Download Proteins- (Greek: proteios means most important) Most structurally

Proteins- (Greek: proteios means most important) Most structurally sophisticated biomolecule. Make up
50% of the dry mass of the cell.
A protein monomer is called an Amino Acid. Humans require 20 amino acids, but only can produce 10 internally.
The other ten are acquired through food.
Structure:
Amino Acid Monomer
Amino Group
Amino Acid Polymer (polypeptide)
Carboxyl Group
R- group (variable (X))
Protein Folding:
Bonds between monomer are called Peptide bonds they
are formed through dehydration synthesis
Protein Functions:
Collagen- bone, cartilage, tendons (structure and
support)
Keratin- hair, nails, skin
Antibodies- in the immune system to fight foreign
invaders
Insulin- hormone that regulates blood sugar
(hormones are involved in chemical reactions and
cellular communication)
Hemoglobinused for
transport
of iron inthat
thespeed
blood up
Enzymes- a major
category
of proteins
reactions by lowering “activation energy” (catalyst)
Enzyme examples: lipase (hydrolysis of lipids), Sucrase (hydrolysis of sucrose), lactase (hydrolysis of lactose),
Amylase ( hydrolysis of starch)
Enzyme helpers are co-enzymes such as vitamins.
Substrates are the reactants that bond to the active site.
Problems:
1. Enzymes denature. That means they change in shape by breaking 3o bonds. This can happen due to
temperature or pH change. It is irreversible.
2. Competitive inhibitors: another chemical blocks the active site. May be unusable.
Words to remember:
Molecule- a chemically bonded combination of 2 or more atoms. Ex: O2, H2O, C6H12O6
Compound- a chemically bonded combination of 2 or more DIFFERENT atoms. Ex: H2O, C6H12O6
Biomolecule- a molecule produced by a living thing (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids)
Organic compound- a group of molecules that contain Carbon, Oxygen, and Hydrogen.