Download Proposed syllabus and Scheme of Examination B.Sc. (Program) with

Proposed syllabus and Scheme of Examination for B.Sc. (Program) with Chemistry Submitted to University Grants Commission New Delhi Under Choice Based Credit System April 2015
1 Details of Courses Under Undergraduate Program (B.Sc.)
Course
*Credits
===============================================================
Theory+ Practical
I. Core Course
Theory+Tutorials
12×4= 48
12×5=60
12×2=24
12×1=12
6×4=24
6×5=30
6×2=12
6×1=6
(12 Papers)
04 Courses from each of the
03 disciplines of choice
Core Course Practical / Tutorial*
(12 Practical/ Tutorials*)
04 Courses from each of the
03 Disciplines of choice
II. Elective Course
(6 Papers)
Two papers from each discipline of choice
including paper of interdisciplinary nature.
Elective Course Practical / Tutorials*
(6 Practical / Tutorials*)
Two Papers from each discipline of choice
including paper of interdisciplinary nature
•
Optional Dissertation or project work in place of one Discipline elective
paper (6 credits) in 6th Semester
2 III. Ability Enhancement Courses
1. Ability Enhancement Compulsory
2×2=4
2×2=4
4×2=8
4×2=8
__________________
_________________
Total credit= 120
Total credit= 120
(2 Papers of 2 credits each)
Environmental Science
English/MIL Communication
2. Skill Enhancement Course
(Skill Based)
(4 Papers of 2 credits each)
Institute
should
evolve
a
system/policy
about
Interest/Hobby/Sports/NCC/NSS/related courses on its own.
ECA/
General
*wherever there is practical there will be no tutorials and vice -versa
Proposed scheme for choice based credit system in B. Sc. Program
CORE
Ability
Enhancement Skill
COURSE (12)
Compulsory
Course Enhancement
(AECC) (2)
I
DSC- 1 A
Discipline
Specific
Elective DSE (6)
Course (SEC) (2)
(English/MIL
Communication)/
Atomic
Environmental Science
Structure,
Bonding,
General Organic
Chemistry
&
Aliphatic
3 Hydrocarbons
DSC- 3 A
DSC- 1 B
II
Environmental
/(English/MIL
Chemical
Communication)
Energetics,
Equilibria
Science
&
Functional
Group Organic
Chemistry-I
DSC- 3 B
III
DSC- 1 C
SEC-1
Solutions,
Phase
equilibrium,
Conductance,
Electrochemist
ry
&
Functional
Group Organic
Chemistry-II
DSC- 3 C
IV
DSC- 1 D
Chemistry
SEC -2
of
s- and p-block
Elements,
States
of
Matter
&
Chemical
4 Kinetics
DSC- 3 D
V
SEC -3
DSE-1 A
DSE-2 A
DSE-3 A
VI
SEC -4
DSE-1 B
DSE-2 B
DSE-3 B
5 SEMESTER COURSE OPTED
I
Ability Enhancement Compulsory
Course-I
Core Course-I
Core Course-II
Core Course-II Practical/ Tutorial
II
Core Course-III
Ability Enhancement Compulsory
Course-II
Core Course-IV
Core Course-V
Core Course-V Practical/ Tutorial
III
Core Course-VI
Core Course-VII
Core Course-VIII
Core Course-VIII Practical/
Tutorial
IV
Core Course-IX
Skill Enhancement Course -1
Core course-X
Core Course-XI
Course-XI Practical/Tutorial
V
Core Course-XII
Skill Enhancement Course -2
Skill Enhancement Course -3
Discipline Specific Elective -1
COURSE NAME
English/MIL communications/
Environmental Science
DSC 1A
Atomic Structure, Bonding, General
Organic Chemistry & Aliphatic
Hydrocarbons
Atomic Structure, Bonding, General
Organic Chemistry & Aliphatic
Hydrocarbons Lab
DSC 3A
English/MIL communications/
Environmental Science
DSC 1B
Chemical Energetics, Equilibria &
Functional Group Organic
Chemistry-I
Chemical Energetics, Equilibria &
Functional Group Organic
Chemistry-I Lab
DSC 3B
DSC 1C
Solutions, Phase Equilibria,
Conductance, Electrochemistry &
Functional Group Organic
Chemistry-II
Solutions, Phase Equilibria,
Conductance, Electrochemistry &
Functional Group Organic
Chemistry-II Lab.
DSC 3C
SEC-1
DSC 1D
Chemistry of s- and p-block
elements, States of matter &
Chemical kinetics
Chemistry of s- and p-block
elements, States of matter &
Chemical kinetics Lab
DSC 3D
SEC -2
SEC -3
DSE-1A
6 Credits
2
6
4
2
6
2
6
4
2
6
6
4
2
6
2
6
4
2
6
2
2
6
Discipline Specific Elective -2
Discipline Specific Elective -3
Skill Enhancement Course -4
Discipline Specific Elective -4
Discipline Specific Elective -5
Discipline Specific Elective-6
VI
DSE-2A
DSE-3A
SEC -4
DSE-1B
DSE-2B
DSE-3B
6
6
2
6
6
6
120
Total
Credits
B.Sc. Program with Chemistry
Core papers Chemistry (Credit: 06 each) (CP 1-4):
1. Atomic Structure, Bonding, General Organic Chemistry & Aliphatic
Hydrocarbons (4) + Lab (4)
2. Chemical Energetics, Equilibria & Functional Group Organic Chemistry-I (4) +
Lab (4)
3. Conductance, Electrochemistry & Functional Group Organic Chemistry-2 (4) +
Lab (4)
4. Chemistry of s- and p-block elements, States of matter and Chemical Kinetics (4)
+ Lab (4)
Discipline Specific Elective papers (Credit: 06 each) (DSE 1, DSE 2): Choose 2
Chemistry
1. Applications of Computers in Chemistry (4) + Lab (4)
2. Analytical Methods in Chemistry (4) + Lab (4)
3. Molecular Modelling & Drug Design (4) + Lab (4)
4. Novel Inorganic Solids (4) + Lab (4)
5. Polymer Chemistry (4) + Lab (4)
6. Research Methodology for Chemistry (5) + Tutorials (1)
7. Green Chemistry (4) + Lab (4)
8. Industrial Chemicals & Environment (4) + Lab (4)
9. Inorganic Materials of Industrial Importance (4) + Lab (4)
10. Instrumental Methods of Analysis (4) + Lab (4)
11. Chemistry of d-block elements, Quantum Chemistry and Spectroscopy (4) + Lab
(4)
12. Organometallics, Bioinorganic chemistry, Polynuclear hydrocarbons and UV, IR
Spectroscopy
13. Molecules of life (4) + Lab (4)
14. Dissertation
Note: Universities may include more options or delete some from this list
Skill Enhancement Course (any four) (Credit: 02 each)- SEC 1 to SEC 4
7 Chemistry
1. IT Skills for Chemists
2. Basic Analytical Chemistry
3. Chemical Technology & Society
4. Chemoinformatics
5. Business Skills for Chemists
6. Intellectual Property Rights
7. Analytical Clinical Biochemistry
8. Green Methods in Chemistry
9. Pharmaceutical Chemistry
10. Chemistry of Cosmetics & Perfumes
11. Pesticide Chemistry
12. Fuel Chemistry
Note: Universities may include more options or delete some from this list
Important:
1. Each University/Institute should provide a brief write-up about each paper
outlining the salient features, utility, learning objectives and prerequisites.
2. University can add/delete some experiments of similar nature in the
Laboratory papers.
3. University can add to the list of reference books given at the end of each
paper.
8 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semester I
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY-DSC 2A: ATOMIC STRUCTURE, BONDING,
GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY & ALIPHATIC
HYDROCARBONS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Section A: Inorganic Chemistry-1 (30 Periods)
Atomic Structure: Review of: Bohr’s theory and its limitations, dual behaviour of matter
and radiation, de-Broglie’s relation, Heisenberg Uncertainty principle. Hydrogen atom
spectra. Need of a new approach to Atomic structure.
What is Quantum mechanics? Time independent Schrodinger equation and meaning of
various terms in it. Significance of ψ and ψ2, Schrödinger equation for hydrogen atom.
Radial and angular parts of the hydogenic wavefunctions (atomic orbitals) and their
variations for 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals (Only graphical representation). Radial
and angular nodes and their significance. Radial distribution functions and the concept of
the most probable distance with special reference to 1s and 2s atomic orbitals.
Significance of quantum numbers, orbital angular momentum and quantum numbers ml
and ms. Shapes of s, p and d atomic orbitals, nodal planes. Discovery of spin, spin
quantum number (s) and magnetic spin quantum number (ms).
Rules for filling electrons in various orbitals, Electronic configurations of the atoms.
Stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals, concept of exchange energy.
Relative energies of atomic orbitals, Anomalous electronic configurations.
(14 Lectures)
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Ionic Bonding: General characteristics of ionic bonding. Energy considerations in ionic
bonding, lattice energy and solvation energy and their importance in the context of
stability and solubility of ionic compounds. Statement of Born-Landé equation for
calculation of lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle and its applications, polarizing power and
polarizability. Fajan’s rules, ionic character in covalent compounds, bond moment, dipole
moment and percentage ionic character.
Covalent bonding: VB Approach: Shapes of some inorganic molecules and ions on the
basis of VSEPR and hybridization with suitable examples of linear, trigonal planar,
square planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal and octahedral arrangements.
Concept of resonance and resonating structures in various inorganic and organic
compounds.
9 MO Approach: Rules for the LCAO method, bonding and antibonding MOs and their
characteristics for s-s, s-p and p-p combinations of atomic orbitals, nonbonding
combination of orbitals, MO treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules of 1st and 2nd
periods (including idea of s-p mixing) and heteronuclear diatomic molecules such as CO,
NO and NO+. Comparison of VB and MO approaches.
(16 Lectures)
Section B: Organic Chemistry-1 (30 Periods)
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry
Physical Effects, Electronic Displacements: Inductive Effect, Electromeric Effect,
Resonance and Hyperconjugation. Cleavage of Bonds: Homolysis and Heterolysis.
Structure, shape and reactivity of organic molecules: Nucleophiles and electrophiles.
Reactive Intermediates: Carbocations, Carbanions and free radicals.
Strength of organic acids and bases: Comparative study with emphasis on factors
affecting pK values. Aromaticity: Benzenoids and Hückel’s rule.
(8 Lectures)
Stereochemistry
Conformations with respect to ethane, butane and cyclohexane. Interconversion of
Wedge Formula, Newmann, Sawhorse and Fischer representations. Concept of chirality
(upto two carbon atoms). Configuration: Geometrical and Optical isomerism;
Enantiomerism, Diastereomerism and Meso compounds). Threo and erythro; D and L; cis
- trans nomenclature; CIP Rules: R/ S (for upto 2 chiral carbon atoms) and E / Z
Nomenclature (for upto two C=C systems).
(10 Lectures)
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Functional group approach for the following reactions (preparations & reactions) to be
studied in context to their structure.
Alkanes: (Upto 5 Carbons). Preparation: Catalytic hydrogenation, Wurtz reaction,
Kolbe’s synthesis, from Grignard reagent. Reactions: Free radical Substitution:
Halogenation.
Alkenes: (Upto 5 Carbons) Preparation: Elimination reactions: Dehydration of alkenes
and dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (Saytzeff’s rule); cis alkenes (Partial catalytic
hydrogenation) and trans alkenes (Birch reduction). Reactions: cis-addition (alk.
KMnO4) and trans-addition (bromine), Addition of HX (Markownikoff’s and antiMarkownikoff’s addition), Hydration, Ozonolysis, oxymecuration-demercuration,
Hydroboration-oxidation.
10 Alkynes: (Upto 5 Carbons) Preparation: Acetylene from CaC2 and conversion into
higher alkynes; by dehalogenation of tetra halides and dehydrohalogenation of vicinaldihalides.
Reactions: formation of metal acetylides, addition of bromine and alkaline KMnO4,
ozonolysis and oxidation with hot alk. KMnO4.
(12 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• J. D. Lee: A new Concise Inorganic Chemistry, E L. B. S.
• F. A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson: Basic Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley.
• Douglas, McDaniel and Alexader: Concepts and Models in Inorganic Chemistry,
John Wiley.
• James E. Huheey, Ellen Keiter and Richard Keiter: Inorganic Chemistry:
Principles of Structure and Reactivity, Pearson Publication.
• T. W. Graham Solomon: Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons.
• Peter Sykes: A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Orient
Longman.
• E. L. Eliel: Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds, Tata McGraw Hill.
• I. L. Finar: Organic Chemistry (Vol. I & II), E. L. B. S.
• R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd: Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall.
• Arun Bahl and B. S. Bahl: Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY LAB: DSC 2A LAB: ATOMIC STRUCTURE,
BONDING, GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY & ALIPHATIC
HYDROCARBONS
60 Lectures
Section A: Inorganic Chemistry - Volumetric Analysis
1. Estimation of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate present in a mixture.
2. Estimation of oxalic acid by titrating it with KMnO4.
3. Estimation of water of crystallization in Mohr’s salt by titrating with KMnO4.
4. Estimation of Fe (II) ions by titrating it with K2Cr2O7 using internal indicator.
5. Estimation of Cu (II) ions iodometrically using Na2S2O3.
Section B: Organic Chemistry
1. Detection of extra elements (N, S, Cl, Br, I) in organic compounds (containing upto
two extra elements)
11 2. Separation of mixtures by Chromatography: Measure the Rf value in each case
(combination of two compounds to be given)
(a) Identify and separate the components of a given mixture of 2 amino acids (glycine,
aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine or any other amino acid) by paper chromatography
(b) Identify and separate the sugars present in the given mixture by paper
chromatography.
Reference Books:
• Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, A.I. Vogel, Prentice Hall, 7th Edition.
• Vogel’s Quantitative Chemical Analysis, A.I. Vogel, Prentice Hall, 6th Edition.
• Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, A.I. Vogel , Prentice Hall, 5th edition.
• Practical Organic Chemistry, F. G. Mann. & B. C. Saunders, Orient Longman,
1960.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semester II
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY-DSC 2B: CHEMICAL ENERGETICS, EQUILIBRIA &
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Section A: Physical Chemistry-1 (30 Lectures)
Chemical Energetics
Review of thermodynamics and the Laws of Thermodynamics.
Important principles and definitions of thermochemistry. Concept of standard state and
standard enthalpies of formations, integral and differential enthalpies of solution and
dilution. Calculation of bond energy, bond dissociation energy and resonance energy
from thermochemical data. Variation of enthalpy of a reaction with temperature –
Kirchhoff’s equation.
Statement of Third Law of thermodynamics and calculation of absolute entropies of
substances.
(10 Lectures)
Chemical Equilibrium:
12 Free energy change in a chemical reaction. Thermodynamic derivation of the law of
chemical equilibrium. Distinction between ΔG and ΔGo, Le Chatelier’s principle.
Relationships between Kp, Kc and Kx for reactions involving ideal gases.
(8 Lectures)
Ionic Equilibria:
Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of
ionization, ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and
bases, pH scale, common ion effect. Salt hydrolysis-calculation of hydrolysis constant,
degree of hydrolysis and pH for different salts. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility
product of sparingly soluble salts – applications of solubility product principle.
(12 Lectures)
Section B: Organic Chemistry-2 (30 Lectures)
Functional group approach for the following reactions (preparations & reactions) to be
studied in context to their structure.
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Preparation (Case benzene): from phenol, by decarboxylation, from acetylene, from
benzene sulphonic acid.
Reactions: (Case benzene): Electrophilic substitution: nitration, halogenation and
sulphonation. Friedel-Craft’s reaction (alkylation and acylation) (upto 4 carbons on
benzene). Side chain oxidation of alkyl benzenes (upto 4 carbons on benzene).
(8 Lectures)
Alkyl and Aryl Halides
Alkyl Halides (Upto 5 Carbons) Types of Nucleophilic Substitution (SN1, SN2 and SNi)
reactions.
Preparation: from alkenes and alcohols.
Reactions: hydrolysis, nitrite & nitro formation, nitrile & isonitrile formation.
Williamson’s ether synthesis: Elimination vs substitution.
Aryl Halides Preparation: (Chloro, bromo and iodo-benzene case): from phenol,
Sandmeyer & Gattermann reactions.
Reactions (Chlorobenzene): Aromatic nucleophilic substitution (replacement by –OH
group) and effect of nitro substituent. Benzyne Mechanism: KNH2/NH3 (or NaNH2/NH3).
Reactivity and Relative strength of C-Halogen bond in alkyl, allyl, benzyl, vinyl and aryl
halides.
13 (8 Lectures)
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (Upto 5 Carbons)
Alcohols: Preparation: Preparation of 1о, 2о and 3о alcohols: using Grignard reagent,
Ester hydrolysis, Reduction of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid and esters.
Reactions: With sodium, HX (Lucas test), esterification, oxidation (with PCC, alk.
KMnO4, acidic dichromate, conc. HNO3). Oppeneauer oxidation Diols: (Upto 6 Carbons)
oxidation of diols. Pinacol-Pinacolone rearrangement.
Phenols: (Phenol case) Preparation: Cumene hydroperoxide method, from diazonium
salts. Reactions: Electrophilic substitution: Nitration, halogenation and sulphonation.
Reimer-Tiemann Reaction, Gattermann-Koch Reaction, Houben–Hoesch Condensation,
Schotten – Baumann Reaction.
Ethers (aliphatic and aromatic): Cleavage of ethers with HI.
Aldehydes and ketones (aliphatic and aromatic): (Formaldehye, acetaldehyde, acetone
and benzaldehyde)
Preparation: from acid chlorides and from nitriles.
Reactions – Reaction with HCN, ROH, NaHSO3, NH2-G derivatives. Iodoform test.
Aldol Condensation, Cannizzaro’s reaction, Wittig reaction, Benzoin condensation.
Clemensen reduction and Wolff Kishner reduction. Meerwein-Pondorff Verley reduction.
(14 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• T. W. Graham Solomons: Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons.
• Peter Sykes: A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Orient
Longman.
• I.L. Finar: Organic Chemistry (Vol. I & II), E. L. B. S.
• R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd: Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall.
• Arun Bahl and B. S. Bahl: Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand.
• G. M. Barrow: Physical Chemistry Tata McGraw-­‐Hill (2007).
• G. W. Castellan: Physical Chemistry 4th Edn. Narosa (2004).
• J. C. Kotz, P. M. Treichel & J. R. Townsend: General Chemistry Cengage Lening
India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2009).
• B. H. Mahan: University Chemistry 3rd Ed. Narosa (1998).
• R. H. Petrucci: General Chemistry 5th Ed. Macmillan Publishing Co.: New York
(1985).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY LAB- DSC 2B LAB: CHEMICAL ENERGETICS,
EQUILIBRIA & FUNCTIONAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
14 60 Lectures
Section A: Physical Chemistry
Thermochemistry
1. Determination of heat capacity of calorimeter for different volumes.
2. Determination of enthalpy of neutralization of hydrochloric acid with sodium
hydroxide.
3. Determination of enthalpy of ionization of acetic acid.
4. Determination of integral enthalpy of solution of salts (KNO3, NH4Cl).
5. Determination of enthalpy of hydration of copper sulphate.
6. Study of the solubility of benzoic acid in water and determination of ΔH.
Ionic equilibria
pH measurements
a) Measurement of pH of different solutions like aerated drinks, fruit juices,
shampoos and soaps (use dilute solutions of soaps and shampoos to prevent
damage to the glass electrode) using pH-meter.
b) Preparation of buffer solutions:
(i)
Sodium acetate-acetic acid
(ii)
Ammonium chloride-ammonium hydroxide
Measurement of the pH of buffer solutions and comparison of the values with theoretical
values.
Section B: Organic Chemistry
1. Purification of organic compounds by crystallization (from water and alcohol) and
distillation.
2. Criteria of Purity: Determination of melting and boiling points.
3. Preparations: Mechanism of various reactions involved to be discussed.
Recrystallisation, determination of melting point and calculation of quantitative
yields to be done.
(a) Bromination of Phenol/Aniline
(b) Benzoylation of amines/phenols
(c) Oxime and 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazone of aldehyde/ketone
Reference Books
• A.I. Vogel: Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th edition, Prentice-Hall.
• F. G. Mann & B. C. Saunders, Practical Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman
(1960).
• B.D. Khosla, Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand & Co.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semester III
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15 CHEMISTRY-DSC 2C: SOLUTIONS, PHASE EQUILIBRIUM,
CONDUCTANCE, ELECTROCHEMISTRY & FUNCTIONAL
GROUP ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-II
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Section A: Physical Chemistry-2 (30 Lectures)
Solutions
Thermodynamics of ideal solutions: Ideal solutions and Raoult’s law, deviations from
Raoult’s law – non-ideal solutions. Vapour pressure-composition and temperaturecomposition curves of ideal and non-ideal solutions. Distillation of solutions. Lever rule.
Azeotropes.
Partial miscibility of liquids: Critical solution temperature; effect of impurity on partial
miscibility of liquids. Immiscibility of liquids- Principle of steam distillation. Nernst
distribution law and its applications, solvent extraction.
Phase Equilibrium
Phases, components and degrees of freedom of a system, criteria of phase equilibrium.
Gibbs Phase Rule and its thermodynamic derivation. Derivation of Clausius – Clapeyron
equation and its importance in phase equilibria. Phase diagrams of one-component
systems (water and sulphur) and two component systems involving eutectics, congruent
and incongruent melting points (lead-silver, FeCl3-H2O and Na-K only).
Conductance
Conductivity, equivalent and molar conductivity and their variation with dilution for
weak and strong electrolytes. Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions.
Transference number and its experimental determination using Hittorf and Moving
boundary methods. Ionic mobility. Applications of conductance measurements:
determination of degree of ionization of weak electrolyte, solubility and solubility
products of sparingly soluble salts, ionic product of water, hydrolysis constant of a salt.
Conductometric titrations (only acid-base).
Electrochemistry
Reversible and irreversible cells. Concept of EMF of a cell. Measurement of EMF of a
cell. Nernst equation and its importance. Types of electrodes. Standard electrode
potential. Electrochemical series. Thermodynamics of a reversible cell, calculation of
thermodynamic properties: ΔG, ΔH and ΔS from EMF data.
Calculation of equilibrium constant from EMF data. Concentration cells with transference
and without transference. Liquid junction potential and salt bridge.
16 pH determination using hydrogen electrode and quinhydrone electrode.
Potentiometric titrations -qualitative treatment (acid-base and oxidation-reduction only).
Section B: Organic Chemistry-3 (30 Lectures)
Functional group approach for the following reactions (preparations & reactions) to be
studied in context to their structure.
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives
Carboxylic acids (aliphatic and aromatic)
Preparation: Acidic and Alkaline hydrolysis of esters.
Reactions: Hell – Vohlard - Zelinsky Reaction.
Carboxylic acid derivatives (aliphatic): (Upto 5 carbons)
Preparation: Acid chlorides, Anhydrides, Esters and Amides from acids and their
interconversion.
Reactions: Comparative study of nucleophilicity of acyl derivatives. Reformatsky
Reaction, Perkin condensation.
(6 Lectures)
Amines and Diazonium Salts
Amines (Aliphatic and Aromatic): (Upto 5 carbons)
Preparation: from alkyl halides, Gabriel’s Phthalimide synthesis, Hofmann Bromamide
reaction.
Reactions: Hofmann vs. Saytzeff elimination, Carbylamine test, Hinsberg test, with
HNO2, Schotten – Baumann Reaction. Electrophilic substitution (case aniline): nitration,
bromination, sulphonation.
Diazonium salts: Preparation: from aromatic amines.
Reactions: conversion to benzene, phenol, dyes.
(6 Lectures)
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins:
Preparation of Amino Acids: Strecker synthesis using Gabriel’s phthalimide synthesis.
Zwitterion, Isoelectric point and Electrophoresis.
17 Reactions of Amino acids: ester of –COOH group, acetylation of –NH2 group,
complexation with Cu2+ ions, ninhydrin test.
Overview of Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Structure of proteins.
Determination of Primary structure of Peptides by degradation Edmann degradation (Nterminal) and C–terminal (thiohydantoin and with carboxypeptidase enzyme). Synthesis
of simple peptides (upto dipeptides) by N-protection (t-butyloxycarbonyl and phthaloyl)
& C-activating groups and Merrifield solid-phase synthesis.
(10 Lectures)
Carbohydrates: Classification, and General Properties, Glucose and Fructose (open
chain and cyclic structure), Determination of configuration of monosaccharides, absolute
configuration of Glucose and Fructose, Mutarotation, ascending and descending in
monosaccharides. Structure of disacharrides (sucrose, cellobiose, maltose, lactose) and
polysacharrides (starch and cellulose) excluding their structure elucidation.
(8 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• G. M. Barrow: Physical Chemistry Tata McGraw-­‐Hill (2007).
• G. W. Castellan: Physical Chemistry 4th Ed. Narosa (2004).
• J. C. Kotz, P. M. Treichel, J. R. Townsend, General Chemistry, Cengage
Learning India Pvt. Ltd.: New Delhi (2009).
• B. H. Mahan: University Chemistry, 3rd Edn. Narosa (1998).
• R. H. Petrucci, General Chemistry, 5th Edn., Macmillan Publishing Co.: New
York (1985).
• Morrison, R. T. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India)
Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).
• Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education).
• Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education).
• Nelson, D. L. & Cox, M. M. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry 7th Ed., W.
H. Freeman.
• Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L. & Stryer, L. Biochemistry 7th Ed., W. H. Freeman
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY LAB-DSC 2C LAB: SOLUTIONS, PHASE
EQUILIBRIUM, CONDUCTANCE, ELECTROCHEMISTRY &
BIOMOLECULES
60 Lectures
Section A: Physical Chemistry
Distribution
18 Study of the equilibrium of one of the following reactions by the distribution method:
I2(aq) + I-(aq) ⇌ I3-(aq)
Cu2+(aq) + xNH2(aq) ⇌ [Cu(NH3)x]2+
Phase equilibria
a) Construction of the phase diagram of a binary system (simple eutectic) using
cooling curves.
b) Determination of the critical solution temperature and composition of the
phenol water system and study of the effect of impurities on it.
c) Study of the variation of mutual solubility temperature with concentration for
the phenol water system and determination of the critical solubility temperature.
Conductance
I.
II.
Determination of cell constant
Determination of equivalent conductance, degree of dissociation and dissociation
constant of a weak acid.
III.
Perform the following conductometric titrations:
i.
Strong acid vs. strong base
ii.
Weak acid vs. strong base
Potentiometry
Perform the following potentiometric titrations:
i.
Strong acid vs. strong base
ii.
Weak acid vs. strong base
iii.
Potassium dichromate vs. Mohr's salt
Section B: Organic Chemistry
I Systematic Qualitative Organic Analysis of Organic Compounds possessing
monofunctional groups (-COOH, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, amide, nitro, amines) and
preparation of one derivative.
