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Entrance Syllabus for Pre-Ph.D. (Plant Physiology) –HAPPRC 1. Cell Organelles and Water Relations: Cell organelles and their physiological functions Structure and physiological functions of cell wall, cell inclusions. Cell membrane structure and functions. Water and its role in plants, properties and functions of water in the cell, water relations, water potential of plant cells. 2. Energy flow: Principles of thermodynamics, free energy and chemical potential, redox reactions, structure and functions of ATP 3. Fundamentals of enzymology: General aspects, allosteric mechanism, regulatory and active sites, isozymes, kinetic catalysis, Michaelis-Menton equation and its significance. 4. Photosynthesis: Light harvesting complexes; mechanisms of electron transport; photoprotective mechanisms; CO2 fixation-C3, C4 and CAM pathways. Biosynthesis of starch and sucrose, physiological and ecological considerations 5. Respiration and photorespiration: Citric acid cycle; plant mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis; alternate oxidase; photorespiratory pathway. 6. Lipid metabolism: glyoxylate cycle, alternative oxidation system, structure and function of lipids, fatty acid biosynthesis, lipids synthesis, structural and storage lipids, and their catabolism 7. Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrate and ammonium assimilation; amino acid biosynthesis. 8. Plant hormones: Biosynthesis, storage, breakdown and transport; physiological effects and mechanisms of action. 9. Sensory photobiology: Structure, function and mechanisms of action of phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins; stomatal movement; photoperiodism and biological clocks. Control of flowering. Thermoperiodism - photo and thermo-period interactions.Vernalization-mechanism 10. Solute transport and photoassimilate translocation: Uptake, transport and translocation of water, ions, solutes and macromolecules from soil, through cells, across membranes, through xylem and phloem; transpiration; mechanisms of loading and unloading of photoassimilates. 11. Secondary metabolites – Biosynthesis of terpenes, phenols and nitrogenous compounds and their roles. 12. Stress physiology: Responses of plants to biotic (pathogen and insects) and abiotic (water, temperature and salt) stresses; mechanisms of resistance to biotic stress and tolerance to abiotic stress 13. Tissue Culture and Plant Morphogenesis: The cellular basis of growth and morphogenesis; polarity in tip growing cells and diffusive growing cells. Control of cell division and differentiation, phyto-chromes, different forms, physiological effects and gene regulation, and cellular totipotency, physiology and biochemistry of differentiation, in organ cell, tissue and cultures, micropropagation strategies, application of tissue culture in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. SUGGESTED READINGS: 1. Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R.L. 2000. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Maryland, USA. 2. Dennis, D.T., Turpin, D.H., Lefebvre, D.D. and Layzell, D.B. (eds) 1997. Plant Metabolism (second edition). Longman, Essex, England. 3. Hooykaas, P.J.J., Hall, M.A. and Libbenga, K.R. (eds) 1999. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 4. Hopkins, W.G. 1995. Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, USA. 5. Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, S.L., Maztsudaira, P., Baltimore, D. and Darnell, J.2000. Molecular Cell Biology (4th edition). W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, USA. 6. Moore, T.C. 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones (second edition). Springer-Verlag. New York USA. 7. Nobel, P.S. 1999. Physiochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology (Second edition). Academic Press, San Diego, USA. 8. Noggle, G.R and Fritz, G.F. 1977. Introductory Plant Physiology. Prentice Hall. New Delhi. 9. Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. 1992. Plant Physiology (4th edition). Wadsworth Publishing Co., California, USA. 10. Singhal, G.S., Renger, G., Sopory, S.K., Irrgang, K.D. and Govindjee 1999. Concepts in Photobiology: Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. 11. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. 1998. Plant Physiology (2nd edition). Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Massachusetts, USA. 12. Thomas, B. and Vince-Prue, D. (1997) Photoperiodism in Plants (Second edition). Academic Press, San Diego, USA.