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PROKARYOTE vs EUKARYOTE 4A compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Place the following in the appropriate spots in the Venn diagram Membrane bound organelles DNA No membrane bound organelles Cytoplasm Ribosomes Plasma membrane Prokaryote Eukaryote BIOMOLECULES : 9A compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids Place the following into the correct box. Copy name and function onto your worksheet after your teacher has checked all your cards 1. Nucleic acids 4. Protein 7. Chain of Amino acids Amino group, carboxyl group, central carbon, R-side chain 10. Glycosidic linkage 13. Cell membrane, energy storage, signaling 2. Chain of monosaccarides (CH2O)n 5. Chain of nucleotides Five carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base 8. Structure, enzymatic catalysis, transport, storage, defense Milk, eggs, fish 11. No chain; Amphipathic orientation (polar vs nonpolar) 14. Phosphodiester bond Fat, hormones, cholesterol 3. Lipids 6. Peptide bond 9. No bond; Polar head, non-polar tail 12. Genetic information, code for making protein; Sequence of bases determines code, ATUCG Deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid 15. Structure, energy storage Sugar, glucose, starch, cellulose 16. Carbohydrates # _____________________________________ # _____________________________________ # _____________________________________ # _____________________________________ ENZYMES 9C identify and investigate the role of enzymes True or False _____1. All enzymes are proteins _____2. Enzymes make chemical reactions in the body work faster _____3. Enzymes lower activation energy, so the reaction needs less energy to perform _____4. Enzymes are reusable _____5. Enzymes can break molecules down (catabolism) _____6. Enzymes can build molecules (anabolism) _____7. This is an example of an enzyme at work _____8. Enzymes only work on specific substrate that have the right “key” Mini-Lab: Enzymes at work (10 minutes) Catalase in an enzyme found in peroxisomes that catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (which can cause cellular or tissue damage) to water and oxygen. The formation of bubbles is a positive result. Add hydrogen peroxide to potato juice. Add hydrogen peroxide to liver juice. Draw what you see on the test tubes below. Which shows an enzymatic reaction to hydrogen peroxide? ____________________________________ Why did it not work on the other juice? potato juice liver juice TYPES OF TRANSPORT ACROSS SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANES 4 B investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, transport of molecules Questions: 1. What is homeostasis? 2. How does the semi-permeable cell membrane help to maintain homeostasis? Identify the process as osmosis, diffusion, active transport or facilitated diffusion. Then write the numbers of the activities below that describe the process. Name of process _______________________ Name of Process _____________________ # _______________________ Name of Process _____________________ # _______________________ Name of process ________________________ # _______________________ # _______________________ 1. Moves from high concentration to low concentration 2. Moves ions from low concentration to high concentration 3. Uses energy 4. Movement of specific molecules via carrier or transport proteins 5. Movement of small, lipid-soluble molecules 6. Movement of specific molecules via protein carriers or pumps 7. Moves water from high concentration to low concentration 8. Moves ions from high concentration to low concentration 9. Movement of water 10. Moves ions from high concentration to low concentration = water = ion = energy = protein TONICITY 4 B investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, transport of molecules Define the following type of solution environments: 1. Hypertonic: 2. Hypotonic: 3. Isotonic: Identify each picture as a cell in a hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic environment. Mini-Lab: Raisins Hypothesize the type of environment each solution represents and explain why: Saltwater = Sugar water= Distilled water = Day 1: Find the mass of 3 raisins. Place 1 raisin in saltwater Place 1 raisin in sugar water Place 1 raisin in distilled water Day 2: Find the mass of the 3 raisins Plot the masses on a graph at 0 Hours and 24 hours Identify the type of environment represented by saltwater, sugar water, distilled water. Raisins Mini-lab results here In saltwater Mass of raisin (g) In sugar water In distilled water 0 Time Hours After Lab: Describe the environment. Explain your reasoning. Saltwater = Sugar water= Distilled water = 24 CELL RESPIRATION VS PHOTOSYNTHESIS 9B compare the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of energy and matter 4B investigate and explain cellular processes, including energy conversions PHOTOSYNTHESIS Mitochondria Chloroplast Produce sugars and oxygen C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O Produce carbon dioxide and water 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Plants Animals Plants Glucose sugar combusts with oxygen Carbon dioxide + water + ATP energy Carbon dioxide + water + solar energy Sunlight reacts carbon dioxide and water CELL RESPIRATION CELLULAR ORGANELLES: meeting the needs or prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for 4-4.3 billion years Instructions: Match possible candidate organelles from an employment pool to a possible “job”. Jobs may not be available to all organelles. If no job is available, write” N/A” Chloroplasts: Job # ________ Cytoplasm: Job # _______ Cytoskeleton: Job # _______ Golgi apparatus: Job # ________ Lysosome: Job # ________ Mitochondria: Job # ________ Nucleus: Job # ________ Ribosome: Job # ________ Vacuole: Job # ________ JOB # 1 JOB # 2 JOB # 3 Looking for a great opportunity to lead? Do you enjoy making decisions for others and directing projects? We are seeking a full managerial position as a control center for the cell. Should have experience in reading and de-coding DNA. Enjoy working with your hands and building something that matters? Can you read and follow instructions to build the right product for the