II
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography
Determination of the concentration of glycine solution by formylation method.
Titration curve of glycine
Action of salivary amylase on starch
Effect of temperature on the action of salivary amylase on starch.
Differentiation between a reducing/nonreducing sugar.
Reference Books:
• A.I. Vogel: Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall, 5th Edn.
• F. G. Mann & B. C. Saunders: Practical Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman,
1960.
19 •
•
B.D. Khosla: Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand & Co.
Ahluwalia, V.K. & Aggarwal, R. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry,
Universities Press.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Semester IV
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY-DSC 2D:
CHEMISTRY OF S- AND P-BLOCK
ELEMENTS, STATES OF MATTER & CHEMICAL KINETICS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
General Principles of Metallurgy
Chief modes of occurrence of metals based on standard electrode potentials. Ellingham
diagrams for reduction of metal oxides using carbon as reducing agent.
Hydrometallurgy, Methods of purification of metals (Al, Pb, Ti, Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn):
electrolytic, oxidative refining, Kroll process, Parting process, van Arkel-de Boer process
and Mond’s process.
(4 Lectures)
s- and p-Block Elements
Periodicity in s- and p-block elements with respect to electronic configuration, atomic
and ionic size, ionization enthalpy, electronegativity (Pauling, Mulliken, and AlfredRochow scales). Allotropy in C, S, and P.
Oxidation states with reference to elements in unusual and rare oxidation states like
carbides and nitrides), inert pair effect, diagonal relationship and anomalous behaviour of
first member of each group.
Compounds of s- and p-Block Elements
Hydrides and their classification (ionic, covalent and interstitial), structure and properties
with respect to stability of hydrides of p- block elements.
Concept of multicentre bonding (diborane).
Structure, bonding and their important properties like oxidation/reduction, acidic/basic
nature of the following compounds and their applications in industrial, organic and
environmental chemistry.
Hydrides of nitrogen (NH3, N2H4, N3H, NH2OH)
20 Oxoacids of P, S and Cl.
Halides and oxohalides: PCl3, PCl5, SOCl2 and SO2Cl2
(26 Lectures)
Section B: Physical Chemistry-3 (30 Lectures)
Kinetic Theory of Gases
Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases and derivation of the kinetic gas equation.
Deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, causes of deviation.
van der Waals equation of state for real gases. Boyle temperature (derivation not
required). Critical phenomena, critical constants and their calculation from van der Waals
equation. Andrews isotherms of CO2.
Maxwell Boltzmann distribution laws of molecular velocities and molecular energies
(graphic representation – derivation not required) and their importance.
Temperature dependence of these distributions. Most probable, average and root mean
square velocities (no derivation). Collision cross section, collision number, collision
frequency, collision diameter and mean free path of molecules. Viscosity of gases and
effect of temperature and pressure on coefficient of viscosity (qualitative treatment only).
Liquids
Surface tension and its determination using stalagmometer. Viscosity of a liquid and
determination of coefficient of viscosity using Ostwald viscometer. Effect of temperature
on surface tension and coefficient of viscosity of a liquid (qualitative treatment only)
Solids
Forms of solids. Symmetry elements, unit cells, crystal systems, Bravais lattice types and
identification of lattice planes. Laws of Crystallography - Law of constancy of interfacial
angles, Law of rational indices. Miller indices. X–Ray diffraction by crystals, Bragg’s
law. Structures of NaCl, KCl and CsCl (qualitative treatment only). Defects in crystals.
Glasses and liquid crystals.
Chemical Kinetics
The concept of reaction rates. Effect of temperature, pressure, catalyst and other factors
on reaction rates. Order and molecularity of a reaction. Derivation of integrated rate
equations for zero, first and second order reactions (both for equal and unequal
concentrations of reactants). Half–life of a reaction. General methods for determination of
order of a reaction. Concept of activation energy and its calculation from Arrhenius
equation.
Theories of Reaction Rates: Collision theory and Activated Complex theory of
bimolecular reactions. Comparison of the two theories (qualitative treatment only).
21 Reference Books:
• G. M. Barrow: Physical Chemistry Tata McGraw-­‐Hill (2007).
• G. W. Castellan: Physical Chemistry 4th Edn. Narosa (2004).
• J. C. Kotz, P. M. Treichel & J. R. Townsend: General Chemistry Cengage Lening
India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2009).
• B. H. Mahan: University Chemistry 3rd Ed. Narosa (1998).
• R. H. Petrucci: General Chemistry 5th Ed. Macmillan Publishing Co.: New York
(1985).
• J. D. Lee: A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry, E.L.B.S.
• F.A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson: Basic Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley.
• D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins: Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford University Press.
• Gary Wulfsberg: Inorganic Chemistry, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY LAB-DSC 2D LAB: CHEMISTRY OF S- AND PBLOCK ELEMENTS, STATES OF MATTER & CHEMICAL
KINETICS
60 Lectures
Section A: Inorganic Chemistry
Semi-micro qualitative analysis using H2S of mixtures- not more than four ionic species
(two anions and two cations and excluding insoluble salts) out of the following:
Cations : NH4+, Pb2+, Ag+, Bi3+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Sn2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Co2+, Cr3+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+,
Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, K+
Anions : CO32– , S2–, SO2–, S2O32–, NO3–, CH3COO–, Cl–, Br–, I–, NO3–,SO42-, PO43-,
BO33-, C2O42-, F(Spot tests should be carried out wherever feasible)
Section B: Physical Chemistry
(I) Surface tension measurement (use of organic solvents excluded).
a) Determination of the surface tension of a liquid or a dilute solution using a
stalagmometer.
b) Study of the variation of surface tension of a detergent solution with
concentration.
(II) Viscosity measurement (use of organic solvents excluded).
a) Determination of the relative and absolute viscosity of a liquid or dilute
solution using an Ostwald’s viscometer.
b) Study of the variation of viscosity of an aqueous solution with concentration of
solute.
22 (III) Chemical Kinetics
Study the kinetics of the following reactions.
1. Initial rate method: Iodide-persulphate reaction
2. Integrated rate method:
a. Acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate with hydrochloric acid.
b. Saponification of ethyl acetate.
c. Compare the strengths of HCl and H2SO4 by studying kinetics of hydrolysis of
methyl acetate
Reference Books:
• A.I. Vogel, Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Prentice Hall, 7th Edn.
• A.I. Vogel, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, 6th Edn.
• B.D. Khosla, Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand & Co.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Discipline Specific Elective
Select two papers
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY-DSE I-IV (ELECTIVES)
CHEMISTRY-DSE: APPLICATIONS
CHEMISTRY
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
OF
COMPUTERS
IN
Basics:
Constants, variables, bits, bytes, binary and ASCII formats, arithmetic expressions,
hierarchy of operations, inbuilt functions. Elements of the BASIC language. BASIC
keywords and commands. Logical and relative operators. Strings and graphics. Compiled
versus interpreted languages. Debugging. Simple programs using these concepts. Matrix
addition and multiplication. Statistical analysis.
Numerical methods:
Roots of equations: Numerical methods for roots of equations: Quadratic formula,
iterative method, Newton-Raphson method, Binary bisection and Regula-Falsi.
Differential calculus: Numerical differentiation.
Integral calculus: Numerical integration (Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule), probability
distributions and mean values.
Simultaneous equations: Matrix manipulation: addition, multiplication. Gauss-Siedal
method.
23 Interpolation, extrapolation and curve fitting: Handling of experimental data.
Conceptual background of molecular modelling: Potential energy surfaces. Elementary
ideas of molecular mechanics and practical MO methods.
Reference Books:
•
•
•
•
Harris, D. C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 6th Ed., Freeman (2007) Chapters 3-5.
Levie, R. de, How to use Excel in analytical chemistry and in general scientific data
analysis, Cambridge Univ. Press (2001) 487 pages.
Noggle, J. H. Physical chemistry on a Microcomputer. Little Brown & Co. (1985).
Venit, S.M. Programming in BASIC: Problem solving with structure and style. Jaico
Publishing House: Delhi (1996).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PRACTICAL-DSE LAB: APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS IN
CHEMISTRY
60 Lectures
Computer programs based on numerical methods for
1. Roots of equations: (e.g. volume of van der Waals gas and comparison with ideal gas,
pH of a weak acid).
2. Numerical differentiation (e.g., change in pressure for small change in volume of a van
der Waals gas, potentiometric titrations).
3. Numerical integration (e.g. entropy/ enthalpy change from heat capacity data),
probability distributions (gas kinetic theory) and mean values.
4. Matrix operations. Application of Gauss-Siedel method in colourimetry.
5. Simple exercises using molecular visualization software.
Reference Books:
• McQuarrie, D. A. Mathematics for Physical Chemistry University Science Books
(2008).
• Mortimer, R. Mathematics for Physical Chemistry. 3rd Ed. Elsevier (2005).
• Steiner, E. The Chemical Maths Book Oxford University Press (1996).
• Yates, P. Chemical Calculations. 2nd Ed. CRC Press (2007).
•
•
•
•
Harris, D. C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 6th Ed., Freeman (2007) Chapters 3-5.
Levie, R. de, How to use Excel in analytical chemistry and in general scientific data
analysis, Cambridge Univ. Press (2001) 487 pages.
Noggle, J. H. Physical Chemistry on a Microcomputer. Little Brown & Co. (1985).
Venit, S.M. Programming in BASIC: Problem solving with structure and style. Jaico
Publishing House: Delhi (1996).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY-DSE: ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
24 Theory: 60 Lectures
Qualitative and quantitative aspects of analysis:
Sampling, evaluation of analytical data, errors, accuracy and precision, methods of their
expression, normal law of distribution if indeterminate errors, statistical test of data; F, Q
and t test, rejection of data, and confidence intervals.
(5 Lectures)
Optical methods of analysis:
Origin of spectra, interaction of radiation with matter, fundamental laws of spectroscopy
and selection rules, validity of Beer-Lambert’s law.
UV-Visible Spectrometry: Basic principles of instrumentation (choice of source,
monochromator and detector) for single and double beam instrument;
Basic principles of quantitative analysis: estimation of metal ions from aqueous solution,
geometrical isomers, keto-enol tautomers. Determination of composition of metal
complexes using Job’s method of continuous variation and mole ratio method.
Infrared Spectrometry: Basic principles of instrumentation (choice of source,
monochromator & detector) for single and double beam instrument; sampling techniques.
Structural illustration through interpretation of data, Effect and importance of isotope
substitution.
Flame Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectrometry: Basic principles of
instrumentation (choice of source, monochromator, detector, choice of flame and Burner
designs. Techniques of atomization and sample introduction; Method of background
correction, sources of chemical interferences and their method of removal. Techniques
for the quantitative estimation of trace level of metal ions from water samples.
(25 Lectures)
Thermal methods of analysis:
Theory of thermogravimetry (TG), basic principle of instrumentation.
Techniques for quantitative estimation of Ca and Mg from their mixture.
(5 Lectures)
Electroanalytical methods:
Classification of electroanalytical methods, basic principle of pH metric, potentiometric
and conductometric titrations. Techniques used for the determination of equivalence
points. Techniques used for the determination of pKa values.
(10 Lectures)
Separation techniques:
25 Solvent extraction: Classification, principle and efficiency of the technique.
Mechanism of extraction: extraction by solvation and chelation.
Technique of extraction: batch, continuous and counter current extractions.
Qualitative and quantitative aspects of solvent extraction: extraction of metal ions from
aqueous solution, extraction of organic species from the aqueous and nonaqueous media.
Chromatography: Classification, principle and efficiency of the technique.
Mechanism of separation: adsorption, partition & ion exchange.
Development of chromatograms: frontal, elution and displacement methods.
Qualitative and quantitative aspects of chromatographic methods of analysis: IC, GLC,
GPC, TLC and HPLC.
Stereoisomeric separation and analysis: Measurement of optical rotation, calculation of
Enantiomeric excess (ee)/ diastereomeric excess (de) ratios and determination of
enantiomeric composition using NMR, Chiral solvents and chiral shift reagents. Chiral
chromatographic techniques using chiral columns (GC and HPLC).
Role of computers in instrumental methods of analysis.
(15 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• Vogel, Arthur I: A Test book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis (Rev. by G.H.
Jeffery and others) 5th Ed. The English Language Book Society of Longman .
• Willard, Hobert H. et al.: Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Ed. Wardsworth
Publishing Company, Belmont, California, USA, 1988.
• Christian, Gary D; Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York,
2004.
• Harris, Daniel C: Exploring Chemical Analysis, Ed. New York, W.H. Freeman,
2001.
• Khopkar, S.M. Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry. New Age, International
Publisher, 2009.
• Skoog, D.A. Holler F.J. and Nieman, T.A. Principles of Instrumental Analysis,
Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd. Singapore.
• Mikes, O. & Chalmes, R.A. Laboratory Hand Book of Chromatographic & Allied
Methods, Elles Harwood Ltd. London.
• Ditts, R.V. Analytical Chemistry – Methods of separation.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PRACTICALS- DSE LAB: ANALYTICAL METHODS IN
CHEMISTRY
26 60 Lectures
I. Separation Techniques
1. Chromatography:
(a) Separation of mixtures
(i) Paper chromatographic separation of Fe3+, Al3+, and Cr3+.
(ii) Separation and identification of the monosaccharides present in the given mixture
(glucose & fructose) by paper chromatography. Reporting the Rf values.
(b) Separate a mixture of Sudan yellow and Sudan Red by TLC technique and identify
them on the basis of their Rf values.
(c) Chromatographic separation of the active ingredients of plants, flowers and juices by
TLC
II. Solvent Extractions:
(i) To separate a mixture of Ni2+ & Fe2+ by complexation with DMG and extracting the
Ni2+- DMG complex in chloroform, and determine its concentration by
spectrophotometry.
(ii) Solvent extraction of zisconium with amberliti LA-1, separation from a mixture of
irons and gallium.
3. Determine the pH of the given aerated drinks fruit juices, shampoos and soaps.
4. Determination of Na, Ca, Li in cola drinks and fruit juices using fame photometric
techniques.
5. Analysis of soil:
(i) Determination of pH of soil.
(ii) Total soluble salt
(iii) Estimation of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, nitrate
6. Ion exchange:
(i) Determination of exchange capacity of cation exchange resins and anion exchange
resins.
(ii) Separation of metal ions from their binary mixture.
(iii) Separation of amino acids from organic acids by ion exchange chromatography.
III Spectrophotometry
27 1. Determination of pKa values of indicator using spectrophotometry.
2
3
4
Structural characterization of compounds by infrared spectroscopy.
Determination of dissolved oxygen in water.
Determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD).
5
Determination of Biological oxygen demand (BOD).
6
Determine the composition of the Ferric-salicylate/ ferric-thiocyanate complex by
Job’s method.
Reference Books:
• Vogel, Arthur I: A Test book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis (Rev. by G.H.
Jeffery and others) 5th Ed. The English Language Book Society of Longman .
• Willard, Hobert H. et al.: Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Ed. Wardsworth
Publishing Company, Belmont, California, USA, 1988.
• Christian, Gary D; Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York,
2004.
• Harris, Daniel C: Exploring Chemical Analysis, Ed. New York, W.H. Freeman,
2001.
• Khopkar, S.M. Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry. New Age, International
Publisher, 2009.
• Skoog, D.A. Holler F.J. and Nieman, T.A. Principles of Instrumental Analysis,
Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd. Singapore.
• Mikes, O. & Chalmes, R.A. Laboratory Hand Book of Chromatographic & Allied
Methods, Elles Harwood Ltd. London.
• Ditts, R.V. Analytical Chemistry – Methods of separation.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY-DSE: MOLECULAR MODELLING & DRUG DESIGN
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Introduction to Molecular Modelling:
Introduction. Useful Concepts in Molecular Modelling: Coordinate Systems. Potential
Energy Surfaces. Molecular Graphics. Surfaces. Computer Hardware and Software. The
Molecular Modelling Literature.
(10 Lectures)
Force Fields:
Fields. Bond Stretching. Angle Bending. Introduction to nonbonded interactions.
Electrostatic interactions. van der Waals Interactions. Hydrogen bonding in Molecular
Mechanics. Force Field Models for the Simulation of Liquid Water.
(14 Lectures)
Energy Minimization and Computer Simulation:
28 Minimization and related methods for exploring the energy surface. Non-derivative
method, First and second order minimization methods. Computer simulation methods.
Simple thermodynamic properties and Phase Space. Boundaries. Analyzing the results of
a simulation and estimating Errors.
(12 Lectures)
Molecular Dynamics & Monte Carlo Simulation:
Molecular Dynamics Simulation Methods. Molecular Dynamics using simple models.
Molecular Dynamics with continuous potentials. Molecular Dynamics at constant
temperature and pressure. Metropolis method. Monte Carlo simulation of molecules.
Models used in Monte Carlo simulations of polymers.
(12 Lectures)
Structure Prediction and Drug Design:
Structure prediction - Introduction to comparative Modeling. Sequence alignment.
Constructing and evaluating a comparative model. Predicting protein structures by
'Threading’, Molecular docking. Structure based de novo ligand design,
Drug Discovery – Chemoinformatics – QSAR.
(12 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• A.R. Leach, Molecular Modelling Principles and Application, Longman, 2001.
• J.M. Haile, Molecular Dynamics Simulation Elementary Methods, John Wiley
and Sons, 1997.
• Satya Prakash Gupta, QSAR and Molecular Modeling, Springer - Anamaya
Publishers, 2008.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PRACTICAL- DSE LAB: MOLECULA MODELLING & DRUG DESIGN
60 Lectures
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Compare the optimized C-C bond lengths in ethane, ethene, ethyne and benzene.
Visualize the molecular orbitals of the ethane σ bonds and ethene, ethyne,
benzene and pyridine π bonds.
(a) Perform a conformational analysis of butane. (b) Determine the enthalpy of
isomerization of cis and trans 2-butene.
Visualize the electron density and electrostatic potential maps for LiH, HF, N2,
NO and CO and comment. Relate to the dipole moments. Animate the vibrations
of these molecules.
(a) Relate the charge on the hydrogen atom in hydrogen halides with their acid
character. (b) Compare the basicities of the nitrogen atoms in ammonia,
methylamine, dimethylamine and trimethylamine.
(a) Compare the shapes of the molecules: 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1propanol, and 2-methyl-2-propanol. Note the dipole moment of each molecule. (b)
29 vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
Show how the shapes affect the trend in boiling points: (118 ºC, 100 ºC, 108 ºC,
82 ºC, respectively).
Build and minimize organic compounds of your choice containing the following
functional groups. Note the dipole moment of each compound: (a) alkyl halide (b)
aldehyde (c) ketone (d) amine (e) ether (f) nitrile (g) thiol (h) carboxylic acid (i)
ester (j) amide.
(a) Determine the heat of hydration of ethylene. (b) Compute the resonance
energy of benzene by comparison of its enthalpy of hydrogenation with that of
cyclohexene.
Arrange 1-hexene, 2-methyl-2-pentene, (E)-3-methyl-2-pentene, (Z)-3-methyl-2pentene, and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene in order of increasing stability.
(a) Compare the optimized bond angles H2O, H2S, H2Se. (b) Compare the HAH
bond angles for the second row dihydrides and compare with the results from
qualitative MO theory.
Note: Software: ChemSketch, ArgusLab (www.planaria-software.com), TINKER 6.2
(dasher.wustl.edu/ffe), WebLab Viewer, Hyperchem, or any similar software.
Reference Books:
• A.R. Leach, Molecular Modelling Principles and Application, Longman, 2001.
• J.M. Haile, Molecular Dynamics Simulation Elementary Methods, John Wiley
and Sons, 1997.
• Satya Prakash Gupta, QSAR and Molecular Modeling, Springer - Anamaya Publishers, 2008.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY-DSE: NOVEL INORGANIC SOLIDS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Synthesis and modification of inorganic solids:
Conventional heat and beat methods, Co-precipitation method, Sol-gel methods,
Hydrothermal method, Ion-exchange and Intercalation methods.
(10 Lectures)
Inorganic solids of technological importance:
Solid electrolytes – Cationic, anionic, mixed Inorganic pigments – coloured solids, white
and black pigments.
Molecular material and fullerides, molecular materials & chemistry – one-dimensional
metals, molecular magnets, inorganic liquid crystals.
(10 Lectures)
Nanomaterials:
30 Overview of nanostructures and nanomaterials: classification.
Preparation of gold and silver metallic nanoparticles, self-assembled nanostructurescontrol of nanoarchitecture-one dimensional control. Carbon nanotubes and inorganic
nanowires. Bio-inorganic nanomaterials, DNA and nanomaterials, natural and antisical
nanomaterials, bionano composites.
(10 Lectures)
Introduction to engineering materials for mechanical construction:
Composition, mechanical and fabricating characteristics and applications of various types
of cast irons, plain carbon and alloy steels, copper, aluminum and their alloys like
duralumin, brasses and bronzes cutting tool materials, super alloys thermoplastics,
thermosets and composite materials.
(10 Lectures)
Composite materials:
Introduction, limitations of conventional engineering materials, role of matrix in
composites, classification, matrix materials, reinforcements, metal-matrix composites,
polymer-matrix composites, fibre-reinforced composites, environmental effects on
composites, applications of composites.
(10 Lectures)
Speciality polymers:
Conducting polymers - Introduction, conduction mechanism, polyacetylene,
polyparaphenylene and polypyrole, applications of conducting polymers, Ion-exchange
resins and their applications. Ceramic & Refractory: Introduction, classification,
properties, raw materials, manufacturing and applications.
(10 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• Shriver & Atkins. Inorganic Chemistry, Peter Alkins, Tina Overton, Jonathan
Rourke, Mark Weller and Fraser Armstrong, 5th Edition, Oxford University Press
(2011-2012)
• Adam, D.M. Inorganic Solids: An introduction to concepts in solid-state structural
chemistry.
• Frank J. Ovens, Introduction to Nanotechnology
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL - DSE LAB: NOVEL INORGANIC
SOLIDS
60 Lectures
31 1.
2.
3.
4.
Determination of cation exchange method
Determination of total difference of solids.
Synthesis of hydrogel by co-precipitation method.
Synthesis of silver and gold metal nanoparticles.
Reference Book:
• Fahan, Materials Chemistry, Springer (2004).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY-DSE: POLYMER CHEMISTRY
(Credits: Theory-06, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Introduction and history of polymeric materials:
Different schemes of classification of polymers, Polymer nomenclature, Molecular forces
and chemical bonding in polymers, Texture of Polymers.
(4 Lectures)
Functionality and its importance:
Criteria for synthetic polymer formation, classification of polymerization processes,
Relationships between functionality, extent of reaction and degree of polymerization. Bifunctional systems, Poly-functional systems.
(8 Lectures)
Kinetics of Polymerization:
Mechanism and kinetics of step growth, radical chain growth, ionic chain (both cationic
and anionic) and coordination polymerizations, Mechanism and kinetics of
copolymerization, polymerization techniques.
(8 lectures)
Crystallization and crystallinity:
Determination of crystalline melting point and degree of crystallinity, Morphology of
crystalline polymers, Factors affecting crystalline melting point.
(4 Lectures)
Nature and structure of polymers-Structure Property relationships.
(2 Lectures)
32 Determination of molecular weight of polymers (Mn, Mw, etc) by end group analysis,
viscometry, light scattering and osmotic pressure methods. Molecular weight distribution
and its significance.
Polydispersity index.
(8 Lectures)
Glass transition temperature (Tg) and determination of Tg, Free volume theory, WLF
equation, Factors affecting glass transition temperature (Tg).
(8 Lectures)
Polymer Solution – Criteria for polymer solubility, Solubility parameter,
Thermodynamics of polymer solutions, entropy, enthalpy, and free energy change of
mixing of polymers solutions, Flory- Huggins theory, Lower and Upper critical solution
temperatures.
(8 Lectures)
Properties of Polymers (Physical, thermal, Flow & Mechanical Properties).
Brief introduction to preparation, structure, properties and application of the following
polymers: polyolefins, polystyrene and styrene copolymers, poly(vinyl chloride) and
related polymers, poly(vinyl acetate) and related polymers, acrylic polymers, fluoro
polymers, polyamides and related polymers. Phenol formaldehyde resins (Bakelite,
Novalac), polyurethanes, silicone polymers, polydienes,
Polycarbonates, Conducting Polymers, [polyacetylene, polyaniline, poly(p-phenylene
sulphide polypyrrole, polythiophene)].
(10 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• Seymour’s Polymer Chemistry, Marcel Dekker, Inc.
• G. Odian: Principles of Polymerization, John Wiley.
• F.W. Billmeyer: Text Book of Polymer Science, John Wiley.
• P. Ghosh: Polymer Science & Technology, Tata Mcgraw-Hill.
• R.W. Lenz: Organic Chemistry of Synthetic High Polymers.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL - DSE LAB: POLYMER CHEMISTRY
60 Lectures
1. Polymer synthesis
33 1. Free radical solution polymerization of styrene (St) / Methyl Methacrylate
(MMA) / Methyl Acrylate (MA) / Acrylic acid (AA).
a. Purification of monomer
b. Polymerization using benzoyl
isobutylonitrile (AIBN)
2. Preparation of nylon 66/6
peroxide
(BPO)
/
2,2’-azo-bis-
1. Interfacial polymerization, preparation of polyester from isophthaloyl chloride
(IPC) and phenolphthalein
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a. Preparation of IPC
b. Purification of IPC
c. Interfacial polymerization
Redox polymerization of acrylamide
Precipitation polymerization of acrylonitrile
Preparation of urea-formaldehyde resin
Preparations of novalac resin/resold resin.
Microscale Emulsion Polymerization of Poly(methylacrylate).
Polymer characterization
1. Determination of molecular weight by viscometry:
(a) Polyacrylamide-aq.NaNO2 solution
(b) (Poly vinyl proplylidine (PVP) in water
2. Determination of the viscosity-average molecular weight of poly(vinyl alcohol)
(PVOH) and the fraction of “head-to-head” monomer linkages in the polymer.
3. Determination of molecular weight by end group analysis: Polyethylene glycol
(PEG) (OH group).
4. Testing of mechanical properties of polymers.
5. Determination of hydroxyl number of a polymer using colorimetric method.
Polymer analysis
1. Estimation of the amount of HCHO in the given solution by sodium sulphite
method
2. Instrumental Techniques
3. IR studies of polymers
4. DSC analysis of polymers
5. Preparation of polyacrylamide and its electrophoresis
*at least 7 experiments to be carried out.
Reference Books:
• Malcohm P. Stevens, Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction, 3rd Ed.
• Harry R. Allcock, Frederick W. Lampe and James E. Mark, Contemporary
Polymer Chemistry, 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall (2003)
• Fred W. Billmeyer, Textbook of Polymer Science, 3rd ed. Wiley-Interscience
(1984)
• Joel R. Fried, Polymer Science and Technology, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall (2003)
34 •
•
•
•
Petr Munk and Tejraj M. Aminabhavi, Introduction to Macromolecular Science,
2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons (2002)
L. H. Sperling, Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, 4th ed. John Wiley &
Sons (2005)
Malcolm P. Stevens, Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction, 3rd ed. Oxford
University Press (2005)
Seymour/ Carraher’s Polymer Chemistry, 9th ed. by Charles E. Carraher, Jr.
