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The Raw Materials of Biotechnology Characteristics of Life • • • • • Growth Reproduction Response to stimuli Respiration (breakdown of food) Waste production Characteristics of Life • Unicellular – Only one cell – Small; requires microscope to see – Asexual reproduction – Ex: bacteria • Multicellular – – – – 2 or more cells Usually sexual reproduction Specialized cells Ex: animals and plants Levels of Biological Organization • • • • • • • Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organisms All cells belong to one of the following: Types of Cells • Prokaryotic – “before nuclei” – Lack membrane bound nucleus – Circular DNA (plasmid) – Very small – Divide by binary fission – Usually have flagella – Ex: bacteria & cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Types of Cells • Eukaryotic – “true nuclei” – Membrane bound nucleus – Organelles – Double helix DNA – Larger – Ex: skin cell Picture of a Centric Diatom (from the protista kingdom) Picture of a Bread Yeast - S. cerevisiae (from the fungi kingdom) Cells Used in Biotechnology • Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cells – Manipulated to produce different proteins than they would normally make by inserting genes from other organisms into CHO DNA – Ex: drug Epogen® boosts RBC production to treat anemia Cells Used in Biotechnology • Vero cells (African green monkey kidney epithelial cells) – Widely used to make vaccines • HeLa cells (human epithelial cells) – Used for propagating and studying viruses; making vaccines Cells Used in Biotechnology Assignment • Page 65 (text book) • STOP! You Cannot Use THOSE cells • Alternatives to poster: – imovie – PowerPoint – Story book – Other