right job? Then join our team and build something great. Positions available at the RER as well as free agencies within the cytoplasm. Looking for personnel familiar with combustion processes involved in energy production. We have a long history of a great symbiotic relationship with the cell and want to maintain that working relationship. Must be willing to work long hours to provide energy for the everyday needs of our customers. JOB # 4 JOB # 5 JOB # 6 Custodial crew needed to help maintain a functional and efficient office. Your job will be to help break down old parts for recycling and removal of foreign objects from the building. Must provide your own digestive enzymes. Are you strong? Are you tough? Do you have cellulose? Well come along and be our own special cell body guard. You can find us in plants, Algae, Bacteria, Fungi and some Archaea, any of these company offices will welcome you to the job but unfortunately this won’t be available in animal cells. Needed: shipping personnel in a fast paced and busy city. Job duties: modify, package, and apply address labels to products for shipping. Offices are modularly stacked to expedite shipping. CELLS vs VIRUSES 4C compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza INFECTIONS: BACTERIA or VIRUS Identify which infections below could be treated with an antiviral (AV) and which would be treated with an antibiotic (AB). _____1. Botulism _____7. HIV/ AIDS _____13. salmonella _____2. Chicken pox _____8. HPV _____14. Smallpox _____3. Cholera _____9. Influenza _____15. Strep throat _____4. Common cold _____10. Measles _____16. Tuberculosis _____5. Heliobacter pylori _____11. Plague _____6. Herpes _____12. Rabies What is a vaccine? Which from the list above have vaccines available for prevention? TRUE OR FALSE _____1. Most bacteria are harmless, and some are beneficial (ex. L. acidophilus and E. coli that help aid in human digestion). _____2. Most viruses do cause disease _____3. Viruses are not specific about the cells they attack _____4. All viruses eventually enter a lytic stage and burst in order to spread. STRUCTURES and PROCESSES Plasma membrane Capsid Genetic material Ribosomes Replication CELLS Growth and development Response to stimuli Evolution Cell cycle Both Mitosis/ Meiosis/ Binary fission Copying mechanism Lysogenic cycle Lytic cycle Requires host cell VIRUSES VIRAL REPLICATION Place events in viral replication in the correct or, 1- 5 ______a) Assembly – Cellular activity of the host cell help assemble new viruses until the host cell is filled with new viruses. ______b) Attachment – A virus comes attaches to host cell (lock and key attachement) ______c) Entry –DNA or RNA is injected into host cell. ______d) Release – When assembling is complete, the virus particles release enzymes that digest the host cell wall. The new virus particles released go to infect new cells where the cycle is repeated. ______e) Replication – When inside a cell, the virus takes over and instructs the host cell to make more viral DNA and proteins Lytic or Lysogenic? _____________________: when the virus releases its DNA, the cell is tricked into making new viruses and dies after the new viruses burst out. The cell dies and there are new viruses made in the process. _____________________: the viral DNA becomes part of the original DNA, and the cell lives and reproduces with the viral DNA. Draw and label the stages of the lytic cycle Draw and label the stages of the lysogenic cycle CELLULAR REPRODUCTION MITOSIS: the M phase The drawings A-E show stages of mitosis in an plant cell. Which of the drawings A -E shows _____1. prophase _____4. telophase _____2. metaphase _____5. cytokinesis _____3. anaphase Identify the cells (by number) in the onion root tip which are in the following stages of mitosis: _____1. Interphase _____4. Anaphase _____2. Prophase _____5. Telophase _____3. Metaphase Mini-lab: Draw and identify the stages shown at each microscope lab station. Explain what is occurring during the stage. Determine the kingdom of the organism shown. DNA REPLICATION: the S phase Write the base sequence for a DNA strand that would complement the DNA strand below. 1. 3’ AATTCGCCGGTATTAGACGTT 2. 3’ TATCCCGGAGAGGTCCAATGC 3. 3’ ATCGGGGAATTACCCGTTAA 5’ 4. 3’ TACTCGGGGCGCATCCAAGAG 5’ 5. 3’ TACGATCGATAGCTAGCTAGC 5’ 6. 3’ TACACGTATCTTGGCTAGCTA 5’ 5’ 5’ Explain what is occurring in the diagram above. Be specific and use proper terminology. Minimum 10 sentences. 5A describe the stages of the cell cycle, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and mitosis, and the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms CELL CYCLE DIRECTIONS: Use the phases below to label the cell cycle diagram on the right. Then, place the number for each event listed in the appropriate phase of the diagram. Interphase M phase G1 S G2 Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis CELL EVENTS: 1. the cellular organelles and cytoplasm, including important proteins and other biomolecules, are duplicated 2. DNA is replicated 3. Double checking that no errors have been made during DNA replication 4. Time between mitotic division where cell grows and develops in preparation of the next cell division 5. DNA molecules progressively shorten and condense by coiling, to form chromosomes. The nuclear membrane and nucleolus are no longer visible 6. spindle fibres attach themselves to the centromeres of the chromosomes and align the the chromosomes at the equatorial plate 7. The spindle fibres shorten and the centromere splits, separated sister chromatids are pulled along behind the centromeres. 8. The chromosomes reach the poles of their respective spindles. Nuclear envelope reform before the chromosomes uncoil. The spindle fibres disintegrate 9. It is the process of splitting the daughter cells apart. A furrow forms and the cell is pinched in two. Each daughter cell contains the same number and same quality of chromosomes. 10. Cellular division Explain the importance of the cell cycle in terms of growth and repair within organisms. What condition can develop if the cell cycle regulation checkpoints fail to control cell growth? _______________________________ How does this condition cause problems for the organism?