(2013).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY-DSE:
RESEARCH
CHEMISTRY
(Credits: Theory-05, Tutorials-01)
Theory: 75 Lectures
METHODOLOGY
FOR
Literature Survey:
Print: Sources of information: Primary, secondary, tertiary sources; Journals: Journal
abbreviations, abstracts, current titles, reviews, monographs, dictionaries, text-books,
current contents, Introduction to Chemical Abstracts and Beilstein, Subject Index,
Substance Index, Author Index, Formula Index, and other Indices with examples.
Digital: Web resources, E-journals, Journal access, TOC alerts, Hot articles, Citation
index, Impact factor, H-index, E-consortium, UGC infonet, E-books, Internet discussion
groups and communities, Blogs, Preprint servers, Search engines, Scirus, Google Scholar,
ChemIndustry, Wiki- Databases, ChemSpider, Science Direct, SciFinder, Scopus.
Information Technology and Library Resources: The Internet and World Wide Web.
Internet resources for chemistry. Finding and citing published information.
(20 Lectures)
Methods of Scientific Research and Writing Scientific Papers:
Reporting practical and project work. Writing literature surveys and reviews. Organizing
a poster display. Giving an oral presentation.
Writing scientific papers – justification for scientific contributions, bibliography,
description of methods, conclusions, the need for illustration, style, publications of
scientific work. Writing ethics. Avoiding plagiarism.
(20 Lectures)
Chemical Safety and Ethical Handling of Chemicals:
35 Safe working procedure and protective environment, protective apparel, emergency
procedure and first aid, laboratory ventilation. Safe storage and use of hazardous
chemicals, procedure for working with substances that pose hazards, flammable or
explosive hazards, procedures for working with gases at pressures above or below
atmospheric – safe storage and disposal of waste chemicals, recovery, recycling and reuse
of laboratory chemicals, procedure for laboratory disposal of explosives, identification,
verification and segregation of laboratory waste, disposal of chemicals in the sanitary
sewer system, incineration and transportation of hazardous chemicals.
(12 Lectures)
Data Analysis
The Investigative Approach: Making and Recording Measurements. SI Units and their
use.Scientific method and design of experiments.
Analysis and Presentation of Data: Descriptive statistics. Choosing and using statistical
tests. Chemometrics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Correlation and regression, Curve
fitting, fitting of linear equations, simple linear cases, weighted linear case, analysis of
residuals, General polynomial fitting, linearizing transformations, exponential function
fit, r and its abuse. Basic aspects of multiple linear regression analysis.
(13 Lectures)
Electronics
Basic fundamentals of electronic circuits and their components used in circuits of
common instruments like spectrophotometers, typical circuits involving operational
amplifiers for electrochemical instruments. Elementary aspects of digital electronics.
(10 Lectures)
Reference Books
• Dean, J. R., Jones, A. M., Holmes, D., Reed, R., Weyers, J. & Jones, A. (2011)
Practical skills in chemistry. 2nd Ed. Prentice-Hall, Harlow.
• Hibbert, D. B. & Gooding, J. J. (2006) Data analysis for chemistry. Oxford
University Press.
• Topping, J. (1984) Errors of observation and their treatment. Fourth Ed.,
Chapman Hall, London.
• Harris, D. C. Quantitative chemical analysis. 6th Ed., Freeman (2007) Chapters 35.
• Levie, R. de, How to use Excel in analytical chemistry and in general scientific
data analysis. Cambridge Univ. Press (2001) 487 pages.
• Chemical safety matters – IUPAC – IPCS, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
• OSU safety manual 1.01.
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CHEMISTRY-DSE: GREEN CHEMISTRY
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
36 Theory: 60 Lectures
Introduction to Green Chemistry
What is Green Chemistry? Need for Green Chemistry. Goals of Green Chemistry.
Limitations/ Obstacles in the pursuit of the goals of Green Chemistry.
(4 Lectures)
Principles of Green Chemistry and Designing a Chemical synthesis
Twelve principles of Green Chemistry with their explanations and examples; Designing a
Green Synthesis using these principles; Prevention of Waste/ byproducts; maximum
incorporation of the materials used in the process into the final products (Atom
Economy); prevention/ minimization of hazardous/ toxic products; designing safer
chemicals – different basic approaches to do so; selection of appropriate auxiliary
substances (solvents, separation agents), green solvents, solventless processes,
immobilized solvents and ionic liquids; energy requirements for reactions - use of
microwaves, ultrasonic energy; selection of starting materials; avoidance of unnecessary
derivatization – careful use of blocking/protecting groups; use of catalytic reagents
(wherever possible) in preference to stoichiometric reagents; designing of biodegradable
products; prevention of chemical accidents; strengthening/ development of analytical
techniques to prevent and minimize the generation of hazardous substances in chemical
processes.
(24 Lectures)
Examples of Green Synthesis/ Reactions
1. Green Synthesis of the following compounds: adipic acid, catechol, BHT, methyl
methacrylate, urethane, aromatic amines (4-aminodiphenylamine), benzyl bromide,
acetaldehyde, disodium iminodiacetate (alternative to Strecker synthesis), citral,
ibuprofen, paracetamol, furfural.
2. Microwave assisted reactions in water: Hofmann Elimination, Hydrolysis (of benzyl
chloride, benzamide, n-phenyl benzamide, methylbenzoate to benzole acid), Oxidation
(of toluene, alcohols).
Microwave assisted reactions in organic solvents: Esterification, Fries rearrangement,
Orthoester Claisen Rearrangement, Diels-Alder Reaction, Decarboxylation.
Microwave assisted solid state reactions: Deacetylation, Deprotection. Saponification of
esters, Alkylation of reactive methylene compounds, reductions, synthesis of nitriles from
aldehydes; anhydrides from dicarboxylic acid; pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives; 1,2dihydrotriazine derivatives; benzimidazoles.
3. Ultrasound assisted reactions: Esterification, saponification, substitution reactions,
Alkylations, oxidation, reduction, coupling reaction, Cannizaro reaction, Strecker
synthesis, Reformatsky reaction.
4. Selective methylation of active methylene group using dimethylcarbonate: Solid-state
polymerization of amorphous polymers using diphenylcarbonate; Use of “Clayan”, a
nonmetallic oxidative reagent for various reactions; Free Radical Bromination; Role of
Tellurium in organic syntheses; Biocatalysis in organic syntheses.
(24 Lectures)
Future Trends in Green Chemistry
Oxidation reagents and catalysts; Biomimetic, multifunctional reagents; Combinatorial
green chemistry; Proliferation of solventless reactions; oncovalent derivatization; Green
chemistry in sustainable development.
(8 Lectures)
Reference Books:
37 •
•
•
•
•
•
V.K. Ahluwalia & M.R. Kidwai: New Trends in Green Chemistry,
Anamalaya Publishers (2005).
P.T. Anastas & J.K. Warner: Oxford Green Chemistry- Theory and Practical,
University Press (1998).
A.S. Matlack: Introduction to Green Chemistry, Marcel Dekker (2001).
M.C. Cann & M.E. Connely: Real-World cases in Green Chemistry, American
Chemical Society, Washington (2000).
M.A. Ryan & M. Tinnesand, Introduction to Green Chemistry, American
Chemical Society, Washington (2002).
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CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL - DSE LAB: GREEN CHEMISTRY
60 Lectures
1. Safer starting materials
The Vitamin C clock reaction using Vitamin C tablets, tincture of iodine, hydrogen
peroxide and liquid laundry starch.
! Effect of concentration on clock reaction
! Effect of temperature on clock reaction. (if possible)
2. Using renewable resources
Preparation of biodiesel from vegetable oil.
3. Avoiding waste
Principle of atom economy.
Use of molecular model kit to stimulate the reaction to investigate how the atom
economy can illustrate Green Chemistry.
Preparation of propene by two methods can be studied
(I)
Triethylamine ion + OH- →
(II)
1-propanol
H2SO4/Δ
propene + trimethylpropene + water
propene + water
The other types of reactions, like addition, elimination, substitution and rearrangement
should also be studied for the calculation of atom economy.
4. Use of enzymes as catalysts
Benzoin condensation using Thiamine Hydrochloride as a catalyst instead of cyanide
Alternative Green solvents
38 5. Diels Alder reaction in water
Reaction between furan and maleic acid in water and at room temperature rather than in
benzene and reflux.
6. Extraction of D-limonene from orange peel using liquid CO2 prepared form dry ice.
7. Mechanochemical solvent free synthesis of azomethines
8. Co-crystal controlled solid state synthesis (C2S3) of N-organophthalimide using
phthalic anhydride and 3-aminobenzoic acid.
Alternative sources of energy
9. Solvent free, microwave assisted one pot synthesis of phthalocyanine complex of
copper (II).
10. Photoreduction of benzophenone to benzopinacol in the presence of sunlight.
Reference Books:
• Anastas, P.T & Warner, J.C. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford
University Press (1998).
• Kirchoff, M. & Ryan, M.A. Greener approaches to undergraduate chemistry
experiment. American Chemical Society, Washington DC (2002).
• Ryan, M.A. Introduction to Green Chemistry, Tinnesand; (Ed), American
Chemical Society, Washington DC (2002).
• Sharma, R.K.; Sidhwani, I.T. & Chaudhari, M.K. I.K. Green Chemistry
Experiment: A monograph International Publishing House Pvt Ltd. New Delhi.
Bangalore CISBN 978-93-81141-55-7 (2013).
• Cann, M.C. & Connelly, M. E. Real world cases in Green Chemistry, American
Chemical Society (2008).
• Cann, M. C. & Thomas, P. Real world cases in Green Chemistry, American
Chemical Society (2008).
• Pavia, D. L. Lamponan, G. H. &Kriz, G.S. W B Introduction to organic
laboratory
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CHEMISTRY-DSE:
INDUSTRIAL
ENVIRONMENT
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
CHEMICALS
AND
Industrial Gases and Inorganic Chemicals
39 Industrial Gases: Large scale production, uses, storage and hazards in handling of the
following gases: oxygen, nitrogen, argon, neon, helium, hydrogen, acetylene, carbon
monoxide, chlorine, fluorine, sulphur dioxide and phosgene.
Inorganic Chemicals: Manufacture, application, analysis and hazards in handling the
following chemicals: hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, caustic soda, common
salt, borax, bleaching powder, sodium thiosulphate, hydrogen peroxide, potash alum,
chrome alum, potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate.
(10 Lectures)
Industrial Metallurgy
Preparation of metals (ferrous and nonferrous) and ultrapure metals for semiconductor
technology.
(4 Lectures)
Environment and its segments
Ecosystems. Biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur.
Air Pollution: Major regions of atmosphere. Chemical and photochemical reactions in
atmosphere. Air pollutants: types, sources, particle size and chemical nature;
Photochemical smog: its constituents and photochemistry. Environmental effects of
ozone, Major sources of air pollution.
Pollution by SO2, CO2, CO, NOx, H2S and other foul smelling gases. Methods of
estimation of CO, NOx, SOx and control procedures.
Effects of air pollution on living organisms and vegetation. Greenhouse effect and Global
warming, Ozone depletion by oxides of nitrogen, chlorofluorocarbons and Halogens,
removal of sulphur from coal. Control of particulates.
Water Pollution: Hydrological cycle, water resources, aquatic ecosystems, Sources and
nature of water pollutants, Techniques for measuring water pollution, Impacts of water
pollution on hydrological and ecosystems.
Water purification methods. Effluent treatment plants (primary, secondary and tertiary
treatment). Industrial effluents from the following industries and their treatment:
electroplating, textile, tannery, dairy, petroleum and petrochemicals, agro, fertilizer, etc.
Sludge disposal.
Industrial waste management, incineration of waste. Water treatment and purification
(reverse osmosis, electro dialysis, ion exchange). Water quality parameters for waste
water, industrial water and domestic water.
(30 Lectures)
Energy & Environment
40 Sources of energy: Coal, petrol and natural gas. Nuclear Fusion / Fission, Solar energy,
Hydrogen, geothermal, Tidal and Hydel, etc.
Nuclear Pollution: Disposal of nuclear waste, nuclear disaster and its management.
(10 Lectures)
Biocatalysis
Introduction to biocatalysis: Importance in “Green Chemistry” and Chemical Industry.
(6 Lectures)
Reference Books:
•
•
E. Stocchi: Industrial Chemistry, Vol-I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK.
R.M. Felder, R.W. Rousseau: Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes,
Wiley Publishers, New Delhi.
• J. A. Kent: Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, CBS Publishers, New
Delhi.
• S. S. Dara: A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry, S. Chand & Company Ltd.
New Delhi.
• K. De, Environmental Chemistry: New Age International Pvt., Ltd, New Delhi.
• S. M. Khopkar, Environmental Pollution Analysis: Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi.
• S.E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, CRC Press (2005).
• G.T. Miller, Environmental Science 11th edition. Brooks/ Cole (2006).
• A. Mishra, Environmental Studies. Selective and Scientific Books, New Delhi
(2005).
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CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL - DSE LAB: INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS
& ENVIRONMENT
60 Lectures
1. Determination of dissolved oxygen in water.
2. Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
3. Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
4. Percentage of available chlorine in bleaching powder.
5. Measurement of chloride, sulphate and salinity of water samples by simple titration
method (AgNO3 and potassium chromate).
6. Estimation of total alkalinity of water samples (CO32-, HCO3-) using double titration
method.
7. Measurement of dissolved CO2.
8. Study of some of the common bio-indicators of pollution.
9. Estimation of SPM in air samples.
10. Preparation of borax/ boric acid.
Reference Books:
• E. Stocchi: Industrial Chemistry, Vol-I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK.
41 •
R.M. Felder, R.W. Rousseau: Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes,
Wiley Publishers, New Delhi.
• J. A. Kent: Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, CBS Publishers, New
Delhi.
• S. S. Dara: A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry, S. Chand & Company Ltd.
New Delhi.
• K. De, Environmental Chemistry: New Age International Pvt., Ltd, New Delhi.
• S. M. Khopkar, Environmental Pollution Analysis: Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi.
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CHEMISTRY-DSE: INORGANIC MATERIALS OF INDUSTRIAL
IMPORTANCE
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Silicate Industries
Glass: Glassy state and its properties, classification (silicate and non-silicate glasses).
Manufacture and processing of glass. Composition and properties of the following types
of glasses: Soda lime glass, lead glass, armoured glass, safety glass, borosilicate glass,
fluorosilicate, coloured glass, photosensitive glass.
Ceramics: Important clays and feldspar, ceramic, their types and manufacture. High
technology ceramics and their applications, superconducting and semiconducting oxides,
fullerenes carbon nanotubes and carbon fibre.
Cements: Classification of cement, ingredients and their role, Manufacture of cement and
the setting process, quick setting cements.
(16 Lectures)
Fertilizers:
Different types of fertilizers. Manufacture of the following fertilizers: Urea, ammonium
nitrate, calcium ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphates; polyphosphate,
superphosphate, compound and mixed fertilizers, potassium chloride, potassium sulphate.
(8 Lectures)
Surface Coatings:
Objectives of coatings surfaces, preliminary treatment of surface, classification of surface
coatings. Paints and pigments-formulation, composition and related properties. Oil paint,
Vehicle, modified oils, Pigments, toners and lakes pigments, Fillers, Thinners, Enamels,
emulsifying agents. Special paints (Heat retardant, Fire retardant, Eco-friendly paint,
Plastic paint), Dyes, Wax polishing, Water and Oil paints, additives, Metallic coatings
(electrolytic and electroless), metal spraying and anodizing.
(10 Lectures)
42 Batteries:
Primary and secondary batteries, battery components and their role, Characteristics of
Battery. Working of following batteries: Pb acid, Li-Battery, Solid state electrolyte
battery. Fuel cells, Solar cell and polymer cell.
(6 Lectures)
Alloys:
Classification of alloys, ferrous and non-ferrous alloys, Specific properties of elements in
alloys. Manufacture of Steel (removal of silicon decarbonization, demanganization,
desulphurization dephosphorisation) and surface treatment (argon treatment, heat
treatment, nitriding, carburizing). Composition and properties of different types of steels.
(10 Lectures)
Catalysis:
General principles and properties of catalysts, homogenous catalysis (catalytic steps and
examples) and heterogenous catalysis (catalytic steps and examples) and their industrial
applications, Deactivation or regeneration of catalysts.
Phase transfer catalysts, application of zeolites as catalysts.
(6 Lectures)
Chemical explosives:
Origin of explosive properties in organic compounds, preparation and explosive
properties of lead azide, PETN, cyclonite (RDX). Introduction to rocket propellants.
(4 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• E. Stocchi: Industrial Chemistry, Vol-I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK.
• R. M. Felder, R. W. Rousseau: Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes,
Wiley Publishers, New Delhi.
• W. D. Kingery, H. K. Bowen, D. R. Uhlmann: Introduction to Ceramics, Wiley
Publishers, New Delhi.
• J. A. Kent: Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, CBS Publishers, New
Delhi.
• P. C. Jain, M. Jain: Engineering Chemistry, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi.
• R. Gopalan, D. Venkappayya, S. Nagarajan: Engineering Chemistry, Vikas
Publications, New Delhi.
• B. K. Sharma: Engineering Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut
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43 PRACTICALS-DSE
LAB:
INORGANIC
INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE
60 Lectures
MATERIALS
OF
1. Determination of free acidity in ammonium sulphate fertilizer.
2. Estimation of Calcium in Calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizer.
3. Estimation of phosphoric acid in superphosphate fertilizer.
4. Electroless metallic coatings on ceramic and plastic material.
5. Determination of composition of dolomite (by complexometric titration).
6. Analysis of (Cu, Ni); (Cu, Zn ) in alloy or synthetic samples.
7. Analysis of Cement.
8. Preparation of pigment (zinc oxide).
Reference Books:
• E. Stocchi: Industrial Chemistry, Vol-I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK.
• R. M. Felder, R. W. Rousseau: Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes,
Wiley Publishers, New Delhi.
• W. D. Kingery, H. K. Bowen, D. R. Uhlmann: Introduction to Ceramics, Wiley
Publishers, New Delhi.
• J. A. Kent: Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, CBS Publishers, New
Delhi.
• P. C. Jain, M. Jain: Engineering Chemistry, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi.
• R. Gopalan, D. Venkappayya, S. Nagarajan: Engineering Chemistry, Vikas
Publications, New Delhi.
• B. K. Sharma: Engineering Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut
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CHEMISTRY-DSE: INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Introduction to spectroscopic methods of analysis:
Recap of the spectroscopic methods covered in detail in the core chemistry syllabus:
Treatment of analytical data, including error analysis. Classification of analytical
methods and the types of instrumental methods. Consideration of electromagnetic
radiation.
(4 Lectures)
Molecular spectroscopy:
Infrared spectroscopy:
Interactions with molecules: absorption and scattering. Means of excitation (light sources),
separation of spectrum (wavelength dispersion, time resolution), detection of the signal
(heat, differential detection), interpretation of spectrum (qualitative, mixtures, resolution),
44 advantages of Fourier Transform (FTIR). Samples and results expected. Applications:
Issues of quality assurance and quality control, Special problems for portable
instrumentation and rapid detection.
UV-Visible/ Near IR – emission, absorption, fluorescence and photoaccoustic. Excitation
sources (lasers, time resolution), wavelength dispersion (gratings, prisms, interference
filters, laser, placement of sample relative to dispersion, resolution), Detection of signal
(photocells, photomultipliers, diode arrays, sensitivity and S/N), Single and Double Beam
instruments, Interpretation (quantification, mixtures, absorption vs. fluorescence and the
use of time, photoaccoustic, fluorescent tags).
(16 Lectures)
Separation techniques
Chromatography: Gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, supercritical fluids,
Importance of column technology (packing, capillaries), Separation based on increasing
number of factors (volatility, solubility, interactions with stationary phase, size, electrical
field), Detection: simple vs. specific (gas and liquid), Detection as a means of further
analysis (use of tags and coupling to IR and MS), Electrophoresis (plates and capillary)
and use with DNA analysis.
Immunoassays and DNA techniques
Mass spectroscopy: Making the gaseous molecule into an ion (electron impact, chemical
ionization), Making liquids and solids into ions (electrospray, electrical discharge, laser
desorption, fast atom bombardment), Separation of ions on basis of mass to charge ratio,
Magnetic, Time of flight, Electric quadrupole. Resolution, time and multiple separations,
Detection and interpretation (how this is linked to excitation).
(16 Lectures)
Elemental analysis:
Mass spectrometry (electrical discharges).
Atomic spectroscopy: Atomic absorption, Atomic emission, and Atomic fluorescence.
Excitation and getting sample into gas phase (flames, electrical discharges, plasmas),
Wavelength separation and resolution (dependence on technique), Detection of radiation
(simultaneous/scanning, signal noise), Interpretation (errors due to molecular and ionic
species, matrix effects, other interferences).
(8 Lectures)
NMR spectroscopy: Principle, Instrumentation, Factors affecting chemical shift, Spincoupling, Applications.
(4 Lectures)
45 Electroanalytical Methods: Potentiometry & Voltammetry
(4 Lectures)
Radiochemical Methods
(4 Lectures)
X-ray analysis and electron spectroscopy (surface analysis)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
(4 Lectures)
Reference books:
Principles of Instrumental Analysis - 6th Edition by Douglas A. Skoog, F. James
Holler, and Stanley Crouch (ISBN 0-495-01201-7).
Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th ed, Willard, Merritt, Dean, Settle.
P.W. Atkins: Physical Chemistry.
G.W. Castellan: Physical Chemistry.
C.N. Banwell: Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy.
Brian Smith: Infrared Spectral Interpretations: A Systematic Approach.
W.J. Moore: Physical Chemistry.
PRACTICALS-DSE LAB:
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
60 Lectures
1.
2.
3.
4.
INSTRUMENTAL
METHODS
OF
Safety Practices in the Chemistry Laboratory
Determination of the isoelectric pH of a protein.
Titration curve of an amino acid.
Determination of the void volume of a gel filtration column.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Determination of a Mixture of Cobalt and Nickel (UV/Vis spec.)
Study of Electronic Transitions in Organic Molecules (i.e., acetone in water)
IR Absorption Spectra (Study of Aldehydes and Ketones)
Determination of Calcium, Iron, and Copper in Food by Atomic Absorption
Quantitative Analysis of Mixtures by Gas Chromatography (i.e., chloroform and
carbon tetrachloride)
10. Separation of Carbohydrates by HPLC
11. Determination of Caffeine in Beverages by HPLC
12. Potentiometric Titration of a Chloride-Iodide Mixture
13. Cyclic Voltammetry of the Ferrocyanide/Ferricyanide Couple
14. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
15. Use of fluorescence to do “presumptive tests” to identify blood or other body
fluids.
16. Use of “presumptive tests” for anthrax or cocaine
17. Collection, preservation, and control of blood evidence being used for DNA
testing
18. Use of capillary electrophoresis with laser fluorescence detection for nuclear
DNA (Y chromosome only or multiple chromosome)
19. Use of sequencing for the analysis of mitochondrial DNA
46 20. Laboratory analysis to confirm anthrax or cocaine
21. Detection in the field and confirmation in the laboratory of flammable accelerants
or explosives
22. Detection of illegal drugs or steroids in athletes
23. Detection of pollutants or illegal dumping
24. Fibre analysis
At least 10 experiments to be performed.
Reference Books:
• Principles of Instrumental Analysis - 6th Edition by Douglas A. Skoog, F. James
Holler, and Stanley Crouch (ISBN 0-495-01201-7).
• Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th ed, Willard, Merritt, Dean, Settle.
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DSE: CHEMISTRY OF D-BLOCK
CHEMISTRY & SPECTROSCOPY
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
ELEMENTS,
QUANTUM
Section A: Inorganic Chemistry-3 (30 Lectures)
Transition Elements (3d series)
General group trends with special reference to electronic configuration, variable valency,
colour, magnetic and catalytic properties, ability to form complexes and stability of
various oxidation states (Latimer diagrams) for Mn, Fe and Cu.
Lanthanoids and actinoids: Electronic configurations, oxidation states, colour, magnetic
properties, lanthanide contraction, separation of lanthanides (ion exchange method only).
(12 Lectures)
Coordination Chemistry
Valence Bond Theory (VBT): Inner and outer orbital complexes of Cr, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu
(coordination numbers 4 and 6). Structural and stereoisomerism in complexes with
coordination numbers 4 and 6.
Drawbacks of VBT. IUPAC system of nomenclature.
(8 Lectures)
Crystal Field Theory
Crystal field effect, octahedral symmetry. Crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE),
Crystal field effects for weak and strong fields. Tetrahedral symmetry. Factors affecting
the magnitude of D. Spectrochemical series. Comparison of CFSE for Oh and Td
complexes, Tetragonal distortion of octahedral geometry.
47 Jahn-Teller distortion, Square planar coordination.
(10 Lectures)
Section B: Physical Chemistry-4 (30 Lectures)
Quantum Chemistry & Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy and its importance in chemistry. Wave-particle duality. Link between
spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. Electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with
matter. Types of spectroscopy. Difference between atomic and molecular spectra. BornOppenheimer approximation: Separation of molecular energies into translational,
rotational, vibrational and electronic components.
Postulates of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical operators.
Free particle. Particle in a 1-D box (complete solution), quantization, normalization of
wavefunctions, concept of zero-point energy.
Rotational Motion: Schrödinger equation of a rigid rotator and brief discussion of its
results (solution not required). Quantization of rotational energy levels.
Microwave (pure rotational) spectra of diatomic molecules. Selection rules. Structural
information derived from rotational spectroscopy.
Vibrational Motion: Schrödinger equation of a linear harmonic oscillator and brief
discussion of its results (solution not required). Quantization of vibrational energy levels.
Selection rules, IR spectra of diatomic molecules. Structural information derived from
vibrational spectra. Vibrations of polyatomic molecules. Group frequencies. Effect of
hydrogen bonding (inter- and intramolecular) and substitution on vibrational frequencies.
Electronic Spectroscopy: Electronic excited states. Free Electron model and its
application to electronic spectra of polyenes. Colour and constitution, chromophores,
auxochromes, bathochromic and hypsochromic shifts.
(24 Lectures)
Photochemistry
Laws of photochemistry. Lambert-Beer’s law. Fluorescence and phosphorescence.
Quantum efficiency and reasons for high and low quantum yields. Primary and secondary
processes in photochemical reactions. Photochemical and thermal reactions. Photoelectric
cells.
(6 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• G. M. Barrow: Physical Chemistry Tata McGraw-­‐Hill (2007).
• G. W. Castellan: Physical Chemistry 4th Edn. Narosa (2004).
