Download Geo 102 Practice Exam Answer Key (Answers are in Bold): True or

Geo 102 Practice Exam Answer Key (Answers are in Bold):
1. True or false, to be considered a mineral it must be formed by an organic process.
-False, a mineral is formed by an inorganic process.
2. True or false, cleavage is the way a mineral is formed.
-False, cleavage is where a mineral will break along a weak surface or bond.
3. Define luster, and identify the two main types.
-Luster is how a mineral reflects light. The two types are metallic and nonmetallic.
4. What is the main difference between covalent and Van der waals bonds?
A. Van der Waal bonds are stronger than covalent bonds.
B. Van der Waal bonds have a stronger attraction.
C. Covalent bonds are stronger.
D. Van der Waal bonds are only found in diamonds, the hardest mineral.
5. Which of the following bond types are excellent conductors of electricity?
A. Covalent bonds
B. Ionic Bonds
C. Van der Waal Bonds
D. Metallic Bonds
6. All of the following are major hazards of tephera fall, except for.
A. Impacts
B. Lahars
C. Burial of structures
D. Suspension of abrasive aerosols
7. List some warning signs that can help volcanologists (people who study volcanoes)
predict a volcanic eruption.
-Earthquakes, precursor eruptions, ejection of ballistic projectiles, gas and steam
being released from the volcano, past eruptions, radioactive dating of ash and tephera
deposits.
8. What is the difference between an intrusive and extrusive igneous rock?
-Intrusive igneous rocks cool below the ground and very slow, they have large crystals,
and are coarse grained. Extrusive rocks cool above ground very quickly, they have
smaller crystals, and are fine grained.
9. What is the difference between lava and magma?
-When molten rock comes out of a volcano it is lave, when molten rock is inside a
volcano it is magma.
10. A pyroclastic flow is.
A. A fire down the side of a mountain
B. Avalanches of hot, dry, volcanic rock fragments, and gases, denser than air.
C. Hot and cold liquid of debris
D. Mixture of hot gases and fragments that are less dense than air.
11. Which type of viscosity is associated with non-explosive volcanoes?
-Low Viscosity
12. What are the differences between the three types of plate boundaries?
-Convergent boundaries: occur where two plates collide or at subduction zones.
Subduction zones occur when an oceanic plate is pushed underneath a continental
plate.
-Divergent plates: occur when two plates pull apart and move away from each other.
Examples include rift valleys and sea floor spreading centers.
-Transform boundaries: occur when two plates slide past each other. Earthquakes
occur here.
13. All of the following are requirements to be a mineral, except for.
A. Naturally formed
B. Solid
C. Characteristic crystal structure
D. Indistinct chemical compositions
E. Formed by an inorganic process
14. List the properties of a mineral (hint: there are 8).
-Habit, crystal form, cleavage, hardness, streak, density, color, and luster.
15. What is the most common element in the earth?
A. Carbon Dioxide
B. Hydrogen
C. Water
D. Oxygen
16. An ion with a positive charge is called a.
A. Cation
B. Anion
C. Positivion
D. Isotope
17. An anion has what kind of charge.
A. Positive
B. Neutral
C. Both positive and negative
D. Negative
18. True or false, Isotopes are elements with a different number of electrons in their
nucleus.
-False, they are elements with a different number of neutrons.
19. Define a rock.
-A rock is made up of minerals, organic matter, and other fragments that are lithified
or cemented together. Naturally occurring.
20. What are the two main types of igneous rocks?
-Intrusive and extrusive.
21. What are the three main categories of rocks?
A. Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
B. Igneous, Limestone, and Metamorphic
C. Granite, Coal, and Diamonds
D. Igneous, Fossils, and Metamorphic
22. What are the three factors that control the melting of an igneous rock?
A. Temperature, Pressure, and Mineral composition
B. Water content, Pressure, and Time
C. Location, Heat, and Energy
D. Temperature, Pressure, and Water content
23. What is the difference between Phaneritic and Aphanitic rock textures?
-Phaneritic rock textures are coarse grained, found in intrusive igneous rocks, cool
slowly, and have larger crystals.
-Aphanitic rock textures are fine grained, found in extrusive igneous rocks, cool
quickly, and have smaller crystals.
24. What is rock texture related to?
A. Chemistry of rocks and minerals
B. How hard a rock is
C. Water content
D. Cooling History
25. True or false, Mafic rocks are high in iron and magnesium, but low in silica content.
-True
26. True or false, explosive volcanoes have high viscosity magma.
-True
27. Scenario: You are a prominent Volcanologist and are studying a volcano that is on the
verge of an eruption. You are trying to determine which type of volcano it is and
whether it will be an explosive of non-explosive eruption. Here are your clues: gentle
slopes, high magma volume, basaltic magama, low sio2 gas content, and has a low
viscosity. Good luck!
