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History of Plant Taxonomy Preliterate People arranged plants by usefulness food, poisonous, medicinal (artificial) History of Plant Taxonomy Preliterate People arranged plants by usefulness food, poisonous, medicinal (artificial) History of Plant Taxonomy Baked Clay -> Papyrus (Egyptians) -> Printing Press History of Plant Taxonomy Theophrastus - 4thC BC Greek Plants: Woody • trees, shrubs, undershrubs Herbaceous Detailed descriptions of many plant features: sepals, petals, stamen, pistils (superior, inferior) Alexander The Great History of Plant Taxonomy Dioscordes Roman 1stC AD Materia Medica (Not much in terms of major improvements in botany through Middle Ages - until 13thC.) History of Plant Taxonomy Dioscordes Roman 1stC AD Materia Medica (Not much in terms of major improvements in botany through Middle Ages - until 13thC.) Ancient manuscripts copies in Monasteries during the Middle Ages. Errors….no spirit of investigation History of Plant Taxonomy Albert Magmus 13thC University of Paris Many Topics including Botany De Vegetabilis 1256 AD modified Theophrasian system greater no. of plants Dicots vs. monocots vascular vs. nonvascular plants History of Plant Taxonimy Movable print (15 thC) made easy the spread of ancient works and new works. History of Plant Taxonimy Movable print (15 thC) made easy the spread of ancient works and new works. 15thC - 18thC Age of Herbals artifical systems “Doctrine of Signatures” natural systems evolved slowly History of Plant Taxonimy Movable print (15 thC) made easy the spread of ancient works and new works. 15thC - 18thC Age of Herbals artifical systems “Doctrine of Signatures” natural systems evolved slowly Tremendous increase in no. of plants discovered…. 15thC L. Ghini Herbarium History of Plant Systematics Index Herbariorum Vol. 106, 1981 1700 of world’s Herbaria History of Plant Systematics Index Herbarium Vol. 106, 1981 1700 of world’s Herbaria Andrea Caesalpino 16thC Italian Classification system based on morphological similarities De Plantis Libri (artificial) History of Plant Systematics Index Herbariorum Vol. 106, 1981 1700 of world’s Herbaria Andrea Caesalpino 16thC Italian Classification system based on morphological similarities De Plantis Libri (artificial) Casper Baughin 17thC German described over 6000 plants 1st to use binomial nomenclature History of Plant Systematics John Ray 17thC English Set out to describe all organisms. Herbs, Arbores Monocots, Dicots Used Polynomials 1800 species (500 new) “Type Specimen” Immutability of Species History of Plant Taxonomy Carolus Linneaus 18thC Swedish binomial nomenclature Species Plantarum 1753 Artificial (stamen no.) Defined some natural groups in later works: Compositae Gramineae Solanaceae History of Plant Taxonomy G. Bentham 19thC Eng. J.D. Hooker 19thC Eng. History of Plant Taxonomy Bentham and Hooker Genera Plantarum 1863 Most complete pre-evolutionary work natural classification. History of Plant Taxonomy Bentham and Hooker Genera Plantarum 1863 Most complete pre-evolutionary work natural classification. History of Plant Taxonomy Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace - Paper to the Linnaean Society 1858 History of Plant Taxonomy Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace - Paper to the Linnaean Society 1858 Origin of Species 1859 C. Darwin History of Plant Taxonomy Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace - Paper to the Linnaean Society 1858 Origin of Species 1859 C. Darwin Species are dynamic and variable population systems that change through time. History of Plant Taxonomy Adolf Engler and Karl Prantl late 19thC German The Natural Plant Families most modern plant families described proposed unisexual flowers primitive arranged plants primitive ---> advanced (simple = primitive) History of Plant Systematics Charles Bessey 20thC American 1915 - natural phyletic system for flowering plants based on evolution. Accepted Ranalian Line as most primitive (Ranucluaceae, magnoliaceae - Ranales). Based on dicta used to separate primitive from advanced. History of Plant Taxonomy Modified Bessian Classification Schemes: Auther Cronquist 1968 NY Bot. Gardens Armen Takhtajan 1969 Soviete Union Robert Thorne 1976 Rancho Santa Anna Bot. Gardens, California History of Plant Taxonomy A. Takhtajan and Auther Cronquist Kingdom: Plantae Division: Bryophyta Division: Sphenophyta Division: Pterophyta Division: Coniferophyta Division: Anthophyta Kingdom: Plantae Division: Bryophyta “mosses and liverworts” Division: Sphenophyta “horsetails” Division: Pterophyta “ferns” Division: Coniferophyta “spruces, firs, pines” Division: Anthophyta “flowering plants” Literature of Plant Taxonomy Records - Library and Herbarium Publications: Monograph - Literature of Plant Taxonomy Records - Library and Herbarium Publications: Monograph - covers a specific group of plants: family, genera, etc. (Revisions, Synopses) Flora - Literature of Plant Taxonomy Records - Library and Herbarium Publications: Monograph - covers a specific group of plants: family, genera, etc. (Revisions, Synopses) Flora - Treatment of plants in a defined geographical area. (Local Flora) Research Reports -decription of new species or reclassifications. Taxon journals, indices Taxonomic “Types” Type Specimen one representative of the taxon Holotype specimen designated by the author in the original publication (nomenclatural type) Isotype a duplicate specimen of the holotype collected at the same time and place (may be in other herbarium) Lectotype a specimen chosen from the author’s original material when no holotype has been designated. Taxonomic “Types” Neotypeselected when all original specimens have been destroyed