48 •
•
•
•
•
•
•
J. C. Kotz, P. M. Treichel & J. R. Townsend: General Chemistry, Cengage Lening
India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2009).
B. H. Mahan: University Chemistry 3rd Ed. Narosa (1998).
R. H. Petrucci: General Chemistry 5th Ed. Macmillan Publishing Co.: New York
(1985).
J. D. Lee: A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry, E.L.B.S.
F.A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson: Basic Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley.
D. F. Shriver and P. W. Atkins: Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford University Press.
Gary Wulfsberg: Inorganic Chemistry, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.
DSE LAB
60 Lectures
Section A: Inorganic Chemistry
1. Estimation of the amount of nickel present in a given solution as
bis(dimethylglyoximato) nickel(II) or aluminium as oxinate in a given
solution gravimetrically.
2. Estimation of (i) Mg2+ or (ii) Zn2+ by complexometric titrations using
EDTA.
3. Estimation of total hardness of a given sample of water by
complexometric titration.
4. To draw calibration curve (absorbance at λmax vs. concentration) for
various concentrations of a given coloured compound and estimate the
concentration of the same in a given solution.
5. Determination of the composition of the Fe3+ - salicylic acid complex /
Fe2+ - phenanthroline complex in solution by Job’s method.
6. Determination of concentration of Na+ and K+ using Flame Photometry.
Section B: Physical Chemistry
UV/Visible spectroscopy
I.
II.
III.
Study the 200-500 nm absorbance spectra of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 (in 0.1 M
H2SO4) and determine the λmax values. Calculate the energies of the two
transitions in different units (J molecule-1, kJ mol-1, cm-1, eV).
Study the pH-dependence of the UV-Vis spectrum (200-500 nm) of K2Cr2O7.
Record the 200-350 nm UV spectra of the given compounds (acetone,
acetaldehyde, 2-propanol, acetic acid) in water. Comment on the effect of
structure on the UV spectra of organic compounds.
Colourimetry
I.
II.
Verify Lambert-Beer’s law and determine the concentration
CuSO4/KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 in a solution of unknown concentration
Analyse the given vibration-rotation spectrum of HCl(g)
of
Reference Books:
• A.I. Vogel, Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Prentice Hall, 7th Edn.
49 •
•
A.I. Vogel, Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, 6th Edn.
B.D. Khosla, Senior Practical Physical Chemistry, R. Chand & Co.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DSE: ORGANOMETALLICS, BIOINORGANIC CHEMISTRY,
POLYNUCLEAR HYDROCARBONS AND UV, IR SPECTROSCOPY
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Section A: Inorganic Chemistry-4 (30 Lectures)
Chemistry of 3d metals
Oxidation states displayed by Cr, Fe, Co, Ni and Co.
A study of the following compounds (including preparation and important properties);
Peroxo compounds of Cr, K2Cr2O7, KMnO4, K4[Fe(CN)6], sodium nitroprusside,
[Co(NH3)6]Cl3, Na3[Co(NO2)6].
(6 Lectures)
Organometallic Compounds
Definition and Classification with appropriate examples based on nature of metal-carbon
bond (ionic, s, p and multicentre bonds). Structures of methyl lithium, Zeiss salt and
ferrocene. EAN rule as applied to carbonyls. Preparation, structure, bonding and
properties of mononuclear and polynuclear carbonyls of 3d metals. p-acceptor behaviour
of carbon monoxide. Synergic effects (VB approach)- (MO diagram of CO can be
referred to for synergic effect to IR frequencies).
(12 Lectures)
Bio-Inorganic Chemistry
A brief introduction to bio-inorganic chemistry. Role of metal ions present in biological
systems with special reference to Na+, K+ and Mg2+ ions: Na/K pump; Role of Mg2+ ions
in energy production and chlorophyll. Role of Ca2+ in blood clotting, stabilization of
protein structures and structural role (bones).
(12 Lectures)
Section B: Organic Chemistry-4 (30 Lectures)
Polynuclear and heteronuclear aromatic compounds:
50 Properties of the following compounds with reference to electrophilic and nucleophilic
substitution: Naphthalene, Anthracene , Furan, Pyrrole, Thiophene, and Pyridine.
(6 Lectures)
Active methylene compounds:
Preparation: Claisen ester condensation. Keto-enol tautomerism.
Reactions: Synthetic uses of ethylacetoacetate (preparation of non-heteromolecules
having upto 6 carbon).
(6 Lectures)
Application of Spectroscopy to Simple Organic Molecules
Application of visible, ultraviolet and Infrared spectroscopy in organic molecules.
Electromagnetic radiations, electronic transitions, λmax & εmax, chromophore,
auxochrome, bathochromic and hypsochromic shifts. Application of electronic
spectroscopy and Woodward rules for calculating l max of conjugated dienes and α,β –
unsaturated compounds.
Infrared radiation and types of molecular vibrations, functional group and fingerprint
region. IR spectra of alkanes, alkenes and simple alcohols (inter and intramolecular
hydrogen bonding), aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives (effect of
substitution on >C=O stretching absorptions).
(18 Lectures)
Reference Books:
• James E. Huheey, Ellen Keiter & Richard Keiter: Inorganic Chemistry: Principles
of Structure and Reactivity, Pearson Publication.
• G.L. Miessler & Donald A. Tarr: Inorganic Chemistry, Pearson Publication.
• J.D. Lee: A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry, E.L.B.S.
• F.A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson: Basic Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons.
• I.L. Finar: Organic Chemistry (Vol. I & II), E.L.B.S.
• John R. Dyer: Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds,
Prentice Hall.
• R.M. Silverstein, G.C. Bassler & T.C. Morrill: Spectroscopic Identification of
Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons.
• R.T. Morrison & R.N. Boyd: Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall.
• Peter Sykes: A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Orient
Longman.
• Arun Bahl and B. S. Bahl: Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand.
DSE LAB
60 Lectures
Section A: Inorganic Chemistry
51 1. Separation of mixtures by chromatography: Measure the Rf value in each case.
(Combination of two ions to be given)
Paper chromatographic separation of Fe3+, A13+ and Cr3+ or
Paper chromatographic separation of Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+
2. Preparation of any two of the following complexes and measurement of their
conductivity:
(i) tetraamminecarbonatocobalt (III) nitrate
(ii) tetraamminecopper (II) sulphate
(iii) potassium trioxalatoferrate (III) trihydrate
Compare the conductance of the complexes with that of M/1000 solution of NaCl, MgCl2
and LiCl3.
Section B: Organic Chemistry
Systematic Qualitative Organic Analysis of Organic Compounds possessing
monofunctional groups (-COOH, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, amide, nitro, amines) and
preparation of one derivative.
Reference Books:
• A.I. Vogel: Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Prentice Hall, 7th Edn.
• A.I. Vogel: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, 6th Edn.
• A.I. Vogel: Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall, 5th Edn.
• F. G. Mann & B. C. Saunders: Practical Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman
(1960).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DSE: MOLECULES OF LIFE
(Credits: Theory-04, Practicals-02)
Theory: 60 Lectures
Unit 1: Carbohydrates
(10 Periods)
Classification of carbohydrates, reducing and non reducing sugars, General Properties of
Glucose and Fructose, their open chain structure. Epimers, mutarotation and anomers.
Determination of configuration of Glucose (Fischer proof).
Cyclic structure of glucose. Haworth projections. Cyclic structure of fructose.
Linkage between monosachharides, structure of disacharrides (sucrose, maltose, lactose)
and polysacharrides (starch and cellulose) excluding their structure elucidation.
Unit 2: Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins
(12 Periods)
52 Classification of Amino Acids, Zwitterion structure and Isoelectric point.
Overview of Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary structure of proteins.
Determination of primary structure of peptides, determination of N-terminal amino acid
(by DNFB and Edman method) and C–terminal amino acid (by thiohydantoin and with
carboxypeptidase enzyme). Synthesis of simple peptides (upto dipeptides) by Nprotection (t-butyloxycarbonyl and phthaloyl) & C-activating groups and Merrifield solid
phase synthesis.
Unit 3: Enzymes and correlation with drug action
(12 Periods)
Mechanism of enzyme action, factors affecting enzyme action, Coenzymes and cofactors
and their role in biological reactions, Specificity of enzyme action(Including
stereospecifity) , Enzyme inhibitors and their
importance, phenomenon of
inhibition(Competitive and Non competitive inhibition including allosteric inhibtion ).
Drug action-receptor theory. Structure –activity relationships of drug molecules, binding
role of –OH group,-NH2 group, double bond and aromatic ring,
Unit 4: Nucleic Acids
(10 Periods)
Components of Nucleic acids: Adenine, guanine, thymine and Cytosine (Structure only),
other components of nucleic acids, Nucleosides and nucleotides (nomenclature),
Structure of polynucleotides; Structure of DNA (Watson-Crick model) and RNA(types of
RNA), Genetic Code, Biological roles of DNA and RNA: Replication, Transcription and
Translation.
Unit 5: Lipids
(8 Periods)
Introduction to lipids, classification.
Oils and fats: Common fatty acids present in oils and fats, Omega fatty acids, Trans fats,
Hydrogenation, Saponification value, Iodine number.
Biological importance of triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, and steroids
(cholesterol).
Unit 6: Concept of Energy in Biosystems
(8 Periods)
Calorific value of food. Standard caloric content of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
Oxidation of foodstuff (organic molecules) as a source of energy for cells. Introduction to
Metabolism (catabolism, anabolism), ATP: the universal currency of cellular energy,
ATP hydrolysis and free energy change.
Conversion of food into energy. Outline of catabolic pathways of CarbohydrateGlycolysis, Fermentation, Krebs Cycle. Overview of catabolic pathways of Fats and
Proteins. Interrelationships in the metabolic pathways of Proteins, Fats and
Carbohydrates.
Recommended Texts:
• Morrison, R. T. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India)
Pvt. Ltd. (Pearson Education).
• Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education).
53 •
•
•
Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education).
Nelson, D. L. & Cox, M. M. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry 7th Ed., W.
H. Freeman.
Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L. & Stryer, L. Biochemistry 7th Ed., W. H. Freeman.
DSE LAB
60 Lectures
1. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography
2. To determine the concentration of glycine solution by formylation method.
3. Study of titration curve of glycine
4. Action of salivary amylase on starch
5. Effect of temperature on the action of salivary amylase on starch.
6. To determine the saponification value of an oil/fat.
7. To determine the iodine value of an oil/fat
8. Differentiate between a reducing/ nonreducing sugar.
9. Extraction of DNA from onion/cauliflower
10. To synthesise aspirin by acetylation of salicylic acid and compare it with the
ingredient of an aspirin tablet by TLC.
Recommended Texts:
• Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Rogers, V.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Vogel’s
Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, ELBS.
• Ahluwalia, V.K. & Aggarwal, R. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry,
Universities Press.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
54 Skill Enhancement Course (any four) (Credit: 02 each)- SEC1 to SEC4
Chemistry
IT SKILLS FOR CHEMISTS
(Credits: 02)
30 Lectures
Mathematics
Fundamentals, mathematical functions, polynomial expressions, logarithms, the
exponential function, units of a measurement, interconversion of units, constants and
variables, equation of a straight line, plotting graphs.
Uncertainty in experimental techniques: Displaying uncertainties, measurements in
chemistry, decimal places, significant figures, combining quantities.
Uncertainty in measurement: types of uncertainties, combining uncertainties. Statistical
treatment. Mean, standard deviation, relative error. Data reduction and the propagation of
errors. Graphical and numerical data reduction. Numerical curve fitting: the method of
least squares (regression).
Algebraic operations on real scalar variables (e.g. manipulation of van der Waals
equation in different forms).Roots of quadratic equations analytically and iteratively (e.g.
pH of a weak acid). Numerical methods of finding roots (Newton-Raphson, binary –
bisection, e.g. pH of a weak acid not ignoring the ionization of water, volume of a van der
Waals gas, equilibrium constant expressions).
Differential calculus: The tangent line and the derivative of a function, numerical
differentiation (e.g., change in pressure for small change in volume of a van der Waals
gas, potentiometric titrations).
Numerical integration (Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule, e.g. entropy/enthalpy change
from heat capacity data).
Computer programming:
Constants, variables, bits, bytes, binary and ASCII formats, arithmetic expressions,
hierarchy of operations, inbuilt functions. Elements of the BASIC language. BASIC
keywords and commands. Logical and relative operators. Strings and graphics. Compiled
versus interpreted languages. Debugging. Simple programs using these concepts. Matrix
addition and multiplication. Statistical analysis.
BASIC programs for curve fitting, numerical differentiation and integration (Trapezoidal
rule, Simpson’s rule), finding roots (quadratic formula, iterative, Newton-Raphson
method).
55 HANDS ON
Introductory writing activities: Introduction to word processor and structure drawing
(ChemSketch) software. Incorporating chemical structures, chemical equations,
expressions from chemistry (e.g. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law, Bragg’s law, van
der Waals equation, etc.) into word processing documents.
Handling numeric data: Spreadsheet software (Excel), creating a spreadsheet, entering
and formatting information, basic functions and formulae, creating charts, tables and
graphs. Incorporating tables and graphs into word processing documents. Simple
calculations, plotting graphs using a spreadsheet (Planck’s distribution law, radial
distribution curves for hydrogenic orbitals, gas kinetic theory- Maxwell-Boltzmann
distribution curves as function of temperature and molecular weight), spectral data,
pressure-volume curves of van der Waals gas (van der Waals isotherms), data from phase
equilibria studies. Graphical solution of equations.
Numeric modelling: Simulation of pH metric titration curves. Excel functions LINEST
and Least Squares. Numerical curve fitting, linear regression (rate constants from
concentration-time data, molar extinction coefficients from absorbance data), numerical
differentiation (e.g. handling data from potentiometric and pH metric titrations, pKa of
weak acid), integration (e.g. entropy/enthalpy change from heat capacity data).
Statistical analysis: Gaussian distribution and Errors in measurements and their effect on
data sets. Descriptive statistics using Excel. Statistical significance testing: The t test. The
F test.
Presentation: Presentation graphics
Reference Books:
• McQuarrie, D. A. Mathematics for Physical Chemistry University Science Books
(2008).
rd
•
•
Mortimer, R. Mathematics for Physical Chemistry. 3 Ed. Elsevier (2005).
Steiner, E. The Chemical Maths Book Oxford University Press (1996).
•
Yates, P. Chemical calculations. 2 Ed. CRC Press (2007).
•
Noggle, J. H. Physical chemistry on a Microcomputer. Little Brown & Co.
(1985).
Venit, S.M. Programming in BASIC: Problem solving with structure and style.
Jaico Publishing House: Delhi (1996).
•
•
•
nd
Harris, D. C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 6th Ed., Freeman (2007) Chapters 3-5.
Levie, R. de, How to use Excel in analytical chemistry and in general scientific data
analysis, Cambridge Univ. Press (2001) 487 pages.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BASIC ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(Credits: 02)
30 Lectures
56 Introduction: Introduction to Analytical Chemistry and its interdisciplinary nature.
Concept of sampling. Importance of accuracy, precision and sources of error in analytical
measurements. Presentation of experimental data and results, from the point of view of
significant figures.
Analysis of soil: Composition of soil, Concept of pH and pH measurement,
Complexometric titrations, Chelation, Chelating agents, use of indicators
a. Determination of pH of soil samples.
b. Estimation of Calcium and Magnesium ions as Calcium carbonate by complexometric
titration.
Analysis of water: Definition of pure water, sources responsible for contaminating
water, water sampling methods, water purification methods.
a. Determination of pH, acidity and alkalinity of a water sample.
b. Determination of dissolved oxygen (DO) of a water sample.
Analysis of food products: Nutritional value of foods, idea about food processing and
food preservations and adulteration.
a. Identification of adulterants in some common food items like coffee powder, asafoetida,
chilli powder, turmeric powder, coriander powder and pulses, etc.
b. Analysis of preservatives and colouring matter.
Chromatography: Definition, general introduction on principles of chromatography,
paper chromatography, TLC etc.
a. Paper chromatographic separation of mixture of metal ion (Fe3+ and Al3+).
b. To compare paint samples by TLC method.
Ion-exchange: Column, ion-exchange chromatography etc.
Determination of ion exchange capacity of anion / cation exchange resin (using batch
procedure if use of column is not feasible).
Analysis of cosmetics: Major and minor constituents and their function
a. Analysis of deodorants and antiperspirants, Al, Zn, boric acid, chloride, sulphate.
b. Determination of constituents of talcum powder: Magnesium oxide, Calcium oxide, Zinc
oxide and Calcium carbonate by complexometric titration.
Suggested Applications (Any one):
a. To study the use of phenolphthalein in trap cases.
b. To analyze arson accelerants.
c. To carry out analysis of gasoline.
Suggested Instrumental demonstrations:
a. Estimation of macro nutrients: Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium in soil samples by flame
photometry.
57 b. Spectrophotometric determination of Iron in Vitamin / Dietary Tablets.
c. Spectrophotometric Identification and Determination of Caffeine and Benzoic Acid in
Soft Drink.
Reference Books:
1.
Willard, H. H. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, CBS Publishers.
2.
Skoog & Lerry. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Saunders College Publications,
New York.
3.
Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M. & Holler, F.J. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 6th
Ed., Saunders College Publishing, Fort Worth (1992).
4.
Harris, D. C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis, W. H. Freeman.
5.
Dean, J. A. Analytical Chemistry Notebook, McGraw Hill.
6.
Day, R. A. & Underwood, A. L. Quantitative Analysis, Prentice Hall of India.
7.
Freifelder, D. Physical Biochemistry 2nd Ed., W.H. Freeman and Co., N.Y. USA
(1982).
8.
Cooper, T.G. The Tools of Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. USA. 16
(1977).
9.
Vogel, A. I. Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis 7th Ed., Prentice Hall.
10. Vogel, A. I. Vogel’s Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6th Ed., Prentice Hall.
11. Robinson, J.W. Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis 5th Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New
York (1995).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
Chemical Technology
Basic principles of distillation, solvent extraction, solid-liquid leaching and liquid-liquid
extraction, separation by absorption and adsorption. An introduction into the scope of
different types of equipment needed in chemical technology, including reactors,
distillation columns, extruders, pumps, mills, emulgators. Scaling up operations in
chemical industry. Introduction to clean technology.
Society
Exploration of societal and technological issues from a chemical perspective. Chemical
and scientific literacy as a means to better understand topics like air and water (and the
trace materials found in them that are referred to as pollutants); energy from natural
sources (i.e. solar and renewable forms), from fossil fuels and from nuclear fission;
materials like plastics and polymers and their natural analogues, proteins and nucleic
acids, and molecular reactivity and interconversions from simple examples like
combustion to complex instances like genetic engineering and the manufacture of drugs.
Reference Book:
58 John W. Hill, Terry W. McCreary & Doris K. Kolb, Chemistry for changing times 13th
Ed.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMOINFORMATICS
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
Introduction to Chemoinformatics: History and evolution of chemoinformatics, Use of
chemoinformatics, Prospects of chemoinformatics, Molecular Modelling and Structure
elucidation.
Representation of molecules and chemical reactions: Nomenclature, Different types of
notations, SMILES coding, Matrix representations, Structure of Molfiles and Sdfiles,
Libraries and toolkits, Different electronic effects, Reaction classification.
Searching chemical structures: Full structure search, sub-structure search, basic ideas,
similarity search, three dimensional search methods, basics of computation of physical
and chemical data and structure descriptors, data visualization.
Applications: Prediction of Properties of Compounds; Linear Free Energy Relations;
Quantitative Structure-Property Relations; Descriptor Analysis; Model Building;
Modeling Toxicity; Structure-Spectra correlations; Prediction of NMR, IR and Mass
spectra; Computer Assisted Structure elucidations; Computer Assisted Synthesis Design,
Introduction to drug design; Target Identification and Validation; Lead Finding and
Optimization; Analysis of HTS data; Virtual Screening; Design of Combinatorial
Libraries; Ligand-Based and Structure Based Drug design; Application of
Chemoinformatics in Drug Design.
Hands-on Exercises
Reference Books:
• Andrew R. Leach & Valerie, J. Gillet (2007) An introduction to
Chemoinformatics. Springer: The Netherlands.
• Gasteiger, J. & Engel, T. (2003) Chemoinformatics: A text-book. Wiley-VCH.
• Gupta, S. P. (2011) QSAR & Molecular Modeling. Anamaya Pub.: New Delhi.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUSINESS SKILLS FOR CHEMISTS
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
Business Basics
59 Key business concepts: Business plans, market need, project management and routes to
market.
Chemistry in Industry
Current challenges and opportunities for the chemistry-using industries, role of chemistry
in India and global economies.
Making money
Financial aspects of business with case studies
Intellectual property
Concept of intellectual property, patents.
Reference
www.rsc.org
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR)
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
In this era of liberalization and globalization, the perception about science and its
practices has undergone dramatic change. The importance of protecting the scientific
discoveries, with commercial potential or the intellectual property rights is being
discussed at all levels – statutory, administrative, and judicial. With India ratifying the
WTO agreement, it has become obligatory on its part to follow a minimum acceptable
standard for protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights. The purpose of
this course is to apprise the students about the multifaceted dimensions of this issue.
Introduction to Intellectual Property:
Historical Perspective, Different Types of IP, Importance of protecting IP.
Copyrights
Introduction, How to obtain, Differences from Patents.
Trade Marks
Introduction, How to obtain, Different types of marks – Collective marks, certification
marks, service marks, Trade names, etc.
Differences from Designs.
Patents
60 Historical Perspective, Basic and associated right, WIPO, PCT system, Traditional
Knowledge, Patents and Healthcare – balancing promoting innovation with public health,
Software patents and their importance for India.
Geographical Indications
Definition, rules for registration, prevention of illegal exploitation, importance to India.
Industrial Designs
Definition, How to obtain, features, International design registration.
Layout design of integrated circuits
Circuit Boards, Integrated Chips, Importance for electronic industry.
Trade Secrets
Introduction and Historical Perspectives, Scope of Protection, Risks involved and legal
aspects of Trade Secret Protection.
Different International agreements
(a) Word Trade Organization (WTO):
(i) General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT), Trade
Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement
(ii) General Agreement on Trade related Services (GATS)
(iii) Madrid Protocol
(iv) Berne Convention
(v) Budapest Treaty
(b) Paris Convention
WIPO and TRIPS, IPR and Plant Breeders Rights, IPR and Biodiversity
IP Infringement issue and enforcement – Role of Judiciary, Role of law enforcement
agencies – Police, Customs etc. Economic Value of Intellectual Property – Intangible
assets and their valuation, Intellectual Property in the Indian Context – Various laws in
India Licensing and technology transfer.
Reference Books:
•
N.K. Acharya: Textbook on intellectual property rights, Asia Law House (2001).
61 •
•
•
•
Manjula Guru & M.B. Rao, Understanding Trips: Managing Knowledge in
Developing Countries, Sage Publications (2003).
P. Ganguli, Intellectual Property Rights: Unleashing the Knowledge Economy,
Tata McGraw-Hill (2001).
Arthur Raphael Miller, Micheal H.Davis; Intellectual Property: Patents,
Trademarks and Copyright in a Nutshell, West Group Publishers (2000).
Jayashree Watal, Intellectual property rights in the WTO and developing
countries, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANALYTICAL CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
(Credits: 02)
THEORY: 30 Lectures
Basic understanding of the structures, properties and functions of carbohydrates,
lipids and proteins:
Review of concepts studied in the core course:
Carbohydrates: Biological importance of carbohydrates, Metabolism, Cellular currency
of energy (ATP), Glycolysis, Alcoholic and Lactic acid fermentations, Krebs cycle.
Isolation and characterization of polysachharides.
Proteins: Classification, biological importance; Primary and secondary and tertiary
structures of proteins: α-helix and β- pleated sheets, Isolation, characterization,
denaturation of proteins.
Enzymes: Nomenclature, Characteristics (mention of Ribozymes), Classification; Active
site, Mechanism of enzyme action, Stereospecificity of enzymes, Coenzymes and
cofactors, Enzyme inhibitors, Introduction to Biocatalysis: Importance in “Green
Chemistry” and Chemical Industry.
Lipids: Classification. Biological importance of triglycerides and phosphoglycerides and
cholesterol; Lipid membrane, Liposomes and their biological functions and underlying
applications.
Lipoproteins.
Properties, functions and biochemical functions of steroid hormones.
Biochemistry of peptide hormones.
Structure of DNA (Watson-Crick model) and RNA, Genetic Code, Biological roles of
DNA and RNA: Replication, Transcription and Translation, Introduction to Gene therapy.
Enzymes: Nomenclature, classification, effect of pH, temperature on enzyme activity,
enzyme inhibition.
62 Biochemistry of disease: A diagnostic approach by blood/ urine analysis.
Blood: Composition and functions of blood, blood coagulation. Blood collection and
preservation of samples. Anaemia, Regulation, estimation and interpretation of data for
blood sugar, urea, creatinine, cholesterol and bilirubin.
Urine: Collection and preservation of samples. 6. Formation of urine. Composition and
estimation of constituents of normal and pathological urine.
Practicals
Identification and estimation of the following:
1. Carbohydrates – qualitative and quantitative.
2. Lipids – qualitative.
3. Determination of the iodine number of oil.
4. Determination of the saponification number of oil.
5. Determination of cholesterol using Liebermann- Burchard reaction.
6. Proteins – qualitative.
7. Isolation of protein.
8. Determination of protein by the Biuret reaction.
9. Determination of nucleic acids
Reference Books:
• T.G. Cooper: Tool of Biochemistry.
• Keith Wilson and John Walker: Practical Biochemistry.
• Alan H Gowenlock: Varley’s Practical Clinical Biochemistry.
• Thomas M. Devlin: Textbook of Biochemistry.
• Jeremy M. Berg, John L Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer: Biochemistry.
• G. P. Talwar and M Srivastava: Textbook of Biochemistry and Human Biology.
• A.L. Lehninger: Biochemistry.
• O. Mikes, R.A. Chalmers: Laboratory Handbook of Chromatographic Methods.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GREEN METHODS IN CHEMISTRY
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
Tools of Green chemistry, Twelve principles of Green Chemistry, with examples.
The following Real world Cases in Green Chemistry should be discussed:
1
2
3
4
A green synthesis of ibuprofen which creates less waste and fewer byproducts
(Atom economy).
Surfactants for Carbon Dioxide – replacing smog producing and ozone depleting
solvents with CO2 for precision cleaning and dry cleaning of garments.
Environmentally safe antifoulant.
CO2 as an environmentally friendly blowing agent for the polystyrene foam sheet
packaging market.
63 5
6
7
8
Using a catalyst to improve the delignifying (bleaching) activity of hydrogen
peroxide.
A new generation of environmentally advanced preservative: getting the
chromium and arsenic out of pressure treated wood.
Rightfit pigment: synthetic azopigments to replace toxic organic and inorganic
pigments.
Development of a fully recyclable carpet: cradle to cradle carpeting.
