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PROKARYOTE vs EUKARYOTE
4A compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Place



the following in the appropriate spots in the Venn diagram
Membrane bound organelles
 DNA
No membrane bound organelles
 Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
 Plasma membrane
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
BIOMOLECULES : 9A compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Place the following into the correct box.
Copy name and function onto your worksheet after your teacher has checked all your cards
1. Nucleic acids
4. Protein
7. Chain of Amino acids
Amino group, carboxyl group,
central carbon,
R-side chain
10. Glycosidic linkage
13. Cell membrane, energy
storage, signaling
2. Chain of monosaccarides
(CH2O)n
5. Chain of nucleotides
Five carbon sugar, phosphate
group, nitrogenous base
8. Structure, enzymatic catalysis,
transport, storage, defense
Milk, eggs, fish
11. No chain; Amphipathic
orientation (polar vs nonpolar)
14. Phosphodiester bond
Fat, hormones, cholesterol
3. Lipids
6. Peptide bond
9. No bond;
Polar head, non-polar tail
12. Genetic information, code for
making protein; Sequence of
bases determines code, ATUCG
Deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic
acid
15. Structure, energy storage
Sugar, glucose, starch, cellulose
16. Carbohydrates
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ENZYMES
9C identify and investigate the role of enzymes
True or False
_____1. All enzymes are proteins
_____2. Enzymes make chemical reactions in the body work faster
_____3. Enzymes lower activation energy, so the reaction needs less energy to perform
_____4. Enzymes are reusable
_____5. Enzymes can break molecules down (catabolism)
_____6. Enzymes can build molecules (anabolism)
_____7. This is an example of an enzyme at work
_____8. Enzymes only work on specific substrate that have the right “key”
Mini-Lab: Enzymes at work (10 minutes)
Catalase in an enzyme found in peroxisomes that catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
(which can cause cellular or tissue damage) to water and oxygen. The formation of bubbles is a
positive result.
Add hydrogen peroxide to potato juice. Add hydrogen peroxide to liver juice.
Draw what you see on the test tubes below.
Which shows an enzymatic reaction to hydrogen peroxide?
____________________________________
Why did it not work on the other juice?
potato juice
liver juice
TYPES OF TRANSPORT ACROSS SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANES
4 B investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, transport of
molecules
Questions:
1. What is homeostasis?
2. How does the semi-permeable cell membrane help to maintain homeostasis?
Identify the process as osmosis, diffusion, active transport or facilitated diffusion. Then write the
numbers of the activities below that describe the process.
Name of process _______________________
Name of Process _____________________
# _______________________
Name of Process _____________________
# _______________________
Name of process ________________________
# _______________________
# _______________________
1. Moves from high concentration to low
concentration
2. Moves ions from low concentration to
high concentration
3. Uses energy
4. Movement of specific molecules via
carrier or transport proteins
5. Movement of small, lipid-soluble
molecules
6. Movement of specific molecules via
protein carriers or pumps
7. Moves water from high concentration to
low concentration
8. Moves ions from high concentration to
low concentration
9. Movement of water
10. Moves ions from high concentration to
low concentration
= water
= ion
= energy
= protein
TONICITY
4 B investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, transport of
molecules
Define the following type of solution environments:
1. Hypertonic:
2. Hypotonic:
3. Isotonic:
Identify each picture as a cell in a hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic environment.
Mini-Lab: Raisins
Hypothesize the type of environment each solution represents and explain why:
Saltwater =
Sugar water=
Distilled water =
Day 1:
Find the mass of 3 raisins.
Place 1 raisin in saltwater
Place 1 raisin in sugar water
Place 1 raisin in distilled water
Day 2:
Find the mass of the 3 raisins
Plot the masses on a graph at 0 Hours and 24 hours
Identify the type of environment represented by saltwater, sugar water, distilled water.
Raisins Mini-lab results here
In saltwater
Mass of
raisin (g)
In sugar water
In distilled water
0
Time Hours
After Lab: Describe the environment. Explain your reasoning.
Saltwater =
Sugar water=
Distilled water =
24
CELL RESPIRATION VS PHOTOSYNTHESIS
9B compare the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of energy
and matter
4B investigate and explain cellular processes, including energy conversions
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Produce sugars and oxygen
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Produce carbon dioxide and water
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Plants
Animals
Plants
Glucose sugar combusts with oxygen
Carbon dioxide + water + ATP energy
Carbon dioxide + water + solar energy
Sunlight reacts carbon dioxide and water
CELL RESPIRATION
CELLULAR ORGANELLES: meeting the needs or prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for 4-4.3 billion
years
Instructions: Match possible candidate organelles from an employment pool to a possible “job”. Jobs
may not be available to all organelles. If no job is available, write” N/A”
Chloroplasts: Job # ________
Cytoplasm: Job # _______
Cytoskeleton: Job # _______
Golgi apparatus: Job # ________
Lysosome: Job # ________
Mitochondria: Job # ________
Nucleus: Job # ________
Ribosome: Job # ________
Vacuole: Job # ________
JOB # 1
JOB # 2
JOB # 3
Looking for a great opportunity
to lead? Do you enjoy making
decisions for others and
directing projects? We are
seeking a full managerial
position as a control center for
the cell. Should have experience
in reading and de-coding DNA.
Enjoy working with your hands
and building something that
matters? Can you read and
follow instructions to build the
right product for the right job?
Then join our team and build
something great. Positions
available at the RER as well as
free agencies within the
cytoplasm.
Looking for personnel familiar
with combustion processes
involved in energy production.
We have a long history of a
great symbiotic relationship with
the cell and want to maintain
that working relationship. Must
be willing to work long hours to
provide energy for the everyday
needs of our customers.
JOB # 4
JOB # 5
JOB # 6
Custodial crew needed to help
maintain a functional and
efficient office. Your job will be
to help break down old parts for
recycling and removal of foreign
objects from the building. Must
provide your own digestive
enzymes.
Are you strong? Are you tough?
Do you have cellulose? Well
come along and be our own
special cell body guard. You can
find us in plants, Algae,
Bacteria, Fungi and some
Archaea, any of these company
offices will welcome you to the
job but unfortunately this won’t
be available in animal cells.
Needed: shipping personnel in a
fast paced and busy city. Job
duties: modify, package, and
apply address labels to products
for shipping. Offices are
modularly stacked to expedite
shipping.
CELLS vs VIRUSES
4C compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe viral reproduction, and describe
the role of viruses in causing diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and
influenza
INFECTIONS: BACTERIA or VIRUS
Identify which infections below could be treated with an antiviral (AV) and which would be treated
with an antibiotic (AB).
_____1. Botulism
_____7. HIV/ AIDS
_____13. salmonella
_____2. Chicken pox
_____8. HPV
_____14. Smallpox
_____3. Cholera
_____9. Influenza
_____15. Strep throat
_____4. Common cold
_____10. Measles
_____16. Tuberculosis
_____5. Heliobacter pylori
_____11. Plague
_____6. Herpes
_____12. Rabies
What is a vaccine? Which from the list above have vaccines available for prevention?
TRUE OR FALSE
_____1.
Most bacteria are harmless, and some are beneficial (ex. L. acidophilus and E. coli that
help aid in human digestion).
_____2.
Most viruses do cause disease
_____3.
Viruses are not specific about the cells they attack
_____4.
All viruses eventually enter a lytic stage and burst in order to spread.
STRUCTURES and PROCESSES
 Plasma membrane
 Capsid
 Genetic material
 Ribosomes
 Replication
CELLS

