,
Ahoerstemeier, Ahuskay, Aidel, Aizhen, Ajraddatz, Ak, Akadruid, Akanemoto, Akon,
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Alvarosv, Alx, Amalthea, Ambil, American, Amorim Parga, Anand Karia, Anaxial,
Andersmusician, Andonic, Andrew Powell, Andrew, Andrewlp, Andrewpmk, Andromeda,
Andy Marchbanks, AndyZ, Andyluciano, Andys, AngelPerez, Angelo De La Paz, Anger,
Angr, Anietor, Ankithreya, Anna Lincoln, AnonyLog, Anonymous editor, Antandrus, Ante
Aikio, AntonioMartin, Aperium, Appraiser, Aquintero, Aranel, Aranherunar, Arcimpulse,
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UserDuesentrieb, UserRfl ImageMonastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.jpg Source
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FileGaleria de Batallas San Lorenzo de El Escorial.jpg Source
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Mogelzahn, Outisnn, Pitke, Raymond, Shakko, anonymous edits FilePavillon royal de
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ImageEscudo de armas de Juan Carlos I de Espaa.svg Source
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License Public Domain Contributors UserMiguillen FileSpain.QueenSofia..jpg Source
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