Reference Books:
1. Manahan S.E. (2005) Environmental Chemistry, CRC Press
2. Miller, G.T. (2006) Environmental Science 11th edition. Brooks/Cole
3. Mishra, A. (2005) Environmental Studies. Selective and Scientific Books,
New
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
Drugs & Pharmaceuticals
Drug discovery, design and development; Basic Retrosynthetic approach. Synthesis of
the representative drugs of the following classes: analgesics agents, antipyretic agents,
anti-inflammatory
agents
(Aspirin,
paracetamol,
lbuprofen);
antibiotics
(Chloramphenicol);
antibacterial
and
antifungal
agents
(Sulphonamides;
Sulphanethoxazol, Sulphacetamide, Trimethoprim); antiviral agents (Acyclovir), Central
Nervous System agents (Phenobarbital, Diazepam),Cardiovascular (Glyceryl trinitrate),
antilaprosy (Dapsone), HIV-AIDS related drugs (AZT- Zidovudine).
Fermentation
Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation. Production of (i) Ethyl alcohol and citric acid, (ii)
Antibiotics; Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Chloromycetin and Streptomycin, (iii) Lysine,
Glutamic acid, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B12 and Vitamin C.
Practicals
1. Preparation of Aspirin and its analysis.
2. Preparation of magnesium bisilicate (Antacid).
Reference Books:
• G.L. Patrick: Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, Oxford University Press, UK.
• Hakishan, V.K. Kapoor: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vallabh
Prakashan, Pitampura, New Delhi.
• William O. Foye, Thomas L., Lemke , David A. William: Principles of Medicinal
Chemistry, B.I. Waverly Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CHEMISTRY OF COSMETICS & PERFUMES
(Credits: 02)
64 30 Lectures
A general study including preparation and uses of the following: Hair dye, hair spray,
shampoo, suntan lotions, face powder, lipsticks, talcum powder, nail enamel, creams
(cold, vanishing and shaving creams), antiperspirants and artificial flavours. Essential oils
and their importance in cosmetic industries with reference to Eugenol, Geraniol,
sandalwood oil, eucalyptus, rose oil, 2-phenyl ethyl alcohol, Jasmone, Civetone,
Muscone.
Practicals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Preparation of talcum powder.
Preparation of shampoo.
Preparation of enamels.
Preparation of hair remover.
Preparation of face cream.
Preparation of nail polish and nail polish remover.
Reference Books:
• E. Stocchi: Industrial Chemistry, Vol -I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK.
• P.C. Jain, M. Jain: Engineering Chemistry, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi.
• B.K. Sharma: Industrial Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PESTICIDE CHEMISTRY
(Credits: 02)
30 Lectures
General introduction to pesticides (natural and synthetic), benefits and adverse effects,
changing concepts of pesticides, structure activity relationship, synthesis and technical
manufacture and uses of representative pesticides in the following classes:
Organochlorines (DDT, Gammexene,); Organophosphates (Malathion, Parathion );
Carbamates (Carbofuran and carbaryl); Quinones ( Chloranil), Anilides (Alachlor and
Butachlor).
Practicals
2
To calculate acidity/alkalinity in given sample of pesticide formulations as per
BIS specifications.
3
Preparation of simple organophosphates, phosphonates and thiophosphates
Reference Book:
• R. Cremlyn: Pesticides, John Wiley.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FUEL CHEMISTRY
(Credits: 02)
65 30 Lectures
Review of energy sources (renewable and non-renewable). Classification of fuels and
their calorific value.
Coal: Uses of coal (fuel and nonfuel) in various industries, its composition, carbonization
of coal.Coal gas, producer gas and water gas—composition and uses. Fractionation of
coal tar, uses of coal tar bases chemicals, requisites of a good metallurgical coke, Coal
gasification (Hydro gasification and Catalytic gasification), Coal liquefaction and Solvent
Refining.
Petroleum and Petrochemical Industry: Composition of crude petroleum, Refining and
different types of petroleum products and their applications.
Fractional Distillation (Principle and process), Cracking (Thermal and catalytic cracking),
Reforming Petroleum and non-petroleum fuels (LPG, CNG, LNG, bio-gas, fuels derived
from biomass), fuel from waste, synthetic fuels (gaseous and liquids), clean fuels.
Petrochemicals: Vinyl acetate, Propylene oxide, Isoprene, Butadiene, Toluene and its
derivatives Xylene.
Lubricants: Classification of lubricants, lubricating oils (conducting and non-conducting)
Solid and semisolid lubricants, synthetic lubricants.
Properties of lubricants (viscosity index, cloud point, pore point) and their determination.
Reference Books:
• E. Stocchi: Industrial Chemistry, Vol -I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK.
• P.C. Jain, M. Jain: Engineering Chemistry, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi.
• B.K. Sharma: Industrial Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
66 Chemistry Syllabus
Semester wise to be effective from 2010-2011
Note:
1. In all 72 credits are to be completed in M.Sc. out of which18 credits shall be taken by the student
in one semester.
2. In semester III and IV the student will opt one branch out of three branches i.e. Inorganic,
Organic and Physical according to the availability of faculty in the department. The student will
also take 18 credits in III and IV semesters out of which 9 credits i.e. two core courses will be
compulsory and rest of 9 credits will be from elective courses.
M.S.c. I
Semester I
1. Inorganic Chemistry I
2. Organic Chemistry I
3. Physical Chemistry I
4. Group Theory & Spectroscopy
5. Laboratory Course IA
6. Laboratory Course IB
Semester II
1. Inorganic Chemistry II
2. Organic Chemistry II
3. Physical Chemistry II
4. Spectroscopy & Separation
Methods
5. Laboratory Course IIA
6. Laboratory Course IIB
M.S.c. II
Semester III
[A] Inorganic Chemistry
1. Laboratory Course Inorganic IIIA
2. Laboratory Course Inorganic IIIB
3. Organometallic Chemistry
4. Spectroscopy, X-ray & Solid
State
5. Bioinorganic, Bioorganic,
Biophysical I
6. Bioinorganic & Supramolecular
Chemistry I
7. Analytical Chemistry
[B] Organic Chemistry
1. Laboratory course- Organic IIIA
2. Laboratory course- Organic IIIB
3. Organic Synthesis & Photochem.
4. Bioorganic, Bioorganic & Bio.
Physical Chemistry I
5. Spectroscopy & Solid State
6. Organometallic reagents and
Organic Synthesis
7. Medicinal
Chemistry
Course
C001
C002
C003
C004
C005
C006
Course
C007
C008
C009
C010
MM
100
100
100
100
100
100
MM
100
100
100
100
Credits
3
3
3
3
3
3
Credits
3
3
3
3
C011
C012
100
100
3
3
Course
MM
Credits
C013
C014
C015
E001
100
100
100
100
3
3
3
3
E002
100
3
E003
100
3
E004
100
3
C016
C017
C018
E002
100
100
100
100
3
3
3
3
E005
E006
100
100
3
3
E007
100
3
1
[C] Physical Chemistry
1. Laboratory Course
Physical IIIA
2. Laboratory Course
Physical IIIB
3. Chemistry of Materials
4. Spectroscopy, X-ray &
Solid State
5. Bioinorganic, Bioorganic
and Biophysical Chemistry I
6. Analytical Chemistry
7. Liquid State
M.Sc. II
Semester IV
[A] Inorganic Chemistry
1. Laboratory Course Inorganic IVA
2. Laboratory Course Inorganic IVA
3. Inorganic Polymers
4. Spectroscopy
5. Bioinorganic, Bioorganic
and Biophysical Chemistry II
6. Photoinorganic Chemistry
7. Environmental Chemistry
[B]Organic Chemistry]
1. Laboratory Course Organic IVA
2. Laboratory Course Organic IVB
3. Natural Products
4. Spectroscopy
5. Bioinorganic, Bioorganic and
Biophysical Chemistry II
6. Environmental Chemistry
7. Heterocyclic Chemistry
[C]Physical Chemistry]
1. Laboratory Course Physical IVA
2. Laboratory Course Physical IVB
3. Advanced Quantum Chemistry
4. Spectroscopy
5. Bioinorganic, Bioorganic and
Biophysical Chemistry II
6. Environmental Chemistry
7. Polymers
C019
100
3
C020
100
3
C021
E001
100
100
3
3
E002
100
3
E004
E008
100
100
3
3
Course
MM
Credits
C022
C023
C024
E009
E010
100
100
100
100
100
3
3
3
3
3
E011
E012
100
100
3
3
C025
C026
C027
E009
E010
100
100
100
100
100
3
3
3
3
3
E012
E013
100
100
3
3
C028
C029
C030
E009
E010
100
100
100
100
100
3
3
3
3
3
E012
E014
100
100
3
3
100
100
100
3
3
3
Self Study Courses
1. Computer for Chemists
2. Mathematics for Chemists
3. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
S001
S002
S003
2
S.No.
Paper
Category
Paper
L
T
P
C
Code
1
Inorganic Chemistry - I
Core
SOS/C001
3
0
0
3
2
Organic Chemistry - I
Core
SOS/C002
3
0
0
3
3
Physical Chemistry - I
Core
SOS/C003
3
0
0
3
4
Group Theory & Spectroscopy
Core
SOS/C004
3
0
0
3
5
Laboratory Course-IA
Core
SOS/C005
0
0
9
3
6
Laboratory Course-IB
Core
SOS/C006
0
0
9
3
7
Inorganic Chemistry - II
Core
SOS/C007
3
0
0
3
8
Organic Chemistry - II
Core
SOS/C008
3
0
0
3
9
Physical Chemistry II
Core
SOS/C009
3
0
0
3
10
Spectroscopy and Separation Methods
Core
SOS/C010
3
0
0
3
11
Laboratory Course-IIA
Core
SOS/C011
0
0
9
3
12
Laboratory Course-IIB
Core
SOS/C012
0
0
9
3
13
Laboratory Course- Inorganic IIIA
Core
SOS/C013
0
0
9
3
14
Laboratory Course- Inorganic IIIB
Core
SOS/C014
0
0
9
3
15
Organometallic Chemistry
Core
SOS/C015
3
0
0
3
16
Spectroscopy, X-ray and Solid State
Elective
SOS/E001
3
0
0
3
17
Elective
SOS/E002
3
0
0
3
18
Bioinorganic, Bioorganic
Biophysical Chemistry-I
Bioinorganic and Supramolecular Chemistry
Elective
SOS/E003
3
0
0
3
19
Analytical Chemistry
Elective
SOS/E004
3
0
0
3
20
Laboratory Course-Org IIIA
Core
SOS/C016
0
0
9
3
21
Laboratory Course-Org IIIB
Core
SOS/C017
0
0
9
3
22
Organic Synthesis and Photochemistry
Core
SOS/C018
3
0
0
3
23
Spectroscopy and Solid State
Elective
SOS/E005
3
0
0
3
24
Organometallic Reagents and Organic Synthesis
Elective
SOS/E006
3
0
0
3
25
Medicinal Chemistry
Elective
SOS/E007
3
0
0
3
26
Laboratory Course Phy.-IIIA
Core
SOS/C019
0
0
9
3
27
Laboratory Course Phy.-IIIB
Core
SOS/C020
0
0
9
3
28
Chemistry of Materials
Core
SOS/C021
3
0
0
3
29
Liquid State
Elective
SOS/E008
3
0
0
3
30
Laboratory Course-Inorg. IVA
Core
SOS/C022
0
0
9
3
31
Laboratory Course-Inorg. IVB
Core
SOS/C023
0
0
9
3
32
Inorganic Polymers
Core
SOS/C024
3
0
0
3
33
Spectroscopy
Elective
SOS/E009
3
0
0
3
34
Bioinorganic, Bioorganic, Biophysical Chemistry-II
Elective
SOS/E010
3
0
0
3
35
Photoinorganic Chemistry
Elective
SOS/E011
3
0
0
3
36
Environmental Chemistry
Elective
SOS/E012
3
0
0
3
37
Laboratory Course Org.-IVA
Core
SOS/C025
0
0
9
3
38
Laboratory Course Org.-IVB
Core
SOS/C026
0
0
9
3
39
Natural Products
Core
SOS/C027
3
0
0
3
40
Heterocyclic Chemistry
Elective
SOS/E013
3
0
0
3
41
Laboratory Course Phy.-IVA
Core
SOS/C028
0
0
9
3
42
Laboratory Course Phy.-IVB
Core
SOS/C029
0
0
9
3
43
Advanced Quantum Chemistry
Core
SOS/C030
0
0
0
3
44
Polymers
Elective
SOS/E014
3
0
0
3
3
Semester- I
SOS/C001
Inorganic
Chemistry - I
L
3
T
0
P
0
C
3
MM
100
Unit I
Stereochemistry and Bonding in Main Group Compounds
VSEPR, Walsh diagrams (tri-atomic molecules), dπ-pπ bonds, Bent rule and energetics of hybridization,
some simple reactions of covalently bonded molecules.
Unit II
Metal- Ligand Equilibria in Solution
Stepwise and overall formation constants and their interaction, trends in stepwise constants, factors
affecting the stability of metal complexes with reference to the nature of metal ion and ligand, chelate
effect and its thermodynamic origin, determination of binary formation constants by pH-metry and
spectroscopy.
Unit III
Reaction Mechanism of Transition Metal Complexes
Energy profile of a reaction, reactivity of metal complexes, inert and labile complexes, kinetic
application of valence bond and crystal field theories, kinetics of octahedral substitution, acid
hydrolysis, factors affecting acid hydrolysis, base hydrolysis, conjugate base mechanism, direct and
indirect evidences in favour of conjugate mechanism, anation reactions without metal ligand bond
cleavage. Substitution reactions in square planar complexes, the trans effect, mechanism of the
substitution reaction. Redox reactions, electron transfer reactions, mechanism of one electron transfer
reactions, outer and inner sphere type reactions.
Unit IV
Metal- Ligand Bonding
Limitations of crystal field theory. Jahn-Teller distortion. Evidence of covalent character in MetalLigand bonding. Molecular orbital theory as applied to octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar
complexes.
Books suggested
1. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 6th Ed., F.A. Cotton and Wilkinson, John Wiley, (1999).
2. Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Ed., J.E. Huheey, Harper & Row (2000).
3. Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Ed., N.N. Greenwood and A. Earnshow, Butterworth. Heinenann
(1997).
4. Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy, 2nd Ed., A.B.P. Lever, Elsevier (1986).
5. Magnetochemistry, R.L. Carlin, Springer Verlag, (1986).
6. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry Eds., G. Wilkinson, J.A.. Gillar and J.A. McCleverty,
Oxford (1987).
7. Concise Inorganic Chemistry, J.D. Lee, 5th Ed., Chapman & Hall (1996).
8. Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Ed., Shriver & Atkins. Oxford (1999).
9. Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Ed., Alan G. Sharpe, Addison-Wesley (1992).
4
SOS/C002
Organic
Chemistry - I
L
3
T
0
P
0
C
3
MM
100
Unit I
Nature of Bonding in Organic Molecules
Hyperconjugation, bonding in fullerenes, tautomerism. Aromaticity in benzenoid and non benzenoid compounds, alternant and non alternant hydrocarbons. Huckel’s rule, energy level of π-molecular orbitals, annulenes, antiaromaticity, homo-aromaticity, PMO
approach.
Bonds weaker than covalent, crown ether complexes and cryptands, inclusion compounds, cyclodextrin,
catenanes and rotaxanes. Unit II
Stereochemistry
Conformational analysis of cycloalkane, decalins, effect of conformation on reactivity, conformation of
sugars, steric strain due to unavoidable crowding, optical purity, enantiotopic and diastereotopic atoms,
groups and faces, stereospecific and stereoselective synthesis. Asymmetric synthesis, chirality due to
helical shape. Stereochemistry of the compounds containing nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus.
Unit III
Reaction Mechanism : Structure and Reactivity
Types of mechanisms, types of reactions, thermodynamic and kinetic requirements, kinetic and
thermodynamic control, Hammond’s postulate, Curtin-Hammett principle. Potential energy diagrams,
transition states and intermediates, methods of determining mechanisms, isotope effects. Effect of structure on reactivity – resonance and field effects, steric effect, quantitative treatments.
Hammett equation and linear free energy relationship, substituent and reaction constants. Taft equation. Unit IV
Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution
SN1, SN2 and mixed SN1 and SN2 mechanism. The neighbouring group mechanism, neighbouring group
participation (by π- and σ bonds). Anchimeric assistance. SN1 mechanism- Nucleophilic substitution at
an allylic, aliphatic trigonal and vinylic carbon. Reactivity effects of substrate structure, attacking
nucleophilic group, leaving group and reaction medium, ambident nucleophile.
Unit V
Aliphatic Electrophilic Substitution
Bimolecular mechanism- SE2 and SEi. The SE1 mechanism, electrophilic substitution accompanied by
double bond shift. Effect of substrates, leaving group and the solvent polarity on the reactivity.
Books suggested
1. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reaction, Mechanism and Structure, Jerry March, 6th Ed., John
Wiley.
2. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Carey and Sundberg, Springer Verlag, Germany.
3. A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Peter Sykes.
5
4. Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, C.K. Ingold, Cornell University Press.
5. Organic Chemistry, Boyd and Morrison, Prentice Hall of India.
6. Modern Organic Reactions, H.O. House, Benjamin.
7. Principles of Organic Synthesis, Norman and Coxon, Blackwell.
8. Reaction Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Mukherji and Singh, Macmillan.
9. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, D. Nasipuri, New Age International.
10. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, P.S. Kalsi, New Age International.
SOS/C003
Physical Chemistry - I
L
3
T
0
P
0
C
3
MM
100
Unit I
Quantum Chemistry
A. Introduction to Exact Quantum Mechanical Results
The Schrodinger equation and the postulates of quantum mechanics. Discussion of solutions of the
Schrodinger equation to some model systems viz. particle in a box, the harmonic oscillator, the rigid
rotor, the hydrogen atom.
B. Approximate Methods
The variation theorem, linear variation principle, perturbation theory (first order and nondegenerate).
Applications of variation method and perturbation theory to the Helium atom.
C. Angular Momentum
Ordinary angular momentum, generalized angular momentum, eigenfunctions for angular momentum,
eigenvalues of angular momentum, operator using ladder operators, addition of angular momenta, spin,
antisymmetry and Pauli exclusion principle.
D. Electronic Structure of Atoms
Electronic configuration, Russell-Saunders terms and coupling schemes, Slater-Condon parameters,
term separation energies of the pπ configuration, term separation energies for the dπ configurations,
magnetic effects: spin-orbit coupling and Zeeman splitting, introduction to the methods of selfconsistent field, the viral theorem.
Thermodynamics
A. Classical Thermodynamics
Brief resume of concepts of laws thermodynamics, free energy, chemical potential and entropies. Partial molar properties: partial molar free energy, partial molar volume and partial molar heat content and their significance. Determination of these quantities.
Concept of fugacity and determination of fugacity.
Non-ideal systems: Excess functions for non-ideal solutions. Activity, activity coefficient.
Debye-Huckel theory for activity coefficient of electrolytic solutions, determination of activity and activity coefficients, ionic strength. Application of phase rule to three component systems, second order
phase transitions. 6
Unit II
Surface Chemistry
A. Adsorption
Surface tension, capillary actions, pressure difference across curved surface (Laplace equation), vapour
pressure of droplets (Kelvin equation), Gibbs adsorption isotherm, estimation of surface area (BET
equation), surface films on liquids (Electro-kinetic phenomenon), catalytic activity at surfaces.
B. Micelles
Surface active agents, classification of surface active agents, micellization, hydrophobic interaction,
critical micellar concentration (CMC), factors affecting the CMC of surfactants, counter ion binding to
micelles, thermodynamics of micellization-phase separation and mass action models, solubilization,
micro emulsion, reverse micelles.
C. Macromolecules
Polymer-definition, types of polymers, electrically conducting, fire resistant, liquid crystal polymers,
kinetics of polymerization, mechanism of polymerization. Molecular mass, number and mass average
molecular mass, molecular mass determination (osmometry, viscometry, diffusion and, light scattering
methods sedimentation), chain configuration of macromolecules, calculation of average dimensions of
various chain structures.
Books suggested
1. Physical Chemistry, P.W. Atkins, ELBS.
2. Introduction to Quantum Chemistry, A.K. Chandra, Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Quantum Chemistry, Ira N. Levine, Prentice Hall.
4. Coulson’s Valence, R. McWeeny, ELBS.
5. Micelles: Theoretical and Applied Aspects, V. Moroi, Plenum.
6. Introduction to Polymer Science, V.R. Gowarikar, N.V. Vishwanathan and J, Sridhar, Wiley
Eastern.
7. Chemical Kinetics, K.J. Laidler, McGraw Hill.
8. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Chemical Transformations, J. Rajaraman and J.Kuriacose, MacMillan.
SOS/C004
Group Theory
& Spectroscopy
L
3
T
0
P
0
C
3
MM
100
Unit I
Symmetry and Group Theory in Chemistry
Symmetry elements and symmetry operation, definitions of group, subgroup, relation between orders of
a finite group and its subgroups, conjugacy relation and classes. Point symmetry group, Schonflies
symbols, representations of groups by matrices (representation for the Cn, Cnv, Cnh, Dnh etc. group to be
worked out explicitly). Character of a representation. The great orthogonalilty theorem (without proof)
and its importance. Character tables and their use in spectroscopy.
Unit II
Unifying Principles
Electromagnetic radiation, interacton of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Absorption, emission,
transmission, reflection, refraction, dispersion, polarization and scattering. Uncertainty relation and
7
natural line width and natural line broadening, transition probability, result of the time dependent
perturbation theory, transition moment, selection rules, intensity of special lines, Born-oppenheimer
approximation, rotational, and electronic energy levels.
Unit III
Atomic Electronic Spectroscopy
Energies of atomic orbitals, vector representation of momenta and vector coupling, spectra of hydrogen
atom and alkali metal atoms.
Unit IV
Microwave Spectroscopy
Classification of molecules, rigid rotor model, effect of isotopic substitution on the transition
frequencies, intensities, non-rigid rotor, Stark effect, nuclear and electron spin interaction and effect of
external field. Applications.
Unit V
Infrared Spectroscopy
Review of linear harmonic oscillator, vibrational energies of diatomic molecules, Zero point energy,
force constant and bond strengths; anharmonicity, Morse potential energy diagram, virbration-rotation
spectroscopy; P,Q,R branches. Selection rules, normal modes of vibration, group frequencies, overtones,
hot bands, factors affecting the band positions and intensities, far IR region., metal-ligand vibrations.
Books Suggested
1. Modern Spectroscopy, J.M. Hollas, John Wiley.
2. Physical Methods for Chemistry, R.S. Drago, Saunders Company.
3. Chemical Applications of Group Theory, F.A. Cotton.
4. Introduction of Molecular Spectroscopy, G.M. Barrow, McGraw Hill.
5. Basic Principles of Spectroscopy, R. Chang, McGraw Hill.
6. Symmetry and Spectroscopy of Molecules, K. Veera Reddy, New Age International.
SOS/C005
Laboratory
Course-IA
L
0
T
0
P
9
C
3
MM
100
Note: The duration of examination will be of eight hours. Students are required to do one practical of 20
marks each from Inorganic, Organic and Physical sections. Each exercise will be 20 marks.
Viva 15 marks
Seminar/Attendance/Assessment/Record 25 marks.
Inorganic Chemistry
Qualitative Analysis
Qualitative analysis of mixture by semi-micro method containing not more than six cations and anions
including:
(i). Rare-earth elements
(ii). Anions, which have not been done in under graduate practical.
(iii). Insolubles.
8
Organic Chemistry
Qualitative Analysis
Separation, purification and identification of compounds of binary mixture (solid-solid or liquid and
solid) using TLC and Paper Chromatography, chemical tests and spectroscopic analysis.
Physical Chemistry
Chemical Kinetics
1. Determination of the effect of (a) Change of temperature (b) Change of concentration of reactants
and catalyst and (c) ionic strength of the media on the velocity constant of hydrolysis of an
ester/ionic reactions.
2. Determination of the velocity constant of hydrolysis of an ester.
3. Determination of the rate constant for the oxidation of iodide ions by hydrogen peroxide studying
the kinetics of the reaction.
4. Flowing clock reactions (Ref: Experiments in Physical Chemistry by Showmaker).
5. Determination of the primary salt effect on the kinetics of ionic reactions and testing of the Bronsted
relationship (iodide ion is oxidized by persulphate ion).
SOS/C006
Laboratory
Course-IB
L
0
T
0
P
9
C
3
MM
100
Note: The duration of examination will be of eight hours. Students are required to do one practical each
from Inorganic, Organic and Physical sections. Each exercise will be 20 marks.
Viva 15 marks
Seminar/Attendance/Assessment/Record 25 marks.
Inorganic Chemistry
Chromatography
Separation of cations and anions byPaper Chromatography
Thin Layer Chromatography
Ion Exchange Chromatography
Organic Chemistry
Organic Synthesis
Acetylation: Acetylation Oxidation: Adipic acid by chromic acid oxidation of cyclohexanol. Grignard reaction: Synthesis of triphenylmethanol from benzoic acid.
Sandmeyer reaction: p-Chlorotoluene from p-toluene
9
Physical Chemistry
Electrochemistry
Conductometry
1. Determination of the velocity constant, order of the reaction and energy of activation for
saponification of ethyl acetate by sodium hydroxide conductometrically.
2. Determination of solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts (e.g., PbSO 4, BaSO4)
conductometrically.
3. Determination of the strength of strong and weak acids in a given mixture conductometrically.
4. To study the effect of solvent on the conductance of AgNO3/CH3COOH and to determine the degree
of dissociation and equilibrium constant in different solvents and in their mixtures (DMSO, DMF,
dioxane, acetone, water) and to test the validity of Debye-Huckel-Onsager theory.
5. Determination of the activity coefficient of zinc ions in the solution of 0.002 M zinc sulphate using
Debye Huckel’s limiting law.
Semester- II
SOS/C007
Inorganic
Chemistry - II
L
3
T
0
P
0
C
3
MM
100
Unit I
Electronic Spectra & Magnetic Properties of Transaction Metal Complexes
Energy levels in an atom. Determination of ground state terms. Hund’s rules. Hole formulation. Laporte
Orbital selection rule, splitting of electronic energy levels and spectroscopic states (d1-d9 states), Orgel
and Tanabe-Sugano diagrams. Calculations of Dq, B and Beta parameters. Charge transfer spectra.
Magnetic moments, magnetic exchange coupling and spin crossover.
Unit II
Metal-π-Complexes
Important reactions, preparation, bonding and structure of metal carbonyls, metal nitrosyls and dinitrogen complexes. Vibrational spectra of metal carbonyls and nitrosyls for bonding and structure
elucidation.
Tertiary phosphine as ligand. Unit III
Metal Clusters
Higher boranes, structure and bonding in boranes. Wade’s rules. Reations of boranes. Polyhedral borane
anions and carboranes. Metal complexes of carboranes and boranes. Metal carbonyl and halide clusters.