-Shield volcano and it is a non-explosive eruption.
28. What is the difference between high and low viscosity?
-High viscosity has a high resistance to flow, meaning material will flow slow. Low
viscosity has a low resistance to flow and will flow fast.
29. The rate at which temperature increases with depth is known as:
A. Partial Melting
B. Plate Tectonics
C. Geothermal Gradient
D. Bowen’s Reaction Series
30. According to Bowen’s reaction series what type of rocks will crystallize (cool) first and
which will crystallize last?
-Felsic rocks will cool first and mafic rocks will cool last.
31. True or false, as pressure increases, melting temperature decreases.
-False, melting temperature will increase.
32. True or false, as water content increases melting temperature of igneous rocks
decreases.
-True
33. List some lines of evidence for continental drift.
-The coast of South America and Africa both matchup, like a jigsaw puzzle. Identical
fossils have been found in both places. Glacial deposits, similar geology, and polar
wandering.
34. Who came up with the theory of continental drift?
A. Michael Jordan
B. Ben Franklin
C. Alfred Wegener
D. James Hutton
35. What were two failed theories concerning plate tectonics?
-Prune Effect theory and earth expanding theory.
36. Define Geology.
-The study of Earth’s materials, history, and physical processes.
37. What are the parts of an atom?
A. Proton, Neutron, Electron
B. Anion, Proton, Electron
C. Cation, Anion, Isotope,
D. Proton, Neutron, Isotope
38. True or false, the stronger a bond the harder a mineral.
-True
39. Which type of volcano occurs at hot spots and are not associated with plate
boundaries?
A. Composite
B. Caldera
C. Flood Basalt
D. Shield
40. List the types of volcanoes.
-Composite Cone (Strato), Shield, Caldera, Flood Basalt, cinder cone, dome.
41. This volcano is explosive, has steep sides, a high silica magma, and a high viscosity.
A. Caldera
B. Shield
C. Composite/strato
D. Flood Basalt
42. What are lava flows controlled by?
A. Water content
B. Topography
C. Pressure
D. Temperature
43. What are the two main types of weathering, and give examples of both.
-Physical: frost wedging, salt wedging, unloading, thermal expansion, and biologic
wedging.
-Chemical: hydrolysis, oxidation, dissolution, and ion exchange.
44. When one ion replaces another, and the minerals inside a rock become more stable this
is known as.
A. Ion exchange
B. Oxidation
C. Frost Wedging
D. Disolution
45. What does radioactive decay deep inside the Earth cause?
A. Rocks to form
B. Rocks to melt
C. Nothing
D. Magnetic Field to increase
46. Volcanic explosions that eject rock fragments during an eruption or independently from
an eruption are called.
A. Cannon Balls
B. Bombs
C. Tephera
D. Ballistic Projectiles
47. What are the three types of tephra fall?
-Bombs, Lapilli, and ash
48. A type of chemical weathering that changes the oxidation state of atoms within a rock
to a more stable form is.
A. Disolution
B. Oxidation
C. Ion exchange
D. Salt Wedging
49. Which type of chemical weathering breaks apart a mineral into ions?
A. Oxidation
B. Ion exchange
C. Hydrolysis
D. Dissolution
50. Define regolith.
-the remains of weathered rocks.
51. The top half of regolith that has experienced continued weathering is.
A. Soil
B. Regolith
C. Minerals
D. Clay
52. Define Talus.
-A slope of rock that forms at the base of a cliff because of the accumulation of other
fallen rocks.
53. All of the following are ways that water and wind transport sediments, except for.
A. Saltation
B. Bed load
C. Blowing
D. Suspension
54. True or false, ice can transport sediments and sort them.
-False, ice can transport sediments, but cannot sort them.
55. Define striations in rocks, and what is the difference from mineral striations?
-In rocks, striations are caused by glaciers scratching grooves into the surfaces when
dragged over them. Mineral striations grow as the mineral grows and are much
smaller and finer.
56. True or false, suspension moves the least material in a stream.
-False, suspension moves the most material in a stream.
57. Define plate tectonics and what drives it.
-The theory of how the continental plates move and the mechanism that causes the
plates to move and interact with each other. Sea floor spreading drives tectonic
plates.
58. What type of plate boundary forms rift valleys?
A. Convergent
B. Divergent
C. Transform
59. True or false, continental crust is older than oceanic crust.
-True
60. What is Pangaea?
-A supercontinent formed 200 million years ago. All the continents formed Pangaea.