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

Growth and
development
Response to stimuli
Evolution
Cell cycle
Both


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
Mitosis/ Meiosis/
Binary fission
Copying mechanism
Lysogenic cycle
Lytic cycle
Requires host cell
VIRUSES
VIRAL REPLICATION
Place events in viral replication in the correct or, 1- 5
______a) Assembly – Cellular activity of the host cell help assemble new viruses until the host
cell is filled with new viruses.
______b) Attachment – A virus comes attaches to host cell (lock and key attachement)
______c) Entry –DNA or RNA is injected into host cell.
______d) Release – When assembling is complete, the virus particles release enzymes that
digest the host cell wall. The new virus particles released go to infect new cells where
the cycle is repeated.
______e) Replication – When inside a cell, the virus takes over and instructs the host cell to
make more viral DNA and proteins
Lytic or Lysogenic?
_____________________: when the virus releases its DNA, the cell is tricked into making new
viruses and dies after the new viruses burst out. The cell dies and there are new viruses made in the
process.
_____________________: the viral DNA becomes part of the original DNA, and the cell lives and
reproduces with the viral DNA.
Draw and label the stages of the lytic cycle
Draw and label the stages of the lysogenic cycle
CELLULAR REPRODUCTION
MITOSIS: the M phase
The drawings A-E show stages of mitosis in an plant cell.
Which of the drawings A -E shows
_____1. prophase
_____4. telophase
_____2. metaphase
_____5. cytokinesis
_____3. anaphase
Identify the cells (by number) in the onion root tip which are in the following stages of
mitosis:
_____1. Interphase
_____4. Anaphase
_____2. Prophase
_____5. Telophase
_____3. Metaphase
Mini-lab:
Draw and identify the stages shown at each microscope lab station. Explain what is
occurring during the stage. Determine the kingdom of the organism shown.
DNA REPLICATION: the S phase
Write the base sequence for a DNA strand that would complement the DNA strand
below.
1.
3’
AATTCGCCGGTATTAGACGTT
2.
3’
TATCCCGGAGAGGTCCAATGC
3.
3’
ATCGGGGAATTACCCGTTAA
5’
4.
3’
TACTCGGGGCGCATCCAAGAG
5’
5.
3’
TACGATCGATAGCTAGCTAGC
5’
6.
3’
TACACGTATCTTGGCTAGCTA
5’
5’
5’
Explain what is occurring in the diagram above. Be specific and use proper
terminology. Minimum 10 sentences.
5A describe the stages of the cell cycle, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and mitosis, and the
importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms
CELL CYCLE
DIRECTIONS: Use the phases below to label the cell cycle diagram on the right. Then,
place the number for each event listed in the appropriate phase of the diagram.




Interphase
M phase
G1
S




G2
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
 Telophase
 Cytokinesis
CELL EVENTS:
1.
the cellular organelles and cytoplasm, including important proteins and other
biomolecules, are duplicated
2. DNA is replicated
3. Double checking that no errors have been made during DNA replication
4. Time between mitotic division where cell grows and develops in preparation of
the next cell division
5. DNA molecules progressively shorten and condense by coiling, to form
chromosomes. The nuclear membrane and nucleolus are no longer visible
6. spindle fibres attach themselves to the centromeres of the chromosomes and
align the the chromosomes at the equatorial plate
7. The spindle fibres shorten and the centromere splits, separated sister
chromatids are pulled along behind the centromeres.
8. The chromosomes reach the poles of their respective spindles. Nuclear
envelope reform before the chromosomes uncoil. The spindle fibres disintegrate
9. It is the process of splitting the daughter cells apart. A furrow forms and the
cell is pinched in two. Each daughter cell contains the same number and same
quality of chromosomes.
10. Cellular division
Explain the importance of the cell cycle in terms of growth and repair within
organisms.
What condition can develop if the cell cycle regulation checkpoints fail to control cell
growth? _______________________________
How does this condition cause problems for the organism?