Metal carbonyl hydrides.
Unit IV
Silicates
Classification and structure. Asbestos and zeolites. Silicates in technology.
Books suggested
1 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 6th Ed., F.A. Cotton and Wilkinson, John Wiley, (1999).
2 Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Ed., J.E. Huheey, Harper & Row (2000).
10
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Ed., N.N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Butterworth. Heinemann
(1997).
Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy, 2nd Ed., A.B.P. Lever, Elsevier (1986).
Magnetochemistry, R.L. Carlin, Springer Verlag (1986).
Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry Eds., G. Wilkinson, R.D. Gillars and J.A. McCleverty,
Pergamon (1987).
Concise Inorganic Chemistry, J.D. Lee, 5th Ed., Chapman & Hall (1996).
Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Ed., Shriver & Atkins, Oxford (1999).
Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Ed., Alan G. Sharpe, Addison-Wesley (1992).
SOS/C008
Organic
Chemistry - II
L
3
T
0
P
0
C
3
MM
100
Unit I
Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution
Orientation and reactivity, energy profile diagrams. The ortho/para ratio, ipso attack, orientation in other
ring systems. Quantitative treatment of reactivity in substrate and electrophiles. Diazonium coupling,
Vilsmeir Haak reaction, Gattermann-Koch reaction.
Unit II
Aromatic Nuecleophilic Substitution
The SNAr, SN1, benzyne and SRN1 mechanisms. Reactivity- effect of substrate structure, leaving group
and attacking nucleopile. The von Rictor, Sommelet-Hauser, and Smiles rearrangements.
Unit III
Free Radical Reactions
Types of free radical reactions, free radical substitution mechanism, mechanism of an aromatic substrate, neighboring group assistance. Reactivity for aliphatic and aromatic substrates at a bridgehead.
Reactivity in the attacking radicals. The effect of solvents on reactivity. Allylic halogenation (NBS), oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids, auto-oxidation, coupling of
alkynes and arylation of aromatic compounds by diazonium salts. Sandmeyer reaction. Free radical rearrangement. Hunsdiecker reaction.
Unit IV
Addition to Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds
Mechanism and stereochemical aspects of addition reactions involving electrophiles, nucleophiles and
free radicals, regio- and chemoselectivity, orientation and reactivity. Addition to cyclopropane ring.
Hydrogenation of double and triple bonds, hydrogenation of aromatic rings. Hydroboration. Michael
reaction. Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation.
Unit V
Addition to Carbon-Hetero Multiple Bonds
Mechanism of metal hydride reduction of saturated and unsaturated carbonyl compounds, acids, esters
and nitriles. Wittig reaction. Mechanism of condensation reactions involving enolates- Knoevenagel, Claisen, Mannich Benzoin,
Perkin and Stobbe reactions. Hydrolysis of esters and amides, ammonolysis of esters. 11
Unit VI
Elimination Reactions
The E2, E1 and E1cB mechanisms and their stereochemistry. Orientation of the double bond. Reactivity- effects of substrate structures, attacking base, the leaving group and the medium.
Mechanism and orientation in pyrolytic elimination.
Unit VII
Pericyclic Reactions
Molecular orbital symmetry, Frontier orbitals of ethylene, 1, 3-butadiene, 1, 3, 5-hexatriene and allyl
system. Classification of pericyclic reactions. Woodward-Hoffmann.
Correlation diagrams. FMO and PMO approach. Electrocyclic reactions-conrotatory and suprafacial
additions, 4n, and 4n+2 systems. Cycloadditions-antarafacial and suprafacial additions, 4n and 4n+2
systems, 2+2 addition of ketenes, 1, 3 dipolar cycloadditions and cheleotropic reactions. Sigmatropic
rearrangements- suprafacial and antarafacial shiffs of H, sigmatropic shifts involving carbon moieties,
3,3- and 5,5- sigmatropic rearrangements. Claisen, Cope and aza- Cope rearrangements. Fluxional
tautomerism. Ene reaction.
Books suggested
1. Advanced Organic Chemistry- Reaction, Mechanism and Structure, Jerry March, John Wiley.
2. Advanced Organic Chemistry, F.A. Carey and R.J. Sundberg, Plenum.
3. A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Peter Sykes, Longman.
4. Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, C.K. Ingold, Cornell University Press.
5. Organic Chemistry, R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, Prentice-Hall.
6. Modern Organic Reactions, H.O. House, Benjamin.
7. Principles of Organic Synthesis, R.O.C. Norman and J.M. Coxon, Blackwell.
8. Pericyclic Reactions, S.M. Mukherji, Macmillan, India.
9. Reaction Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, S.M. Mukherji and S.P. Singh, Macmillan.
10. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, D. Nasipuri, New Age International.
11. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, P.S. Kalsi, New Age International.
SOS/C009
Physical
Chemistry II
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Unit I
Chemical Dynamics
Methods of determining rate laws, collision theory of reaction rates, steric factor, activated complex
theory, Arrhenius equation and the activated complex theory; ionic reactions, kinetic salt effects, steady
state kinetics, kinetic and thermodynamic control of reactions, treatment of unimolecular reactions.
Dynamic chain (hydrogen-bromine reaction, pyrolysis of acetaldehyde, decomposition of ethane),
photochemical (hydrogen-bromine and hydrogen-chlorine reactions) and oscillatory reactions
(Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction), homogeneous catalysis, kinetics of enzymes reactions, general
features of fast reactions, study of fast reactions by flow method, relaxation method, flash photolysis and
the nuclear magnetic resonance method.
Dynamics of molecular motions, probing the transition state, dynamics of barrierless chemical reactions
in solution, dynamics of unimolecular reactions (Lindemann-Hinshelwood and Rice-RamspergerKassel-Marcus [RRKM] theories of unimolecular reactions).
12
Unit II
Statistical Thermodynamics
Concept of distribution, thermodynamic probability and most probable distribution. Ensemble
averaging, postulates of ensemble averaging. Canonical, grand canonical and microcanonical ensembles, corresponding distribution laws- (using Lagrange’s method of undetermined multipliers). Partition functions- translational, rotational, vibrational and electronic partition functions.
Calculation of thermodynamic properties in terms of partition functions. Applications of partition
functions.
Heat capacity behaviour of solids- chemical equilibria and chemical equilibrium constant in terms of
partition functions, Fermi-Dirac statistics, distribution law and applications to metal. Bose-Einstein statistics – distribution law and application to helium. Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic criteria for non-equilibrium states, entropy production and entropy flow, entropy
balance equations for different irreversible processes (e.g., heat flow, chemical reaction etc.)
transformations of the generalized fluxes and forces, non-equilibrium stationary states,
phenomenological equations, microscopic reversibility and Onsager’s reciprocity relations,
electrokinetic phenomena, diffusion, electric conduction, irreversible thermodynamics for biological
systems, coupled reactions.
Unit III
Electrochemistry
Electrochemistry of solutions, Debye-Huckel, Onsager treatment and its extension, ion solvent
interactions.Thermodynamics of electrified interface equations. Structure of electrified interfaces. Guoy
Chapman, Stern. Over potentials, exchange current density, derivation of Butler-Volmer equation, Tafel
plot.
Semiconductor interfaces-theory of double layer at semiconductor, electrolyte solution interfaces,
structure of double layer interfaces. Electrocatalyis – influence of various parameters. Hydrogen
electrode. Bioelctrochemistry, threshold membrane phenomena. Polarography theory, Ilkovic equation,
half wave potential and its significance. Introduction to corrosion, homogeneous theory, forms of
corrosion, corrosion monitoring and prevention methods.
Books suggested
1. Physical Chemistry, P.W. Atkins, ELBS.
2. Coulson’s Valence, R. McWeeny, ELBS.
3. Modern Electrochemistry, Vol. I & II, J.O.M. Bockris and A.K.N. Reddy, Plenum.
6. Introduction to Quantum Chemistry, A.K. Chandra, Tata McGraw Hill.
7. Quantum Chemistry, Ira N. Levine, Prentice Hall.
Spectroscopy and
SOS/C010 Separation Methods
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Unit I
Molecular Electronic Spectroscopy
Energy levels, molecular orbitals, vibronic transitions, vibrational progressions and geometry of excited
states, Franck-Condon principle, electronic spectra of polyatomic molecules. Emission spectra, radiative
and non-radiative decay, internal conversion, spectra of transition metal complexes, charge transfer
spectra.
13
Unit II
Raman Spectroscopy
Classical and quantum theories of Raman effect. Pure rotational, vibrational and vibrational-roatational
Raman spectroscopy, selection rules, mutual exclusion principle. Resonance Raman spectroscopy,
coherent anti Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS).
Unit III
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Nuclear spin, nuclear resonance, saturation, shielding of magnetic nuclei, chemical shift and its
measurement, factor influencing chemical shift, deshielding, spin-spin interaction, factors influencing
coupling constant ‘J’. Classification (ABX, AMX, ABC, A2B2 etc.), spin decoupling, basic ideas about
instrument, NMR studies of nuclei other than proton-13C, 19F and 31P. FT NMR, advantages of FT NMR,
use of NMR in medical diagnostics.
Unit IV
Chromatographic Methods
Principle, instrumentation and applications of gas liquid chromatography and HPLC. Ion exchange
chromatography: cationic and anionic exchanges and their applications. Van-Deemter equation (no
derivation), concept about HEPT-plate theory and rate theory. Applications.
Unit V
Radio Analytical Methods
Basic principles and types of measuring instruments, isotope dilution techniques: principle of operations
and uses. Applications.
Books Suggested
1. Modern Spectroscopy, J.M. Hollas, John Wiley.
2. NMR, NQR, EPR and Mossbauer Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry, R.V. Parish, Ellis Horwood.
3. Physical Method for Chemistry, R.S. Drago, Saunders Company.
4. Introduction of Molecular Spectroscopy, G.M. Barrow, McGraw Hill.
5. Basic Principles of Spectroscopy, R. Chang, McGraw Hill.
6. Theory and Applications of UV Spectroscopy, H.H. Jaffe and M. Orchin, IBH-Oxford.
7. Introduction to Magnetic Resonance, A. Carrington, A.D. Maclachalan, Harper & Row.
8. High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Heinz Engelhardt.
9. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, Willard, Meritt, Dean & Settle (Wiley Eastern).
Laboratory
SOS/C011 Course-IIA
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Note: The duration of examination will be of eight hours. Students are required to do one practical each
from Inorganic, Organic and Physical sections. Each exercise will be 20 marks.
Viva 15 marks
Seminar/Attendance/Assessment/Record 25 marks.
14
Inorganic Chemistry
Quantitative Analysis
Quantitative Analysis of mixtures of two metal ions involving Volumetric (by complexometric titration
using masking and demasking agents) and gravimetric analysis.
Organic Chemistry
Organic Synthesis
Acetoacetic ester Condensation: Synthesis of ethyl-n-butylacetoacetate by A.E.E. condensation.
Cannizzaro reaction: 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde as substrate Aromatic electrophilic Substitutions: Synthesis of p-nitroaniline and p-bromoaniline.
The products may be characterized by Spectral Techniques where possible.
Physical Chemistry
Solutions
1. Determination of molecular weight of non-volatile and non-electrolyte/electrolyte by cryoscopic
method and to determine the activity coefficient of an electrolyte.
2. Determination of the degree of dissociation of weak electrolyte and to study the deviation from ideal
behaviour that occurs with a strong electrolyte.
Laboratory
SOS/C012 Course-IIB
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Note: The duration of examination will be of eight hours. Students are required to do one practical each
from Inorganic, Organic and Physical sections. Each exercise will be 20 marks.
Viva 15 marks
Seminar/Attendance/Assessment/Record 25 marks.
Inorganic Chemistry
Preparations
Preparation of selected inorganic compounds:
VO (acac)2
TiO (C9H8NO)2. 2H2O
cis-K[Cr(C2O4)2 (H2O)2]
Na[Cr(NH3)2(SCN)4]
Mn (acac)3
K3 [Fe (C2O4)3] 3H2O
Prussian Blue, Tumbull’s Blue
Co [(NH3)6] Cl3
[Cu (en)2 (H2O)2] I2
Cu2HgI4
15
[Co (Py)2Cl2]
[Ni (NH3)6] Cl2
Tris-(thiourea) copper (I) sulphate [Cu (tu)3] SO4.2H2O
K3[Cr (C2O4)3]
Organic Chemistry
Quantitative Analysis
Determination of the percentage or number of hydroxyl groups in an organic compound by acetylation
method.
Estimation of amines/phenols using bromate bromide solution/or acetylation method.
Determination of Iodine and Saponification values of an oil sample Determination of DO, COD and BOD of water sample.
Physical Chemistry
Electrochemistry
Potentiometry/pH-metry
1. Determination of strengths of halides in a mixtures potentiometrically.
2. Determination of the valency of mercurous ions potentiometrically.
3. Determination of the strength of strong and weak acids in a given mixture using a
potentiometer/pH meter.
4. Determination of temperature dependence of EMF of a cell.
5. Determination of the formation constant of silver-ammonia complex and stiochiometry of the
complex potentiometrically.
6. Acid-base titration in a non-aqueous media using a pH meter.
7. Determination of activity and activity coefficient of electrolytes.
8. Determination of the dissociation constant of acetic acid in DMSO, DMF, acetone and dioxane by
titrating it with KOH.
9. Determination of the dissociation constant of monobasic/dibasic by Albert-Serjeant method.
10. Determination of thermodynamic constants ∆G, ∆S and ∆H for the reaction by e.m.f. method.
Zn + H2SO4
ZnSO4 + 2H
Semester- III
Inorganic Chemistry
SOS/C013
Laboratory CourseIIIA Inorganic
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Note: The duration of examination will be of eight hours. Students are required to do one practical of 60
marks.
Viva 15 marks
Seminar/Attendance/Assessment/Record 25 marks.
Preparation
16
Synthesis of selected inorganic compounds/complexes and their characterization by IR, electronic
spectra (UV & Visible), NMR, Mossbauer, ESR and magnetic susceptibility etc. measurement.
Selection can be made from the following or any other from the existing literature.
(i).
Cis and Trans isomers of [Co(en)2Cl2] Cl.
J. Chem. Soc., 1960, 4369.
(ii). Metal acetylacetonates: Cr(acac)3; Vanadyl acetylacetonate, Cu(acac)2. H2O etc.
Inog. Synth., 1957, 5, 130; 1, 183.
(iii). Ferrocene
J. Chem. Edu., 1966, 43, 73; 1976, 53, 730.
(iv). Cr(III) complexes: [Cr(H2O)6](NO3)3.3H2O;[Cr(H2O)4 Cl2] Cl.2H2O; [Cr(en)3]Cl3
Inorg. Synth., 1972, 13, 184.
(v). Tin (IV) iodide, Tin (IV) chloride, Tin (II) iodide.
Inorg. Synth., 1953, 4, 119.
(vi). Mixed valence dinuclear complexes of manganese (III, IV).
(vii). Preparation of triphenyl phosphine and its transition metal complexes.
(viii). Reaction of Cr (III) with multidentate ligand, a kinetic experiment (visible spectra of Cr-EDTA
complex). J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1953, 75, 5670.
(ix). Other new synthesis reported in literature.
(x). Bromination of Cr (acac)3.
J. Chem. Edu., 1986, 63, 90.
(xi). Preparation of copper glycine complex-cis and trans bis glycinato copper (II).
J. Chem. Edu., 1982, 59, 1052.
(xii). Relative stability of Tin (IV) and Pb (IV), Preparation of ammonium
hexachlorostannate,(NH4)2SnCl6 and ammonium hexachloroplumbate; (NH4)2 PbCl6.
Books Suggested
1. Vogel’s Text Book of Qualitative Analysis, ELBS .
2. Vogel’s Text Book of Quantitative Analysis, ELBS.
3. Synthesis and Characterization of Inorganic Compounds, W.L. Jolly, Prentice Hall.
SOS/C014
Laboratory Course-IIIB
Inorganic
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Note: The duration of examination will be of eight hours. Students are required to do one practical of 60
marks.
Viva 15 marks
Seminar/Attendance/Assessment/Record 25 marks.
Analysis of ores, alloys and inorganic substances by various chemical methods.
Books Suggested
4. Vogel’s Text Book of Qualitative Analysis, ELBS .
5. Vogel’s Text Book of Quantitative Analysis, ELBS.
6. Synthesis and Characterization of Inorganic Compounds, W.L. Jolly, Prentice Hall.
17
Organometallic
SOS/C015 Chemistry
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I.
Alkyls and Aryls of Transition Metals
Alkyls and aryls of transition metals, nature of metal carbon bond, routes of synthesis, stability and
decomposition pathways and their structure. Alkyls and aryls of s-block and p-block elements.
Comparison of such transition and non-transition element derivatives. Organocopper in organic
synthesis.
II.
Compounds of Transition metal-carbon multiple bonds
Alkylidenes, alkylydines, low valent carbenes and carbynes-synthesis, nature of bond, structural
characteristics, nucleophilic and electrophilic reactions on the ligands, role in organic synthesis.
III.
Transition Metal π-Complexes
Transition Metal π-Complexes with unsaturated organic molecules. Alkenes, alkynes, allyl, diene,
dienyl, arene and trienyl complexes; preparation, properties, nature of bonding and structural features.
Important reactions relating to nucleophilic and electrophilic attack on ligands and to organic synthesis.
IV.
Metal Compounds with bonds to Hydrogen
Transition metal compounds with bonds to hydrogen.
V.
Homogeneous Catalysis
Stoichiometric reactions for catalysis, homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation, Zeigler-Natta
polymerization of olefins, catalytic reactions involving carbon monoxide such as hydrocarbonylation of
olefins (oxo reaction), oxopalladation reaction, activation of C-H bond.
VI.
Fluxional Organometallic Compounds
Fluxionality and dynamic equilibria in compounds such as η2-olefin, η3-allyl and dienyl complexes, their
characterization.
Books Suggested
1. Principle and Application of Organotransition Metal Chemistry, J.P. Collman, L.S. Hegsdus, J.P.
Norton and R.G. Finke. University Science Books.
2. The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals, R.H. Crabtree, John Wiley.
3.
Metallo-organic Chemistry, A.J. Pearson, Wiley.
4.
Organometallic Chemistry, R.C. Mehrotra and A. Singh; New Age International.
5.
Organometallic Compounds, NLH Green, Chapman & Hall, U.K.
6. Principles of Organometallic Chemistry, G.E. Coates, MLH Green, P. Powell, Chapman & Hall,
U.K.
18
SOS/E001
Spectroscopy, Xray and Solid State
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I.
Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy
Instrumentation, source, monochromators, detectors, single and double beam instruments,
applications.
II.
Infrared Spectroscopy
Instrumentation, source, monochromators, optics of double beam instruments, detectors, sample
preparation, applications.
III.
X-Ray Diffraction
Bragg condition, Miller indices, Laue method, Bragg method, Debye-Scherrer method of X-ray
structural analysis of crystals, index reflections, identification of unit cells from systematic
absences in diffraction pattern. Structure of simple lattices and X-ray intensities, structure factor
and its relation to intensity and electron density, phase problem. Description of the procedure for
an X-ray structure analysis, absolute configuration of molecules, Ramchandran diagram.
IV. Electron Diffraction
Scattering intensity vs. scattering angle, Wire equation, measurement technique, elucidation of
structure of simple gas phase molecules. Low energy electron diffraction and structure of
surfaces.
V.
Neutron Diffraction
Scattering of neutrons by solids and liquids, magnetic scattering, measuring techniques.
Elucidation of structure of magnetically ordered unit cell.
VI.
Solid State Chemistry
Solid State Reactions
General principles, experimental procedures, co-precipitation as a precursor to solid state
reactions, kinetics of solid state reactions.
Books Suggested:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Physical Methods for Chemistry, R.S. Drago, Saunders Company.
Structural Methods in Inorganic Chemistry, E.A.V. Ebsworth, D.W.H. Rankin and S.
Cradock, ELBS.
Infrared and Raman Spectra: Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, K. Nakamoto,
Wiley.
Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy, A.P.B. Lever, Elsevier.
Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, A.R. West, Plenum.
Solid State Chemistry, D.K. Chakrabarty, New Age International.
Symmetry and Spectroscopy, K. Veera Reddy, New Age International, 1998.
Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Willard et al., 7th Edn., CBS Publishers.
19
SOS/E002
Bioinorganic, Bioorganic
Biophysical Chemistry-I
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A)
Bioinorganic Chemistry
I.
Metal Ions in Biological Systems, Na+/K+ Pump
Essential and trace metals. Role of metal ions in biological processes. Na+/K+ Pump.
II.
Bioenergetics and ATP Cycles
DNA polymerization, glucose storage, metal complexes in transmission of energy; chlorophylls,
photo system I and photo system II in cleavage of water. Model systems.
III.
Transport and Storage of Dioxygen
Heme proteins and oxygen uptake, structure and function of hemoglobin, myoglobin,
hemocyanins and hemerythrin, model synthetic complexes of iron, cobalt and copper.
B) Bioorganic Chemistry
I.
Enzymes & Mechanism of Enzyme Action
Introduction and historical perspective, chemical and biological catalysis, properties of enzymescatalytic power, specificity and regulation. Fischer’s lock and Koshland’s induced fit hypothesis,
concept and identification of active site by the use of inhibitors, affinity labeling and enzyme
modification by site-directed, mutagenesis. Enzyme kinetics, Michaelis-Menten and LineweaverBurk plots, reversible and irreversible inhibition. Transition-state theory, acid-base catalysis,
covalent catalysis, strain of distortion. Examples of some typical enzyme mechanisms for
chymotrypsin, ribonuclease, lysozyme and carboxypeptidase A.
II.
Kinds of Reactions Catalysed by Enzymes
Nucleophillic displacement on a phosphorus atom, multiple displacement reactions and the
coupling of ATP cleavage to endergonic processes. Transfer of sulphate, addition and
elimination reactions, enolic intermediates in isomerization reactions, -cleavage and
condensation, some isomerization and rearrangement reactions. Enzyme catalyzed carboxylation
and decarboxylation.
C)
Biophysical Chemistry
I.
Biological Cell and its Constituents, Cell Membrane and Transport of Ions
Biological cell, structure and functions of proteins, enzymes, DNA and RNA in living systems.
Helix coil transition. Structure and functions of cell membrane, ion transport through cell
membrane.
Bioenergetics
Standard free energy change in biological reactions, exergonic, endergonic. Hydrolysis of ATP,
synthesis of ATP from ADP.
II.
Books Suggested
1.
Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry, S.J. Lippard and J.M. Berg, University Science Books.
2.
Bioinorganic Chemistry, I. Berteni, H.B. Gray, S.J. Lippard and J.S. Valentine, University
Science Books.
20
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Bioinorganic Chemistry: A Chemical Approach to Enzyme Action, Hermann Dugas and C.
Penny, Springer-Verlag.
Understanding Enzymes, Trevor Palmer, Prentice Hall.
Enzyme Chemistry: Impact and Applications, Ed. Colliins J Sucking, Chapman and Hall.
Enzymes Mechanism Ed, M.I. Page and A. Williams, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Fundamentals of Enzymology, N.C. Price and L. Stevens, Oxford University Press.
Immobilized Enzymes: An Introduction and Applications in Biotechnology, Michael D. Trevan,
John Wiley.
Enzymatic Reaction Mechanism, C. Walsh, W.H. Freeman.
Enzymatic Structure and Mechanism, W.H. Freeman.
Principles of Biochemistry, A.L. Lehninger, Worth Publishers.
Biochemistry, L. Stryer, W.H. Freeman.
Biochemisty, J. David Rawn, Neil Patterson.
Biochemistry, Voet and Voet, John Wiley.
Outlines of Biochemistry, E.E. Conn and P.K. Stumpf, John Wiley.
Macromolecules: Structure and function, F. World, Prentice Hall.
SOS/E003
Bioinorganic and
Supramolecular
Chemistry
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Unit I
Metal Storage Transport and Biomineralization
Ferritin, Transferrin, and siderophores
Unit II
Calcium in Biology
Calcium in living cells, transport and regulation, molecular aspects of intramolecular processes,
extracellular binding proteins.
Unit III
Metalloenzymes
Zinc enzymes-carboxypeptidase and carbonic anhydrase. Iron enzymes-catalase, peroxidase and
cytochrome P-450. Copper enzymes-superoxide dismutase. Molybdenum oxatransferase enzymesxanthine oxidase. Coenzymes vitamin B12.
Unit IV
Metal-Nucleic Acid Interactions
Metal ions and metal complex interactions. Metal complexes-nucleic acids.
Unit V
Metals in Medicine
Metal deficiency and disease, toxic effects of metals, metals used for diagnosis and chemotherapy with
particular reference to anticancer drugs.
Unit VI
Supramolecular Chemistry
Molecular recognition: Molecular receptors for different types of molecules including arisonic
substrates, design and synthesis of co-receptor molecules and multiple recognition. H-bonds in
supramolecular structures. Use of H-bond in crystal engineering and molecular recognition. Chelate and
21
macrocyclic effects. Cation binding hosts, binding of anions, binding of neutral molecules, binding of
organic molecules. Supramolecular reactivity and catalysis. Transport processes and carrier design.
Supramolecular devices, supramolecular photochemistry, supramolecular electronic, ionic and switching
devices. Some examples of self-assembly in supramolecular chemistry.
Books Suggested
1. Supramolecular Chemistry, J.M. Lehn, VCH.
2. Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry, S.J. Lippard and J.M. Berg, University Science Books.
3. Bioinorganic Chemistry, I. Bertini, H.B. Gray, S.J. Lippard and J.S. Valentine, University Science
Books.
4. Inorganic Biochemistry, vols I and II. Ed. G.L. Eichhorn, Elsevier.
5. Progress in inorganic Chemistry, vols 18 and 38 ed. J.J. Lippard, Wiley.
SOS/E004
Analytical Chemistry
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Unit I
Introduction
Role of analytical chemistry. Classification of analytical methods-classical and instrumental. Types of
instrumental analysis. Selecting an analytical method. Neatness and cleanliness. Laboratory operations
and practices. Analytical balance. Techniques of weighing, errors. Volumetric glassware-cleaning and
calibration of glassware. Sample preparations-dissolution and decompositions. Gravimetric techniques.
Selecting and handling of reagents. Laboratory notebooks. Safety in the analytical laboratory.
Unit II
Errors
Determinate and indeterminate errors, minimization of determinate errors, random distribution of
indeterminate errors.
Unit III
Statistical data analysis
Accuracy and precision, significant figures and computations, mean and standard deviation, distribution
of random errors, reliability of results, confidence interval, comparison of results, comparison of means
of two samples, paired t-test, number of replicate determinations and its use, correlation and regression,
linear regression, analysis of variance, rejection of data.
Unit IV
Application of analytical chemistry in the study of water and soil pollutions, analysis of fuel, body fluids
and drugs
Books Suggested
1. Analytical Chemistry, G.D. Christian, J. Wiley.
2. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, D.A. Skoog, D.M. West and F.J. Holler, W.B. Saunders.
