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Introduction to Athenian Democracy Based upon John A. Rothchild’s packet • Geography and Demographics Attica in relation to other regions by language dialect Aeolic Doric Attic Ionic Alcaeus of Mytilene ού λίθοι ούδέ ξύλα ούδέ τέχνη τεκτόνων αί πόλεις, άλλ' `όπου ποτ' άν ώςιν άνδρες αύτούς σώζειν είδότες, ενταύθα καί τείχη καί πόλεις neither stones nor wood nor the art of masons a city is, but especially in human form is preserved its substance, In this, not in walls, not in cities Time Period and Cultural Context • because of democracy Athens invented – Western Philosophy, why? – History, why? – Drama, why? – rhetoric What are autocratic forms of art? Proto-Democracy: Homer • War Councils – Private and public – Themis of giving up, input of the kings – Talking scepter • Rhetoric – Ring speech – Embassy to Achilles • Classical Rhetoric – Logos, pathos, ethos • Straight from the heart • Shield of Achilles – Best judge gets the award Proto-Democracy: Hesiod Kalliope. The last is the foremost of them all, for she accompanies and attends revered barons Whomever the daughters of mighty Zeus honor and see being born from barons nurtured by Zeus, upon his tongue they pour dew sweeter than honey and from his mouth flow soothing words. All the people look to him as he decides between opposing claims with straight judgments. He addresses them without erring and quickly and knowingly ends a great quarrel. For this reason, barons are wise, because for people injuring one another in assembly, they end actions that call for vengeance easily, appeasing the parties with soft words. As he walks in the marketplace, they glorify him as if a god with soothing deference, and he stands out in the gathering. Such is the sacred bounty of the Muses to men. (Theogony, 75-93) Shield of Achilles, Iliad Bk 18 Then the people gathered in the assembly, for a dispute had taken place. Two men were arguing about blood-money owed for a murdered man. One claimed he’d paid in full, setting out his case before the people, but the other [500] was refusing any compensation. Both were keen to receive the judgment from an arbitration. 620 The crowd there cheered them on, some supporting one, some the other, while heralds kept the throng controlled. Meanwhile, elders were sitting there on polished stones in the sacred circle, holding in their hands the staffs they’d taken from the clear-voiced heralds. With those they’d stand up there and render judgment, each in his turn. In the centre lay two golden talents, to be awarded to the one among them all who would deliver the most righteous verdict. Just Enough History • Persian Wars – 490: Marathon – 480: Thermopylae, Salamis, Plataea • Delian League • Peloponnesian War 431-404 • Macedonian Aggression and Conquest 350-338 • Questions? • See maps Persian Empire Peloponnesian War Alexander’s Empire Constitutional History: overview pages 9-12 • Monarchy: legends – – – – Erectheus Cecrops Aegeus Theseus • Oligarchy, and 9 Archons • Tyrants – Solon: constitutional and economic reforms – Peisistratus: public works (public good) – Clesithenes: constitutional reforms: 10 tribes, name changes • Democracy – Ephialtes: aristocratic Areopagus “guardians of the laws” made into criminal court – Pericles: introduced pay for public service – Cleon: a “slave” to the commons Solon, p 9 • Athens gave Solon autocratic powers in response to the trend in tyrants taking over Greek poleis • Solon made economic and political reforms • Solon left the city for 10 years after his reforms Solon’s Economic Reforms, p 9 • Changed debt law to enable more citizens to own land • Imposed limits on debt and on collateral • Made 4 classes of citizens based on medimnoi – Pentakosio-medimnoi, 500, strategoi – Hippeis, 300, knights (cavalry) – Zeugitai, 200, hoplites – Thetes, <200, slings, rowers Solon Economic reforms • • • • Fathers had to find trades for sons Metics could become citizens Olives promoted; other produce not exported Weights and measures standardized Pre Cleisthenes Tripartition Cleisthenes Demes, p 11 Demos means village, common people, or population, as in of a district Deme means a district or territory inhabited by a tribe Deme is the smallest administrative unit of Athenian state also meant body of citizens collectively The Eponymous Ten Tribes of Athens • • • • • • • • • • Erechtheis (Ἐρεχθηΐς) named after Erechtheus Aigeis (Αἰγηΐς) named after Aegeus Pandionis (Πανδιονίς) named after Pandion Leontis (Λεοντίς) named after Leos, son of Orpheus Acamantis (Ἀκαμαντίς) named after Acamas Oineis (Οἰνηΐς) named after Oeneus Kekropis (Κεκροπίς) named after Cécrops Hippothontis (Ἱπποθοντίς) named after Hippothoon Aiantis (Αἰαντίς) named after Ajax Antiochis (Ἀντιοχίς) named after Antiochus, son of Heracles Constitutional History: overview pages 9-12 • Monarchy: legends – – – – Erectheus Cecrops Aegeus Theseus • Oligarchy, and 9 Archons • Tyrants – Solon: constitutional and economic reforms – Peisistratus: public works (public good) – Clesithenes: constitutional reforms: 10 tribes, name changes • Democracy – Ephialtes: aristocratic Areopagus “guardians of the laws” made into criminal court – Pericles: introduced pay for public service – Cleon: a “slave” to the commons Structure of Athenian Government A B C D E F Citizenship Council of 500 Ecclesia (The Assembly) 6000 for quorum Jury Courts The Areopagus Magistrates Council of 500: Tholos Assembly: Pnyx Jury Courts: Kleroterion machine Klepsydra Voting tokens Elected Officials in Athens • Strategoi, generals • Military treasurer • Commissioners of the Theoric Fund, oversaw money for festivals, sacrifices, processions, etc. • Superintendent of the Springs Athens and Pireas Current regions Naxos