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What Are Enzymes? Enzymes • Most enzymes are ____________________ (tertiary and quaternary structures) • Act as ________________________________ to accelerates a reaction • _________________________________________ changed in the process Enzymes • Are specific for what they will ___________________________________ • Are _____________________________ • End in –________________________ -________________________________ -_______________________________ -_______________________________ How do enzymes Work? Enzymes work by ______________________________________________ which lowers ______________________________________________________ Enzyme-Substrate Complex The substance (reactant) an enzyme acts on is the __________________________________ Active Site • A ____________________________________________ of an enzyme molecule which __________ to the substrate. Induced Fit • A change in the ___________________________ of an enzyme’s active site • ______________________________ by the substrate • A change in the ________________________________ of an _________________ __________________________ site (H+ and ionic bonds are involved). • Induced by the _______________________________ What Affects Enzyme Activity? • Three factors: 1. ________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________ 1. Environmental Conditions 1. Extreme ____________________________ are the most dangerous - ____________________________may denature (unfold) the enzyme. 2. _____________(most like 6 - 8 pH near neutral) 3. __________________________________________ (salt ions) 2. Cofactors and Coenzymes • Inorganic substances (__________________________) and _______________________ (respectively) are sometimes need for proper enzymatic activity. • Example: _____________________ must be present in the quaternary structure - _____________________________ in order for it to pick up oxygen. Two examples of Enzyme Inhibitors a. Competitive inhibitors: are ________________________________________ an enzyme’s normal substrate and compete with it for the ____________________. Inhibitors b. _________________________________________________________: Inhibitors that ______________________ the active site, but __________________________________________ of the enzyme causing the enzyme to _________________________________________, which in turn ________________________________________________________.