3. Analytical Chemistry-Principles, J.H. Kennedy, W.B. Saunders.
4. Analytical Chemistry-Principles and Techniques, L.G. Hargis, Prentice Hall.
5. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, D.A. Skoog and J.L. Loary, W.B. Saunders.
22
6.
7.
8.
9.
Quantitative Analysis, R.A. Day, Jr. and A.L. Underwood, Prentice Hall.
Environmental Solution Analysis, S.M. Khopkar, Wiley Eastern.
Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry, S.M. Khopkar, Wiley Eastern.
Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry, F. Settle, Prentice Hall.
Organic Chemistry
SOS/C016
Laboratory CourseOrg IIIA
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Note: The duration of examination will be of eight hours. Students are required to do one practical of 60
marks.
Viva 15 marks
Seminar/Attendance/Assessment/Record 25 marks.
Qualitative Analysis
Separation, purification and identification of the components of a mixture of three organic compounds
(three solids or two liquids and one solid, two solids and one liquid), using TLC for checking the purity
of the separated compounds. Preparation of derivatives and spectral analysis.
Books Suggested
1. Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques (Third Edition), DL Pavia, GM Lampman and GS
Kriz, Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, New York.
2. Operational Organic Chemistry, A Laboratory Course, Second Edition, JW Lehman, Allyn & Bacon,
Inc. Boston.
3. Microscale Organic Experiments KL Willianson, DC Health & Co. Le Xington.
4. Laboratory Manual of Organic Chemistry, RK Bansal, New Age International, Delhi.
Laboratory
SOS/C017 Course-Org IIIB
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Note: The duration of examination will be of eight hours. Students are required to do one practical of 60
marks.
Viva 15 marks
Seminar/Attendance/Assessment/Record 25 marks.
Multi-step Synthesis of Organic Compounds
The exercise should illustrate the use of organic reagents and may involve purification of the products
by chromatographic techniques.
Photochemical reaction
Benzophenone
Benzpinacol
Benzpinacolone
Beckmann rearrangement: Benzanilide from benzene
Benzene
Benzophenone
Benzophenone oxime
Benzanilide
23
Benzilic acid rearrangement: Benzilic acid from benzoin
Benzoin
Benzil
Benzilic acid
Synthesis of heterocyclic compounds
Skraup synthesis: Preparation of quinoline from aniline. Fisher-Indole synthesis: Preparation of 2-phenyl
indole from phenylhydrazine.
Enzymatic Synthesis
Enzymatic reduction: Reduction of ethyl acetoacetate using Baker’s yeast to yield enantiomeric excess
of S (+) ethyl-3-hydroxybutanoate and determine its optical purity.
Biosynthesis of ethanol from sucrose
Synthesis using microwaves
Alkylation of diethyl malonate with benzyl chloride.
Synthesis using phase transfer catalyst.
Alkylation of diethyl malonate or ethylacetoacetate with an alkyl halide.
Books Suggested
1. Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques (Third Edition), DL Pavia, GM Lampman and
GS Kriz, Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, New York.
2. Operational Organic Chemistry, A Laboratory Course, Second Edition, JW Lehman, Allyn &
Bacon, Inc. Boston.
3. Microscale Organic Experiments KL Willianson, DC Health & Co. Le Xington.
4. Laboratory Manual of Organic Chemistry, RK Bansal, New Age International, Delhi.
Organic
SOS/C018 Synthesis and
Photochemistry
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Unit I
Disconnection Approach
An introduction to synthons and synthetic equivalents disconnection approach, functional group
interconversions, the importance of order of events in organic synthesis, one group C-X and two group
C-X disconnections, chemoselectivity, reversal of polarity, cyclisation reactions and amine synthesis.
Unit II
Protecting Groups
Principle of protection of alcohols, amine, carbonyl and carboxyl groups
Unit III
One Group and Two Group C-C Disconnections
Alcohols and carbonyl compounds regioselectivity. Alkene synthesis, use of acetylenes and aliphatic
nitro compounds in organic synthesis. Diels-Alder reaction, 1,3-difunctional compounds, α,β
unsaturated carbonyl compounds, control in carbonyl condensations. Micheal addition and Robinson
annelation.
Unit IV
24
Determination of Reaction Mechanism
Classification, rate constants and life times of reactive energy states-determination of rate constants of
reactions. Effect of light intensity on the rate of photochemical reactions. Types of photochemical
reactions, photo-dissociation, gas-phase photolysis.
Unit V
Photochemical Reactions
Intramolecular reactions of the olefinic bond-geometrical isomerism, cyclisation reactions,
rearrangement of 1,4-and 1,5-dienes.
Intramolecular reactions of carbonyl compounds-saturated cyclic and acyclic, β,γ-unsaturated and α,β-
unsaturated compounds. Cyclohexadienones.
Intramolecular cycloaddition reactions-dimerisation and oxetane formation.
Isomerisation, additions and substitutions.. Photo-Fries rearrangement, Barton reaction. Books Suggested
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Modern Synthetic Reactions, H.O. House, W.A. Benjamin.
Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, W. Carruthers, Cambridge Univ. Press.
Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reactions Mechanisms and Structure, J. March, John Wiley.
Principles of Organic Synthesis, R.O.C. Norman and J.M. Coxon, Blackie Academic & Professional.
Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B, F.A. Carey and R.J. Sundberg, Plenum Press.
Rodd’s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Ed. S. Coffey, Elsevier.
Designing Organic Synthesis, S. Warren, Wiley.
Organic Synthesis-Concept, Methods and Starting Materials, J. Fuhrhop and G. Penzillin, Verlag
VCH.
9. Fundamentals of Photochemistry, K.K. Rohtagi-Mukherji, New Age International
10. Essentials of Molecular Photochemistry, A. Gilbert and J. Baggott, Blackwell Scientific Publication
11. Molecular Photochemistry, N.J. Turro, W.A. Benjamin
12. Introductory Photochemistry, A. Cox and T. Camp, McGraw Hill
13. Photochemistry, R.P. Kundall and A. Gilbert, Thomson Nelson
14. Organic Photochemistry, J. Coxon and B. Halton, Cambridge University Press
SOS/E002
Bioinorganic Chemistry,
Bioorganic Chemistry,
Biophysical Chemistry-I
Spectroscopy
SOS/E005 and Solid State
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Unit I
Ultraviolet
and Visible Spectroscopy
Effect of solvent on electronic transitions, ultraviolet bands for carbonyl compounds, unsaturated
carbonyl compounds, dienes, conjugated polyenes. Fieser-Woodward rules for conjugated dienes and
carbonyl compounds, ultraviolet spectra of aromatic and heterocyclic compounds.
Unit II
Infrared Spectroscopy
25
General idea of the vibrational frequencies of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, amines, carbonyl
compounds, acid and acid derivatives and conjugated carbonyl compounds, effect of hydrogen bonding
and solvent on IR.
Unit III
Optical Rotatory Dispersion (ORD) and Circular Dichroism (CD)
Definition, deduction of absolute configuration and octant rule for ketones.
Unit IV
Solid State Chemistry
(a).Solid State Reactions
General principles, experimental procedures, co-precipitation as a precursor to solid state reactions,
kinetics of solid state reactions.
(b).Organic Solids, Fullerene, Molecular devices
Electrically conducting solids, organic charge transfer complex, organic metals, magnetism in organic
materials, fullerenes and doped fullerenes, organic superconductors, molecular rectifiers, transistors,
artificial photosynthetic devices, molecular memory, switches and sensors.
Books Suggested
1. Physical Method for Chemistry, R.S. Drago, Saunders Company.
2. Structural Method in Inorganic Chemistry, E.A.V. Ebsworth, D.W.H. Rankin and S. Cradock,
ELBS.
3. Infrared and Raman Spectra: Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, K. Nakamoto, Wiley.
4. Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy, A.P.B. Lever, Elsevier.
5. Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, A.R. West, Plenum.
6. Solid State Chemistry, D.K. Chakrabarty, New Age International.
SOS/E006
Organometallic
Reagents and Organic
Synthesis
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Unit I
Principles, preparations, properties and applications of the following in organic synthesis with
mechanistic details.
Group I and II metal organic compounds
Li and Hg compounds.
Transition metals
Pd, Ni and Cr compounds.
Other elements
Si and B compounds.
Unit II
Oxidation
Introduction. Different oxidative processes. Hydrocarbons- alkenes, aromatic rings, saturated C-H groups (activated and inactivated).
26
Alcohols, diols, aldehydes, ketones, ketals and carboxylic acids.
Amines, hydrazines, and sulphides.
Oxidations with ruthenium tetraoxide, iodobenzene diacetate and thallium (III) nitrate.
Unit III
Reduction
Introduction. Different reductive processes. Reduction of hydrocarbons- alkenes, alkynes and aromatic rings.
Reduction of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes, ketones, acids and their derivatives). Epoxides.
Reduction of nitro, nitroso, azo and oxime groups.
Hydrogenolysis.
Unit IV
Rearrangements
General mechanistic considerations-nature of migration, migratory aptitude, memory effects
A detailed study of the following rearrangements
Wagner-Meerwein, Demjanov, Benzil-Benzilic acid, Favorskii, Arndt-Eistert synthesis, Neber, Curtius,
Schmidt, Baeyer-Villiger, Shapiro reaction
Unit V
Metallocenes, Nonbenzenoid Aromatics and Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
General considerations, synthesis and reactions of some representative compounds
Books Suggested
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Modern Synthetic Reactions, H.O. House, W.A. Benjamin.
Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, W. Carruthers, Cambridge Univ. Press.
Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reactions Mechanisms and Structure, J. March, 6th Edn., John Wiley.
Principles of Organic Synthesis, R.O.C. Norman and J.M. Coxon, Blackie Academic & Professional.
Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B, F.A. Carey and R.J. Sundberg, Plenum Press.
Rodd’s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Ed. S. Coffey, Elsevier.
Designing Organic Synthesis, S. Warren, Wiley.
Organic Synthesis-Concept, Methods and Starting Materials, J. Fuhrhop and G. Penzillin, Verlag
VCH.
Medicinal
SOS/E007 Chemistry
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Unit I
Drug Design
Development of new drugs, procedures followed in drug design, concepts of lead compound and lead
modification, concepts of prodrugs and soft drugs, structure-activity relationship (SAR) factors affecting
bioactivity, resonance, inductive effect, isosterism, bio-isosterism, spatial considerations. Theories of
drug activity: occupancy theory, rate theory, induced fit theory. Quantitative structure activity
relationship. History and development of QSAR. Concepts of drug receptors. Elementary treatment of
drug receptor interactions. Physico-chemical parameters: lipophilicity, partition coefficient, electronic
27
ionization constant, steric, Shelton and surface activity parameters and redox potentials. Free Wilson
analysis, Hansch analysis, relationships between Free-Wilson and Hansch analysis. LD-50, ED-50
(Mathematical derivations of equations excluded).
Unit II
Pharmacokinetics
Introduction to drug absorption, disposition, elimination using pharmacokinetics, important
pharmacokinetic parameters in defining drug disposition and in therapeutics. Mention of uses of
pharmacokinetics in drug development process.
Unit III
Pharmacodynamics
Introduction, elementary treatment of enzyme stimulation, enzyme inhibition, sulphonamides,
membrane active drugs, drug metabolism, xenobiotic, biotransformation, significance of drug
metabolism in medicinal chemistry.
Unit IV
Antineoplastic Agents
Introduction, cancer chemotherapy, special problems, role of alkylating agents and antimetabolites in
treatment of cancer. Mention of carcinolytic antibiotics and mitotic inhibitors. Synthesis of
mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, melphalan, uracil, mustards, and 6-mercaptopurine. Recent
development in cancer chemotherapy. Hormone and natural products.
Unit V
Antibiotics
Cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors, β-lactam rings, antibiotics inhibiting protein synthesis. Synthesis of
penicillin G, penicillin V, ampicillin, amoxycillin, chloramphenicol, cephalosporin, tetracycline and
streptomycin.
Books suggested
1. Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, A. Gringuage, Wiley-VCH.
2. Wilson and Gisvold's: Text Book of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ed. Robert
F. Dorge.
3. An Introduction to Drug Design, S.S. Pandeya and J.R. Dimmock, New Age International.
4. Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Vol-I, Ed. M.E. Wolff, John Wiley.
5. Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, McGraw-Hill.
6. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, R.B. Silverman, Academic Press.
7. Strategies for Organic Drug Synthesis and Design, D. Lednicer, John Wiley.
Physical Chemistry
Laboratory
SOS/C019 Course Phy.IIIA
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Note: The duration of examination will be of eight hours. Students are required to do one practical of 60
marks.
Viva 15 marks
Seminar/Attendance/Assessment/Record 25 marks.
1. Verification of the law of photochemical equivalence.
2. Order of reaction by:
(a). Isolation Method.
(b). Half life period method
(c). Integration method
3. Temperature coefficient of a reaction.
4. Energy of activation of a reaction.
5. Entropy of a reaction.
6. Determination of pH by following methods:
(a). Electrical Conductivity.
(b). E.M.F.
(c). Polarography
SOS/C020
Laboratory
Course Phy.-IIIB
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Note: The duration of examination will be of eight hours. Students are required to do one practical of 60
marks.
Viva 15 marks
Seminar/Attendance/Assessment/Record 25 marks.
1. Hydrolysis of the salts by following methods:
(a). Cryoscopic
(b). Electrical Conductivity.
(c). E.M.F.
2. Study of complex formation by the following methods and determination of stability constant
wherever practicable:
(a). Cryoscopic
(b). Electrical Methods.
(c). E.M.F.
3. Determination of solubility of sparingly soluble salts by the following methods:
(a). Electrical Conductivity.
(b). E.M.F.
4. Dissociation constants of polybasic acids.
Chemistry of
SOS/C021 Materials
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Unit I
29
Multiphase Materials
Ferrous alloys; Fe-C phase transformations in ferrous alloys; stainless steels, non-ferrous alloys,
properties of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys and their applications
Unit II
Glasses, Ceramics, Composites and Nanomaterials
Glassy state, glass formers and glass modifiers, applications. Ceramic structures, mechanical properties, clay products. Refractories, characterizations, properties and applications. Microscopic composites; dispersion-strengthened and particle-reinforced, firbe-reinforced composites, macroscopic composites. Nanocrystalline phase, preparation procedures, special properties, applications.
Unit III
Thin Films and Langmuir-Blodgett Films
Preparation techniques; evaporation/sputtering, chemical processes, MOCVD, sol-gel etc.
Langmuiur-Blodgett (LB) film, growth techniques, photolithography, properties and applications of thin
and LB films.
Unit IV
Liquid Crystals
Mesomorphic 30ehavior, thermotropic liquid crystals, positional order, bond orientational order, nematic
and smectic mesophases; smectic-nematic transition and clearing temperature-homeotropic, planar and
schlieren textures, twisted nematics, chiral nematics, molecular arrangement in smectic C phases, optical
properties of liquid crystals. Dielectric susceptibility and dielectric constants. Lyotropic phases and their
description of ordering in liquid crystals.
Unit V
Polymeric Materials
Molecular shape, structure and configuration, crystallinity, stress-strain 30ehavior, thermal 30ehavior,
polymer types and their applications, conducting and ferro-electric polymers.
Unit VI
Ionic Conductors
Types of ionic conductors, mechanism of ionic conductors, interstitial jumps (Frenkel); vacancy
mechanism, diffusion superionic conductors; phase transitions and mechanism of conduction in
superionic conductors, examples and applications of ionic conductors.
Unit VII
High Tc Materials
Defect perovskites, high Tc superconductivity in cuprates, preparation and characterization of 1-2-3 and
2-1-4 materials, normal state properties; anisotropy; temperature dependence of electrical resistance;
optical phonon modes, superconducting state; heat capacity; coherence length, elastic constants, position
lifetimes, microwave absorption-pairing and multigap structure in high Tc materials, applications of high
Tc materials.
Books Suggested
1. Solid State Physics, N.W. Ashcroft and N.D. Mermin, Saunders College.
2. Material Science and Engineering, An Introduction, W.D. Callister, Wiley.
3. Principles of the Solid State, H.V. Keer, Wiley Eastern.
4. Materials Science, J.C. Anderson, K.D. Leaver, J.M. Alexander and R.D. Rawlings, ELBS.
5. Thermotropic Liquid Crystals, Ed., G.W. Gray, John Wiley.
6. Handbook of Liquid Crystals, Kelker and Hatz, Chemie Verlag.
30
7. Inorganic Materials:Recent Advances,Editors D.Bahadur et al.,Narosa
8. Ion Conducting Materials: Theory and Applications, Editor A. R. Kulkarni, Narosa.
SOS/E001
SOS/E002
SOS/E004
SOS/E008
Spectroscopy, Xray and Solid State
Bioinorganic,
Bioorganic &
Biophysical
Chemistry-I
Analytical Chemistry
Liquid State
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Unit I
General Properties of Liquids
(a) Liquids as dense gases, liquids as disordered solids, some thermodynamics relations, internal
pressure and its significance in liquids. Equations of state, critical constants. Different types of
intermolecular forces in liquids, different potential functions for liquids. Additivity of pair potential
approximation.
(b) A classical partition function for liquid for liquids, correspondence principle, configuration integral,
configuration properties.
Unit II
Theory of Liquids
Theory of liquids, partition function method or model approach, single cell models, communal energy
and entropy, LTD model, significant structure model.
Unit III
Distribution Function and Related Equations
Radial distribution function method, equation of state in terms of RDF, Molecular distribution functions,
pair distribution function. Relationship between pair distribution function and pair potential function.
The IBG equation, the HNC equation, the PY equation, cluster expansion.
Unit IV
Methods for Structure Determination and Computational Techniques
Spectroscopic techniques for liquid dynamic structure studies, Neutron and X-ray scattering
spectroscopy.
Computation Techniques- Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics methods.
Unit V
Supercooled and Ionic Liquids.
31
Supercooled and ionic liquids, theories of transport properties; non Arrhenius 32ehavior of transport
properties, Cohen-Turnbull free volume model, configurational entropy model, Macedo-Lltovitz hybrid
model, glass transition in supercooled liquids.
Books Suggested
1. An Introduction to Liquid State, P.A. Egeistaff, Academic Press.
2. The Dynamic Liquid State, A.F.M. Barton, Longman.
3. Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics, T.L. Hill, Addison Wiley.
4. The Liquid State, J.A. Pryde.
5. Significant Liquid Structures, H. Eyring and M.S. John.
SEMESTER IV
Inorganic Chemistry
SOS/C022
Laboratory CourseInorg. IVA
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Note: The duration of examination will be of eight hours. Students are required to do two practical of
30 marks each.
Viva 15 marks
Seminar/Attendance/Assessment/Record 25 marks.
I.
(a).
(b).
(c).
(d).
(e).
(f).
Spectrophotometric Determinations
Manganese/chromium/vanadium in steel sample.
Nickle/molybdenum/tungsten/vanadium/uranium by extractive Spectrophotometric method.
Fluoride/nitrite/phosphate.
Iron-phenanthroline complex: Job’s Method of continuous variation.
Zirconium-alizarin Red-S complex: Mole-ratio method.
Copper-ethylene diamine complex: Slope –ratio method.
II.
(a).
(b).
(c).
Flame Photometric Determinations
Sodium and Potassium when present together.
Lithium/Calcium/barium/strontium.
Cadmium and magnesium in tap water.
SOS/C023
Laboratory CourseInorg. IVB
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9
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Note: The duration of examination will be of eight hours. Students are required to do two practicals of
30 marks each.
Viva 15 marks
Seminar/Attendance/Assessment/Record 25 marks.
I.
Nephelometric Determinations
(a).
Sulphate
(b).
Phosphate
32
(c).
II.
(a).
(b).
(c).
Silver
Chromatographic separations: Paper or TLC and determination of Rf values:
Cadmium and Zinc.
Silver, Lead and Mercury.
Nickel, Magnesium, Cobalt and Zinc.
Inorganic
SOS/C024 Polymers
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Unit I
Inorganic polymer synthesis, step-growth and step condensation synthesis of metal containing polymers.
Unit II
Condensation of functionalised metal containing species, condensation through bridged ligand
coordination, bridging ligand formation during condensation, synthesis of main group condensation
polymer.
Unit III
Polycarboranes, polycarbosilanes, polythalocyanines, polysiloxanes.
Unit IV
Chain polymerisations, radical and cationic polymerisations.
Unit V
Inorganic polymer characterization, methods of characterizing average molecular masses.
Unit VI
Glass transition temperature measurement, spectroscopic characterization specific to inorganic
polymers, use of NMR and EPR in characterization of inorganic polymers, use of electronic, vibrational,
Mossbauer
spectroscopies in charaterization of inorganic polymers, visco-elasticity measurements.
Crystallinity characterization.
Unit VII
Polymer elastomers, inorganic dental polymers, adhesives, inorganic high temperature fluids and
lubricants.
Unit VIII
Inorganic polymer conductivity, metal containing polymers, metal containing polymers in non linear
optics, luminescent inorganic polymers.
Books suggested
1. Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers, Ronald D. Archer, Wiley VCH, 2001.
2. Inorganic Polymers, J. E. Mark et al., Prentice Hall, 1992.
33
SOS/E009
Spectroscopy
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Unit I
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
Principle and theory, Kramer degeneracy, g factor, electron-nuclear coupling (hyperfine structure), line
shape and width, Mc Connell relationship, endor and eldor, electron-electron coupling. Techniques of
measurement, application of ESR to organic free radicals and to transitional metal complexes (having
and unpaired electron) including biological systems.
Unit II
Mossbauer Spectroscopy
Basic principles, spectral parameters and spectrum display. Fine structure, application of the technique
to the studies of (1) bonding and structure of Fe2+ and Fe3+ compounds (2) Sn2+ and Sn4+ compounds,
detection of oxidation state and in equivalent MB atoms.
Unit III
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
(a). Chemical shift values for protons bonded to carbon (aliphatic, olelinic, aldehydic and aromatic)
and other nuclei (alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, amines, amides), chemical exchange, effects
of deuteration, Karplus curve-variation of coupling constant with dihedral angle.
(b). Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy
General consideration, chemical shift (aliphatic, olefinic, alkyne, aromatic, heteroaromatic and
carbonyl compound), coupling constants.
Unit IV
Mass Spectrometry
Principle and theory, fundamental mass equation, ionization methods, odd and even electron ions, base
peak, isotopic ions, fragmentation patterns, Mc Lafferty rearrangement and RD cleavage, application of
mass spectrometry to the structure elucidation of organic molecules
Unit V
Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Basic principles, photoelectric effect, ionization process, Koopman’s Theorem, photoelectron spectra of
simple molecules, ESCA, chemical information from ESCA, Auger electron spectroscopy-basic idea.
Books Suggested
1. Physical Method for Chemistry, R.S. Drago, Saunders Company.
2. Structural Method in Inorganic Chemistry, E.A.V. Ebsworth, D.W.H. Rankin and S. Cradock, ELBS
3. NMR, NQR, EPR and Mossbauer Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry, R.V. Parish, Ellis Horwood.
4. Practical NMR Spectroscopy, M.L. Martin, J.J. Delpeuch and G.J. Martin, Heyden.
5. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, R.M. Silverstein, G.C. Bassler and T.C.
Morrill, John Wiley.
6. Introduction to NMR Spectroscopy, R.J. Abraham, J. Fisher and P. Loftus, Wiley.
7. Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry, D.H. Williams, I. Fleming, Tata McGraw-Hill.
8. Introduction to Spectroscopy, D.L. Pavia, G.M. Lampman, G.S. Kritz, Thompson Asia Pvt. Ltd.,
Singapore.
9. Electronic spectroscopy, D.N. Sathyanarayan, Universities Press.
10. Interpretation of Mass Spectra, F.W. McLafferty, University Science Books,California.
34
Bioinorganic, Bioorganic, Biophysical
SOS/E010 Chemistry-II
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Unit I
Bioinorganic Chemistry
1. Electron Transfer in Biology
Structure and function of metalloproteins in electron transport processes-cytochromes and ionsulphur proteins, synthetic models.
2. Nitrogenase
Biological nitrogen fixation, molybdenum nitrogenase, spectroscopic and other evidence, other
nitrogenases model systems.
Unit II
Bioorganic Chemistry
1. Co-Enzyme Chemistry
Cofactors as derived from vitamins, coenzymes, prosthetic groups, apoenzymes. Structure and
biological functions of coenzyme A, thiamine pyrophosphate, pyridoxal phosphate, NAD+, NADP+,
FMN, FAD, lipoic acid, vitamin B12. Mechanisms of reactions catalyzed by the above cofactors.
2. Enzyme Models
Host-guest chemistry, chiral recognition and catalysis, molecular recognition, molecular asymmetry
and prochirality. Biomimetic chemistry, crown ethers, cryptates. Cyclodextrins, cyxlodextrin-based
enzyme models, calixarenes, ionophores, micelles, synthetic enzymes.
3. Biotechnological Applications of Enzymes
Large-scale production and purification of enzymes, techniques and methods of immobilization of
enzymes, use of enzymes in food and drink industry, brewing and cheese-making, syrups from corn
starch, enzymes as targets for drug design. Clinical uses of enzymes, enzyme therapy, enzymes and
recombinant DNA technology.
Unit III
Biophysical Chemistry
1. Statistical Mechanism in Biopolymers
Chain configuration of macromolecules, statistical distribution, end-to-end dimensions, calculation
of average dimensions for various chain structures. Polypeptide and protein structures, introduction
to protein folding problem.
2. Biopolymer Interactions, Thermodynamics of Biopolymer Solutions
Forces involved in biopolymer interactions. Electrostatic charge and molecular expansion,
hydrophobic forces, dispersion force interactions. Multiple equilibria and various types of binding
processes in biological systems. Thermodynamics of biopolymer solutions, osmotic pressure,
membrane equilibrium, muscular contraction and energy generation in mechanochemical system.
3. Biopolymers and their Molecular Weights
Evaluation of size, shape, molecular weight and extent of hydration of biopolymers by various
experimental techniques. Sedimentation equilibrium, hydrodynamic methods, diffusion,
sedimentation velocity, viscosity, electrophoresis and rotational motions.
Books Suggested
35
1. Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry, S.J. Lippard and J.M. Berg, University Science Books.
2. Bioinorganic Chemistry, I. Bertini, H.B. Gray, S.J. Lippard and J.S. Valentine, University Science
Books.
3. Bioinorganic Chemistry: A Chemical Approach to Enzyme Action, Hermann Dugas and C. Penny,
Springer-Verlag.
4. Understanding Enzymes, Trevor Palmer, Prentice Hall.
5. Enzyme Chemistry: Impact and Applications, Ed. Colliins J Sucking, Chapman and Hall.
6. Enzymes Mechanism Ed, M.I. Page and A. Williams, Royal Society of Chemistry.
7. Fundamentals of Enzymology, N.C. Price and L. Stevens, Oxford University Press.
8. Immobilized Enzymes: An Introduction and Applications in Biotechnology, Michael D. Trevan,
John Wiley.
