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Electrostatics Electricity at rest Electrostatics Electrical forces arise from particles in atoms Electrons are attracted to protons and repel other electrons Attraction and repulsion is attributed to charge Like charges repel; opposite charges attract Conservation of Charge Electrons are neither created nor destroyed. They are only transferred between materials, therefore charge is conserved. Conservation of Charge Positive ions have a net positive charge more protons than electrons Negative ions have a net negative charge more electrons than protons An object that has unequal numbers of electrons and protons is electrically charged Coulomb’s Law F = k q1 * q2 d2 k= 9 * 109 Nm2/C2 d= distance q1 and q2 = charges Materials Conductors materials which have loose electrons, like metals allow for the motion of electrical charges Insulators materials with tightly bound electrons, like rubber charge is not free to wander through them Materials Semiconductors materials that can be made to behave sometimes like an insulator and sometimes like a conductor Silicon microchips – store a binary code by turning portions on and off to charge Methods of Charging Friction electrons are being transferred by friction when one material rubs against another Contact electrons are transferred between materials in direct contact with each other Methods of Charging Induction by bringing a charged object near a conducting surface, electrons will move in the conducting surface even without physical contact By doing this we can redistribute charge or induce a charge Grounding allowing charges to move off (or onto) a conductor by touching it Methods of Charging Charging by induction occurs during thunderstorms when the negatively charged bottoms of storm clouds induce a positive charge on the ground below Lightning is the electrical discharge between the clouds and oppositely charged ground Charge Polarization When a charged material is brought near an insulator there is no free flow of electrons between them But there is a rearrangement in the orientation or positions of the charges within the atoms and molecules themselves Charge Polarization One side of the atom or molecule is induced to be slightly more positive (or negative) than the other side These atoms and molecules have become electrically polarized Electric Fields Around every electric charge there extends an aura of energy that extends through space This space is filled with an electric field Electric fields have both magnitude and direction Electric Fields The direction of an electric field is the direction that a small positive point charge would travel if placed in that field This charge will move from positive to negative so all electric fields move from positive to negative Electric Fields We represent or describe an electric field using field lines lines farther apart signifying weaker strength lines closer together signifying stronger field strength Shielding – loops of metal placed inside an electric field will create a null zone to the field inside of the loop Electric Fields F=Eq Force = E-field strength x charge E= kq d2