Download chem – mixtures elements compounds for ib 1 10-10

Warm-Up 9/9
1.
2.
Define the term matter.
Name something in this room that is
not matter.
Warm-Up 9/16
1.
2.
List the three most important rules of lab
safety.
Would you classify jello as a solid or a
liquid? Justify your choice.
Today’s Learning Targets
Power Standard:
Students understand that physical and
chemical properties depend on the
ways in which different atoms
combine.
Today’s Learning Targets
1.
2.
3.
I can list examples of physical
properties.
I can describe the physical
characteristics and particle
arrangement in solids, liquids, and
gases.
I can explain observable changes in
physical properties and temperature
during changes of state.
A. Properties of Matter
1.
2.
3.
4.
Matter- anything that has mass and
volume.
Mass - a measure of the amount of
matter in a substance
Substance (pure substance) - matter
with uniform and definite composition
Physical Change – A change that does
not alter the chemical composition of
the substance
B. Physical Properties
Include—
Mass
Weight
Color
Density
Melting point
Etc.
B. Physical Properties
Can be observed without changing the
chemical composition of the substance.
Example—
List 3 physical properties of water.
B. States of Matter
1.
Solid - has definite shape and volume;
particles are tightly packed and held in
fixed positions; incompressible
2.
Liquid - has an indefinite shape, definite
volume; particles are tightly packed, but
not in fixed positions (slide past one
another -flow); incompressible
B. States of Matter
3.
Gas - indefinite shape and volume;
particles are far apart and moving
rapidly; compressible
Note: A vapor is a gaseous form of a
substance that is normally liquid at room
temperature vapor and gas should not be
used as interchangeable terms.
Animation
States of Matter Animation
Are there other states of matter?
D. Phase Changes
1.
Temperature—

Measures the KE of particles of matter.
 Always constant during a phase
change. (Yes, really!)
2. Names of Phase Changes
a.
Solid/Liquid

b.
Liquid/Gas

c.
Melting or Freezing
Boiling or Condensing
Solid/Gas

Sublimation or Deposition
D. Heating/Cooling Curve
Animation 1
 Animation 2

D. Heating/Cooling Curve
Copy this heating curve onto your notes.
D. Heating/Cooling Curve
Assume the heating curve represents substance X
that starts as a solid below its melting point and is
heated uniformly.
1. Identify the process that takes place during line
segment DE of the heating curve
2. Identify a line segment in which the average
kinetic energy is increasing.
3. Using "o" to represent particles of substance X,
draw at least five particles as they would appear in
the substance at point F.
4. Describe, in terms of particle behavior or energy,
what is happening to substance X during line
segment BC.
Warm-Up 9/11
1.
2.
State 2 physical properties of
sucrose (table sugar).
Give an example of a physical
change that water can undergo.
Today’s Learning Targets
Power Standard:
Students understand that physical and
chemical properties depend on the
ways in which different atoms
combine.
Today’s Learning Targets
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I can state and explain common methods for
separating mixtures.
I can state that atoms of different elements
combine in fixed ratios to form compounds, which
have different properties from their component
elements.
I can state that mixtures contain more than one
element and/or compound that are not chemically
bonded together and so retain their individual
properties.
I can classify mixtures as homogeneous or
heterogeneous.
I can explain that elements are the basic building
blocks of matter and discuss how they can
physically mix or chemically combine.
E. Physical Changes

Alter the material without changing the
chemical composition of it.
Examples - cutting, bending, melting,
freezing
2. Terms - tear, smash, crush, boil, freeze,
dissolve, melt, condense, grind, etc.
1.
II. Mixtures
Key Definitions
Mixture--two or more substances
physically, not chemically, combined.
 Heterogeneous mixture


Contains more than one phase
 Ex - oil & water, chicken noodle soup
Key Definitions

Homogeneous mixture

Only has one phase
 Ex - salt water, soda

Solution--a homogeneous mixture;
dissolved substance CANNOT be
filtered out
Key Definitions
Phase

Any part of a mixture with uniform
composition and properties
Question
How do you know if a sample is a
mixture or a substance?
Answer:
Mixtures have variable composition—
they come in different formulations
Substances have definite
composition—they only come in one
chemical form
Classifying mixtures
1.
Can mixtures always be identified by
sight?

Chicken noodle soup? Coin jar? (yes)
 Air? Gasoline? Soda? (no)
2.
Variable Composition

Different samples have different ratios
of ingredients (i.e. - iced tea)
 Indication of a mixture
A. Examples of Mixtures
Air
Tap water
Blood
Soap
Apple Juice
Brine (salt water)
Question

How might you separate a mixture of
sulfur and iron?
 Examine
properties and look for a
difference
 Magnetism
B. Separating Mixtures
1.
2.
Can be done by physical means,
without chemistry.
Common ways mixtures are
separated include…
Separating Mixtures
1.
Distillation

Boiling a solution where the water
(vapor) is collected and then condensed

Fractional distillation - collecting many
different parts of a mixture as they cool
and condense at different temperatures
Separating Mixtures
2.
Filtering

3.
Evaporation

4.
Removes solid phase from liquid phase
Liquid phase is not collected; solid left
Other methods?

Decanting, chromatography,
crystallization, melting point, solubility,
density, separating funnel, centrifuging
III. Elements & Compounds
Key Definitions
Element

The simplest form of matter that exists
under normal laboratory conditions
 Ex - hydrogen, sulfur, gold
 Another element song
Key Definitions
Compounds

Chemically bonded combinations of
elements in specific ratios
Chemical Symbol

One or two letter designation for an
element.
Chemical Formula

Shows the ratio of atoms in the simplest
unit of a substance
Elements & Symbols
There are 90 naturally occurring
elements
 Element symbols come from the Latin
names for elements
 Examples: Carbon (C), Iron (Fe)
 Forging Elements
 The Elements Song

Warm-Up 9/15
1.
2.
3.
What are the 2 classes of mixtures?
Which has only 1 phase?
What is a physical property you could
use to separate a mixture of sand
and salt?
Today’s Learning Targets
Power Standard:
Students understand that physical and
chemical properties depend on the
ways in which different atoms
combine.
Today’s Learning Targets
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I can state that atoms of different elements
combine in fixed ratios to form compounds, which
have different properties from their component
elements.
I can write and recognize a chemical symbol for
an element using the periodic table.
I can give examples of chemical compounds.
I can explain that elements are the basic building
blocks of matter and discuss how they can
physically mix or chemically combine.
I can suggest experimental techniques to
distinguish between mixtures, elements, and
compounds.
Compounds
Definite and Uniform composition
 Examples– Sodium chloride

Sucrose
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
 Representing (formulas)
 NaCl
 C12H22O11
 NaHCO3
Distinguishing between
compounds & elements
Elements cannot be broken down by
chemical means
Compounds can be separated into
simpler substances by chemical
change
Properties of compounds differ from the
properties of their elements.
Distinguishing between
Mixtures & Compounds


Can be difficult for homogeneous mixtures
Ask yourself if it can have variable
composition from sample to sample. If so,
it’s a mixture.
1.
Examples:

Gasoline?


Milk?


Exists in different grades, may contain ethanol = mixture
Contains different amounts of fat = mixture
Water?

Always H2O = compound
Today’s Learning Target
I can compare and contrast the different
forms of matter, including elements,
compounds, and mixtures.