9. Enzymatic Reaction Mechanism, C. Walsh, W.H. Freeman.
10. Enzymatic Structure and Mechanism, W.H. Freeman.
11. Principles of Biochemistry, A.L. Lehninger, Worth Publishers.
12. Biochemistry, L. Stryer, W.H. Freeman.
13. Biochemisty, J. David Rawn, Neil Patterson.
14. Biochemistry, Voet and Voet, John Wiley.
15. Outlines of Biochemistry, E.E. Conn and P.K. Stumpf, John Wiley.
16. Macromolecules: Structure and function, F. World, Prentice Hall.
Photoinorganic
SOS/E011 Chemistry
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Unit I
Basics of photochemistry
Absorption, excitation, photochemical laws, electronically excited states-life times, measurements of the
times. Flash photolysis, stopped flow techniques. Energy dissipation by radiative and non-radiative
process, absorption spectra, Franck-Condon principle, photochemical stages-primary and secondary
processes.
Unit II
Properties of Excited States
Structure, dipole moment, acid-base strengths, reactivity. Photochemical kinetics-calculation of rates of
radiative processes. Biomolecular deactivation-quenching.
Unit III
Excited States of Metal Complexes
Excited states of metal complexes: Comparison with organic compounds, electronically excited states of
metal complexes. Charge-transfer spectra, charge transfer excitations, methods for obtaining chargetransfer spectra.
Unit IV
Ligand Field Photochemistry
Photosubstitution, photo oxidation and photo reduction, lability and selectivity, zero vibrational levels of
ground state and excited state, energy content of excited state, zero-zero spectroscopic energy,
development of the equations for redox potentials of the excited states.
36
Unit V
Redox Reactions by Excited Metal Complexes
Energy transfer under conditions of weak interaction and strong interaction-exciplex formation;
conditions of the excited states to be useful as redox reactants, excited electron transfer, metal
complexes as attractive candidates (2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline complexes), illustration of
reducing and oxidizing character of Ruthenium2+, (bipyridyl complex, comparison with Fe (bipy)3); role
of spin-orbit coupling, life time of these complexes. Application of redox processes of electronically
excited states for catalytic purpose, transformation of low energy reactants into high-energy products,
chemical energy into light.
Unit VI
Metal Complex Sensitizers
Metal complex sensitizer, electron relay, metal colloid system, semiconductor supported metal or oxide
systems, water photolysis, nitrogen fixation and carbon dioxide reduction.
Books Suggested:
1. Concepts of Inorganic Photochemistry, A.W. Adamson and P.D. Fleischauer, Wiley.
2. Inorganic Photochemistry, J. Chem. Educ., vol. 60, no. 10, 1983.
3. Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, vol. 30, ed. S.J. Lippard, Wiley.
4. Co-ordination Chem. Revs., 1975, 15, 321; 1981, vol. 39, 121, 131; 1990, 97, 313.
5. Photochemistry of Co-ordination Compounds, V. Balzari and V. Carassiti, Academic Press.
6. Elements of Inorganic Photochemistry, G.J. Ferraudi, Wiley.
7. Fundamentals of Photochemistry, K.K. Rohtagi-Mukherji, Wiley-Eastern.
8. Essentials of Molecular Photochemistry, A. Gilbert and J. Baggott, Blackwell Scientific Publication.
9. Molecular Photochemistry, N.J. Turro, W.A. Benjamin.
10. Introductory Photochemistry, A. Cox
Environmental
SOS/E012 Chemistry
L
3
T
0
P
0
C
3
MM
100
Unit I
Environment
Introduction, composition of atmosphere, vertical temperature, heat budget of the earth atmospheric
system, vertical stability atmosphere. Biogeochemical cycles of C, N, P, S and O. Bio distribution of
elements.
Unit II
Hydrosphere
Aquatic pollution- inorganic, organic, pesticides, agricultural, industrial and sewage, detergents, oil
spills and oil pollutants. Water quality parameters-dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand,
solids, metals, content of chloride, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate and micro-organisms. Water quality
standards. Analytical methods for measuring BOD, DO, COD, F, Oils, metals (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Se
etc.) residual chloride and chlorine demand. Purification and treatment of water.
Unit III
Soils
Composition, micro and macro nutrients, Pollution of fertilizers, pesticides and metals.
37
Unit IV
Atmosphere
Chemical and photochemical reactions in atmosphere, smog formation, oxides of N, C, S, O and their
effect, pollution by chemicals, petroleum, minerals chlorofluorohydrocarbons. Analytical methods for
measuring air pollutants. Continuous monitoring instruments.
Unit V
Industrial Pollution
Pollution from cement, sugar, distillery, drug; paper and pulp, thermal power plants, nuclear power
plants, metallurgy, polymers and drugs etc.
Unit VI
Environmental Toxicology
Chemical solutions to environmental problems, biodegradability, principles of decomposition, better
industrial processes.
Books suggested
1. Environmental Chemistry, S.E. Manahan, Lewis Publishers.
2. Environmental Chemistry, Sharma and Kaur, Krishna Publishers.
3. Environmental Chemistry, A.K. De, Wiley Eastern.
4. Environmental Pollution Analysis, S.M. Khopkar, Wiley Eastern.
5. Standard Method of Chemical Analysis, F.J. Welcher Vol. III, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
6. Environmental Toxicology, Ed. J. Rose, Gordon and Breach Science Publication.
7. Elemental Analysis of Airborne Particles, Ed. S. Landsberger and M. Creatchman, Gordon and
Breach Science Publication.
8. Environmental Chemistry, C. Baird, W.H. Freeman.
Organic Chemistry
SOS/C025
Laboratory Course
Org.-IVA
L
0
T
0
P
9
C
3
MM
100
Note: The duration of examination will be of eight hours. Students are required to do two practicals of
30 marks each.
Viva 15 marks
Seminar/Attendance/Assessment/Record 25 marks.
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Extraction of Organic Compounds from Natural Sources
Isolation of caffeine from tea leaves.
Isolation of casein from milk (the students are required to try some typical colour reactions of
proteins).
Isolation of lactose from milk (purity of sugar should be checked by TLC and PC and Rf value
reported).
Isolation of nicotine dipicrate from tobacco.
Isolation of cinchonine from cinchona bark.
Isolation of piperine from black pepper.
Isolation of lycopene from tomatoes.
Isolation of -carotene from carrots.
38
9. Isolation of oleic acid from olive oil (involving the preparation of complex with urea and
separation of linoleic acid).
10. Isolation of eugenol from cloves.
11. Isolation of limonene from citrus fruits.
II. Paper Chromatography
Separation and identification of the sugars present in the given mixture of glucose, fructose and sucrose
by paper chromatography and determination of Rf values.
Books Suggested
1. Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques (Third Edition), DL Pavia, GM Lampman and GS
Kriz, Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, New York.
2. Operational Organic Chemistry, A Laboratory Course, Second Edition, JW Lehman, Allyn & Bacon,
Inc. Boston.
3. Microscale Organic Experiments KL Willianson, DC Health & Co. Le Xington.
4. Laboratory Manual of Organic Chemistry, RK Bansal, New Age International, Delhi.
SOS/C026
Laboratory Course
Org.-IVB
L
0
T
0
P
9
C
3
MM
100
Note: The duration of examination will be of eight hours. Students are required to do two practicals of
30 marks each.
Viva 15 marks
Seminar/Attendance/Assessment/Record 25 marks.
I. Spectroscopy
Identification of organic compounds by the analysis of their spectral data (UV, IR, PMR, CMR & MS)
II. Spectrophotometric (UV/VIS) Estimations
1. Amino acids
2. Proteins
3. Carbohydrates
4. Cholesterol
5. Ascorbic acid
6. Aspirin
7. Caffeine
Books Suggested
5. Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques (Third Edition), DL Pavia, GM Lampman and GS
Kriz, Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, New York.
6. Operational Organic Chemistry, A Laboratory Course, Second Edition, JW Lehman, Allyn & Bacon,
Inc. Boston.
7. Microscale Organic Experiments KL Willianson, DC Health & Co. Le Xington.
8. Laboratory Manual of Organic Chemistry, RK Bansal, New Age International, Delhi.
39
SOS/C027
Natural Products
L
3
T
0
P
0
C
3
MM
100
Unit I
Terpenoids and Carotenoids
Classification, nomenclature, occurrence, isolation, general methods of structure determination, isoprene
rule Structures of abietic acid and β-carotene.
Unit II
Alkaloids
Isolation, structure and synthesis of ephedrine, quinine.
Unit III
Steroids
Structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids (without synthesis). Chemistry of testosterone,
estrone and progestrone.
Unit IV
Pigments
(a) Plant Pigments: Occurrence, nomenclature and general methods of structure determination.
Isolation and synthesis of cyanidin, and quercetin.
(b) Porphyrins
General Introduction of haemoglobin and chlorophyll. Chemistry of chlorophyll (without synthesis).
Structure and synthesis of haem.
Unit V
Prostaglandins
Occurrence, nomenclature, classification, biogenesis and physiological effects
Synthesis of Key intermediate, PGE2 and PGF2 Books Suggested
1. Natural Products: Chemistry and Biological Significance, J.Mann, R.S. Davidson, J.B. Hobbs, D.V.
Banthrope and J.B. Harborne, Longman, Essex.
2. Organic Chemistry, Vol 2, I.L. Finar, ELBS.
3. Stereoselective Synthesis: A Practical Approach, M. Nogradi, VCH.
4. Rodd’s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Ed. S. Coffey, Elsevier.
5. Chemistry, Biological and Pharmacological Properties of Medicinal Plants from the Americas, Ed.
Kurt. Hostettmann, M.P. Gupta and A. Marston, Harwood Academic Publishers.
6. Introduction to Flavonoids, B.A. Bohm, Harwood Academic Publishers.
7. New Trends in Natural product Chemistry, Atta-ur-Rahman and M.I. Choudhary, Harwood
Academic Publishers
SOS/E009 Spectroscopy
L
3
T
0
Bioinorganic, Bioorganic,
P
0
L
C
3
T
P
MM
100
C
MM
40
SOS/E010
Biophysical Chemistry-II
3
0
0
3
100
Environmental
SOS/E012 Chemistry
L
3
T
0
P
0
C
3
MM
100
Heterocyclic
SOS/E013 Chemistry
L
3
T
0
P
0
C
3
MM
100
Unit I
Nomenclature of Heterocycles
Replacement and Systematic nomenclature (Hantzsch-Widman system) for monocyclic, fused and
bridged heterocycles
Unit II
Aromatic and Non-aromatic Heterocycles
General chemical behaviour of aromatic heterocycles, classification (structural type), Heteroaromatic
reactivity and tautomerism in aromatic heterocycles
Strain –bond angle and torsional strains and their consequences in small ring heterocycles.
Conformation of six-membered heterocycles with reference to molecular geometry, barrier to ring
inversion, pyramidal inversion and 1,3-diaxial interactions.
Stereo-electronic effects, aromatic and related effects. Attractive interactions - hydrogen bonding and
intermolecular nucleophilic, electrophilic interactions.
Unit III
Small Ring Heterocycles
Three-membered and four-membered heterocycles-synthesis and reactions of aziridines, oxiranes,
thiiranes, azetidines, oxetanes and thietanes
Unit IV
Benzo-Fused Five-Membered Heterocycles
Synthesis and reactions including medicinal applications of benzopyrroles, benzofurans and
benzothiophenes
Unit V
Six-Membered Heterocycles with One, Two or More Heteroatoms
Synthesis and reactions of pyrylium salts and pyrones and their comparison with pyridinium &
thiopyrylium salts and pyridones
Synthesis and reactions of quinolizinium and benzopyrylium salts, coumarins and chromones Synthesis
and reactions of diazines, triazines, tetrazines and thiazines
Unit VI
Seven-and Large-Membered Heterocycles
Synthesis and reactions of azepines, oxepines, thiepines, diazepines thiazepines, azocines, diazocines,
dioxocines and dithiocines
Books Suggested
41
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Heterocyclic Chemistry Vol. 1 & 2, R.R. Gupta, M. Kumar and V. Gupta, Springer Verlag
The Chemistry of Heterocycles, T. Eicher and S. Hauptmann, Thieme.
Heterocyclic Chemistry, J.A. Joule, K. Mills and G.F. Smith, Chapman and Hall.
Heterocyclic Chemistry, T.L. Gilchrist, Longman Scietific Technical
Contemporary Heterocyclic Chemistry, G.R. Newkome and W.W. Paudler, Wiley-Inter
Science.
6. An introduction to the Heterocyclic Compounds, R.M. Acheson, John Wiley
7. Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, A.R. Katritzky and C.W. Rees, eds. Pergamon
8. Natural Products: Chemistry and Biological Significance, J.Mann, R.S. Davidson, J.B. Hobbs, D.V.
Banthrope and J.B. Harborne, Longman, Essex.
9. Organic Chemistry, Vol 2, I.L. Finar, ELBS.
10. Stereoselective Synthesis: A Practical Approach, M. Nogradi, VCH
Physical Chemistry
SOS/C028
Laboratory Course
Phy.-IVA
L
0
T
0
P
9
C
3
MM
100
Note: The duration of examination will be of eight hours. Students are required to do one practical of
60 marks.
Viva 15 marks
Seminar/Attendance/Assessment/Record 25 marks.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Determination of transport number.
Determination of liquid junction potential.
Determination of the charge on colloidal particle.
Polarography.
Beer’s law verification.
SOS/C029 Laboratory
Course Phy.
IVB
L
0
T
0
P
9
C
3
MM
1000
Note: The duration of examination will be of eight hours. Students are required to do one practical of
60 marks.
Viva 15 marks
Seminar/Attendance/Assessment/Record 25 marks.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Decomposition of potential determination.
Validity of Freundlich’s adsorption isotherm.
Validity of Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm.
Determination of partial molar volume of solute.
Determination of CMC of surfactants.
42
Advanced Quantum
SOS/C030 Chemistry
L
3
T
0
P
0
C
3
MM
100
(Pre-requisite: mathematics at least up to First Year B.Sc. level is necessary. At least one PC among 4
students should be available)
Unit I
Theoretical and Computational Treatment of Atoms and Molecules, Hartree-Fock Theory
Review of the principles of quantum mechanics, Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Slater-Condon
rules, Hartree-Fock equation, Koopmans and Brillouin theories, Roothan equation, Gaussian basis sets.
Unit II
Configuration Interaction and MC-SCF
Introduction to CI; full and truncated CI theories, size consistency, Introductory treatment of coupled
cluster and MC-SCF methods.
Unit III
Semi-Empirical Theories
A review of the Huckel, EHT and PPP treatments, ZDO approximation, detailed treatment of CNDO
and INDO theories. A discussion of electronic energies and properties. An introduction to MOPAC and
AMI with hands on experience on personal computer.
Unit IV
Density Functional Theory
Derivation of Hohenberg-Kohn theorem, Kohn-Sham formulation, N- and V- representabilities; review
of the performance of the existing local (e.g. Slater Xa and other methods) and non-local functionals,
treatment of chemical concepts with the density functional theory.
Unit V
Computer Experiments
Computer
experiments
using
quantum
chemistrysoftware
packages
such
GAUSSIAN/GAMESS/MOPAC and modeling software e.g. MM2/ AMBER/ CHARM etc.
as
Books Suggested
1. Modern Quantum Chemistry, N.S. Ostlund and a. Szabo, McGraw Hill.
2. Methods of Molecular Quantum Mechanics, R. Mcweeny and B.T. Sutcliffe, Academic Press
3. Density Functional Theory of Atoms and Molecules, R.G. Parr and W. Yang, Oxford.
4. Exploring Chemistry with Electron Structure Methods, J.B. Foresman and e. Frish, Goussian Inc.
5. Semi-empirical MO Theory, J. Pople and D.L. Beveridge.
SOS/E009 Spectroscopy
L
T
P
C
MM
3
0
0
3
100
Bioinorganic, Bioorganic,
SOS/E010 Biophysical Chemistry-II
L
T
P
C
MM
3
0
0
3
100
43
Environmental
SOS/E012 Chemistry
SOS/E014
Polymers
L
3
T
0
P
0
C
3
MM
100
L
3
T
0
P
0
C
3
MM
100
Unit I
Basics
Importance of polymers. Basic concepts: Monomers, repeat units, degree of polymerization. Linear,
branched and network polymers. Classification of polymers. Polymerization: condensation, addition,
radical chain, ionic and co-ordination and co-polymerization. Polymerization conditions and polymer
reactions. Polymerization n homogenous and heterogeneous systems.
Unit II
Polymer Characterization
Polydispersion-average molecular weight concept. Number, weight and viscosity average molecular
weights. Polydispersity and molecular weight distribution. The practical significance of molecular
weight. Measurement of molecular weights. End-group, viscosity, light scattering, osmotic and
ultracentrifugation methods. Analysis and testing of polymers-chemical analysis of polymers,
spectroscopic methods, X-ray diffraction study. Microscopy. Thermal analysis and physical testingtensile strength. Fatigue, impact. Tear resistance. Hardness and abrasion resistance.
Unit III
Structure and Properties
Morphology and order in crystalline polymers, configurations of polymer chains. Crystal structure of
polymers, strain-induced morphology, crystallization and melting. Polymer structure and physical
properties, crystalline melting point Tm, melting points of homogeneous series, effect of chain
flexibility and other steric factors, entropy and heat of fusion. The glass transition temperature, Tg.
Relationship between Tm and Tg, effects of molecular weight, diluents, chemical structure, chain
topology, branching and cross linking. Property requirements and polymer utilization.
Unit IV
Polymer Processing
Plastic, elastomers and fibres. Compounding. Processing techniques: Calendering, die casting, rotational
casting, film casting, injection moulding, blow moulding, extrusion moulding, thermoforming, foaming,
reinforcing and fibre spinning.
Books Suggested
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Textbook of Polymer Science, F.W. Billmeyer Jr, Wiley.
Polymer Science, V.R. Gowariker, N.V. Viswanathan and J. Sreedhar, Wiley-Eastern.
Functional Monomers and Polymers, K. Takemoto, Y. inaki and R.M. Ottanbrite.
Contemporary Polymer Chemistry, H.R. Alcock and F.W. Lambe, Prentice Hall.
Physics and Chemistry of Polymers, J.M.G. Cowie, Blackie Academic and Professional.
Self Study Courses in Chemistry
1.
Computers for Chemists
Credits 3
MM 100
44
This is a theory-cum-laboratory course with more emphasis on laboratory work.
I Introduction to Computers and Computing
Computer fundamentals, Classification of Digital computers: PC, Microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframe computers, supercomputers, MIDI.
Number Systems: Binary, Decimal, Hexadecimal and Octal number systems and their conversion from one system to another system. Boolean Algebra and logic gates. Character codes ASCII & EBCDIC.
Basic architecture of the Computer, Input & output Devices, CPU, Processor, Memory.Temporary and
Permanent Memory; ROM, RAM, Cache Memory.
Secondary Storage Devices: Floppy, Hard Disk, Compact Disk, DVD, Magnetic Tape, Optical Disk,
Winchester Disk, Pen Drive.
II C & C++ Languages
Algorithms, Flowcharts, Algorithms involving decision and loops. Computer Program.
Computer languages.
Programming in C : Variables, expressions, assignments and data types, preprocessors. Use of
printf() and scanf().
Arithmetic operators, comparison operators, logical operators, precedence among different types of
operators, parenthesis. Selection constructs: IF Constructs, If... .Else constructs, Multiple criteria using AND and OR, DO CASE.
Loops: the WHILE loop, the DO. . . . While loop, REPEAT... UNTIL loop, FOR loop.
Functions, procedures, function libraries, Elementary idea of Arrays, strings and structures.
Computer graphics: Graphic types. SCREEN. Displaying a point. Drawing of Line, Box, Circle and
Ellipse. Drawing non-geometric shapes with DRAW statements. WINDOW, VIEW, PAINT statements.
III Programming in Chemistry
Development of small computer codes involving simple formulae in chemistry, such as van der
Waals Equation pH titration, kinetics, radioactive decay. Evaluation of lattice energy and ionic radii
from experimental data. Linear simultaneous equations to solve secular equations within the Huckel
theory.Elementary structural features such as bond lengths, bond angles, dihedral angles etc. of
molecules extracted from a database such as Cambridge database.
Matrix algebra- Matrix, Matrix type, Matrix operators, Matrix representation,
Addition/Subtraction/Multiplications/Transpose of Matrices.
Numerical methods: Bisection method. Numerical integration. Trapezoidal method. Simpsons 1/3rd
method. Differentiations. Curve fiting. Straight line fitting. Interpolation. Matrix inversion-Gauss
elimination method, Gauss Jordan method. Determination of Eigen value of a matrix. Mont Carlo
Simulation.
IV Use of Computer Programmes
The student will learn to operate a PC and to run standard programs and packages. Execution of
linear regression, X-Y plot, numerical integration and differentiation as well as differential equation
solution programs. Monte Carlo and Molecular dynamics. Programs with data preferably from
physical chemistry laboratory. Further, the students will operate one or two of the packages such as
MATLAB / SCILAB, EASYPLOT/ GNUPLOT, FOXPRO/ MYSQL, MSOFFICE / OPENOFFICE.
Working with Internet and email.
Working with UNIX/ LINUX/ DOS/ WINDOWS OS: Creating Folder, Shortcuts, Creating text
files, Finding Files, Renaming and deleting file or folder, working with recycle bin / trash bin,
setting desktop wallpaper, screen savers, shutting down. Copying Folders and files.
45
Working with Word processors, creating a document, editing, formatting text and paragraphs,
moving and copying text, headers and footers, setting and and tabs, Viewing document windows,
working with columns, save and protect documents, working with tables.
Working with spreadsheets, creating workbooks and worksheets, working with numbers, modifying
the worksheet layout, printing worksheets, formatting worksheets, selecting multiple cells, writing
simple formulae, writing complex formulae, copying and editing formulae, formatting the cell,
moving and copying cell, formatting rows and columns, using excel for data base management, cell
referencing, relative and absolute referencing, introduction to charts, creating charts, editing and
formatting charts, printing the graphs, using cell references in conditions, using formulae in
conditions.
Working with databases, file creation, modifying a file, adding records, selecting records, and
printing reports.
Books Suggested
1. Computers and Common sense: R. Hunt and J Shelly, Prentice Hall.
2. Fundamentals of Computer: V. Rajaraman.
3. A Handbook of MS Office.
4. Programming in C: E. Balaguruswamy, TMH
5. Programming in C : S.A. Kochar.
6. Computational Chemistry: AC. Norris.
7. Microcomputer Quantum Mechanics: J.P. Killingbeck, Adam Hinger
8. Complete Software Applications in Chemistry: P.C. Jain, John Wiley.
2. Mathematics for Chemists
Credits 3 MM 100
(For students without Mathematics in B.Sc.)
I. Vectors and Matrix Algebra
A. Vectors
Vectors, dot, cross and triple products etc. The gradient, divergence and curl. Vector calculus,
Gauss’ theorem, divergence theorem etc.
B. Matrix Algebra
Addition and multiplication; inverse, adjoint and transpose of matrices, special matrices (symmetric,
skew-symmetric, Hermitian, skew-Hermitian, unit, diagonal, unitary etc.) and their properties.
Matrix equations: Homogeneous, non-homogeneous linear equations and conditions for the solution,
linear dependence and independence. Introduction to vector spaces, matrix eigenvalues and
eigenvectors, diagonalization, determinants (examples from Huckel theory).
Introduction to tensors; polarizability and magnetic susceptibility as examples.
II. Differential Calculus
Functions, continuity and differentiability, rules for differentiation, applications of differential
calculus including maxima and minima (examples related to maximally populated rotational energy
levels, Bohr’s radius and most probable velocity from Maxwell’s distribution etc.), exact and inexact
differentials with their applications to thermodynamic properties.
Integral calculus, basic rules for integration, integration by parts, partial fraction and substitution.
Reduction formulae, applications of integral calculus.
Functions of several variables, partial differentiation, co-ordinate, transformations (e.g. cartesian to
spherical polar), curve sketching.
46
III.Elementary Differential Equations
Variables-separable and exact first-order differential equations, homogeneous, exact and linear
equations. Applications to chemical kinetics, secular equilibria, quantum chemistry etc. Solutions of
differential equations by the power series method, Fourier series, solutions of harmonic oscillator
and Legendre equation etc., spherical harmonics, second order differential equations and their
solutions.
IV. Permutation and Probability
Permutations and combinations, probability and probability theorems, probability curves, average,
root mean square and most probable errors, examples from the kinetic theory of gases etc. curve
fitting (including least squares fit etc.) with a general polynomial fit.
Books Suggested
1. The Chemistry Mathematics Book, E. Steiner, Oxford University Press.
2. Mathematics for Chemistry, Doggett and Sucliffe, Longman.
3. Mathematical Preparation for Physical Chemistry, F. Daniels, McGraw Hill.
4. Chemical Mathematics, D.M. Hirst, Longman.
5. Applied Mathematics for Physical Chemistry, J.R. Barrante, Prentice Hall.
6. Basic Mathematics for Chemists, Tebbutt, Wiley.
3.
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Credits 3
MM 100
Unit I
Introduction
Historical perspective of nano, nanoscience, nano and nature, shift from micro to nano, quantum size
effects.
Unit II
Diversity in nanosystems
Carbon nanoscience (fullerenes and nanotubes), nanowires, nanorods, self assembled mononolayers
(SAMS).
Unit III
Characterization of nanomaterials
Instrumentation for the characterization of nanomaterials. Principle and applications of various
techniques.
Unit IV
Interdisciplinary nature of nanoscience
Smart materials-nanobiology, nanosensors, nanomedicines, nanotribology, molecular electronics
(nanomachines).
Unit V
Nano and society
Implications of nano- science and technology on society, nanorelated issues, nanopolicies and
institutions, public involvement in nanodiscourse, nanotechnology for social and economic
development.
47
Books Suggested
1. Nanotechnology, M. Ratner and D. Ratner, Pearson, 2007.
2. Nano, The Essentials, T. Pradeep, TMH, New Delhi, 2008.
3. Nanotechnology-Materials Systems & Processes at the Nano Scale, J. Vacca, Elsevier, 2007.
4. Nanochemistry, G.B. Sergeev, Elsevier, 2010.
5. Nanomaterials and Design, D.L. Schodik, Elsevier, 2007.
6. Carbon Nanotechnology, L. Dai, Elsevier, 2006.
7. Nanochemistry: A Chemical Approach to Nanomaterials G. Ozin &A. Arsenault, University of
Toronto, Canada, 2005.
8. Nanoparticles, G Schmid, Ed., Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA, Weinheim, Germany,
2004.
9. Nanoparticles - Building Block for Nanotechnology, V Rotello, Ed., Kluwer Academic/Plenum
Publishers, New York, 2004.
48