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Good Morning Beautiful People!
Please get ready:
1.Your notebook
2.Writing implement
3.Signed CIS – if you
still haven’t turned it
in.
EQ: What key factors of
the First World War led
to the rise in fascism
after.
Warm-Up
Read the article from the
New York Times and then
discuss with your table
group:
1. What is the article about?
2. Where is the article from?
3. What is the central
argument against
textbook revision?
Recap: Historical Thinking Lesson
• History is an account of the past
• Accounts differ depending on one’s
perspective
• We must rely on the evidence we have to
construct our accounts
• We must consult multiple pieces of evidence
in order to build our account
• We must question the reliability of each piece
of evidence
And now, we go BACK IN TIME…
• What do you remember from WWI –
Essential Questions
1. Why did WWI begin? Why did the assassination
of Archduke Franz Ferdinand set it off?
2. What was Germany’s plan to defeat France and
Russia at the beginning of the war? How was it
supposed to work?
3. Describe Trench Warfare. Why did it not result
in large gains for the Central or Allied Powers?
4. Why did the US join the war and how did it
effect the allied war effort?
5. Why did the Russians withdraw from the war?
When did the war end?
In your group – attempt to answer 2 out of 5
of these questions on your whiteboards.
The Three –isms Pre-1914
• Militarism
• Imperialism
• Nationalism
Alliances Pre-1914
Schlieffen Plan 1914
• Germany’s plan for a two
front war.
– France
– Russia
• Focus on the weaker
nation first.
• Relationship to Militarism
• Why Germany ‘shoots
first’.
Allied Powers and Central Powers
Trench Warfare
• What?
–
–
–
–
–
–
Trenches
Barbed Wire
Machine Guns
Mustard Gas
Tanks
Planes
• Why?
• Consequences…
– Allies Powers
• 5,712,379 dead
– Central Powers
• 4,010,241 dead.
– Special Forces
The Big Four
• David Lloyd George (PM Great
Britain)
– Wanted to hurt Germany
not destroy it
– Economically important
• Vittorio Orlando (PM Italy)
– Wanted land from A-H
• Georges Clemenceau (PM France)
– Wanted Germany’s power
destroyed
– Concerned with resurgent
Germany
• Woodrow Wilson (U.S. Pres)
– 14 Points
• Controlled the Paris Peace
Conference
Now lets go back to those questions at
the start…
1. Why did WWI begin? Why did the assassination of
Archduke Franz Ferdinand set it off?
2. What was Germany’s plan to defeat France and
Russia at the beginning of the war? How was it
supposed to work?
3. Describe Trench Warfare. Why did it not result in
large gains for the Central or Allied Powers?
4. Why did the US join the war and how did it effect the
allied war effort?
5. Why did the Russians withdraw from the war and
why did the German offensives of 1918 ultimately
fail? When did the war end?
Treaty of Versailles
• Punished Germany as
at fault for the war.
• Forced Germany to
give up land.
• Forced Germany to
pay reparations to
other European
Countries
• Forced Germany to
limit troop numbers.
New European Countries
•
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia
Austria
Hungary
Finland
Baltic States (Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania)
All supposed to be made by self-determination
Mandates 1919
• Places Ottoman/German colonies
under new control.
• Creates
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
French Mandate of Syria
French Mandate of Lebanon
British Mandate of Palestine
British Mandate of Transjordan
British Mandate of Iraq
British Togoland
French Togoland
British Cameroon
French Cameroon
Ruanda-Urundi
Tanganyika
South-West Africa
• Creates the Modern Middle East
– (AND A LOT OF THEIR FREAKING
PROBLEMS!)
The League of Nations?
• Proposed by Woodrow Wilson
in his 14 points.
– Only point he ended up getting
and then…the U.S. didn’t join.
• An organization of nations set
up to maintain peace and
prevent war
– Settle disputes between nations
• Germany and Russia were
initially not allowed to join
The US didn’t join the league of
nations because they didn’t
want to get involved in foreign
conflicts
Essential Questions
1. Explain the purpose of the League of Nations.
How does this relate to the causes WWI?
2. Why do you think the US doesn’t want to get
involved in foreign affairs?
3. In the 1919 European context, was selfdetermination truly possible? Why or why
not?
4. Describe mandates. How do they violate the
idea of self-determination?
Good Afternoon My Darlings!
Please get ready:
1. Your notebook
2. Something to write with
Today:
Short lecture interwar Europe
Being Fascism OUT
EQ: What is Fascism and what
conditions led to its rise in
Europe?
Aftermath of WWI
• The Cost of War
– Over 16 million dead
– Britain 4.4 Billion dollars in
debt to U.S.
– France 8 Billion dollars in
debt to U.S.
– Germany 38 Billion dollars
in debt to Europe
• Would take nearly a
century to pay off
• The world “lost its
innocence”
Burned into Cultural Memory
“A generation of innocent young men, their heads full of
high ideals like Honor, Glory and England, went off to
war to make the world safe for democracy. They were
slaughtered in stupid battles planned by stupid
generals. Those who survived were shocked,
disillusioned and embittered by their war experiences,
and saw that their real enemies were not the Germans,
but the old men at home who had lied to them. They
rejected the values of the society that had sent them to
war, and in doing so separated their own generation
from the past and from their cultural inheritance”
-- Samuel Hynes
A Changing Society
1885
1919
A Changing Society
1873
1921
A Changing Society
1913
1927
A Changing Society
1890
“Grow old along with me! The
best is yet to be, The last of
life, for which the first was
made: Our times are in his
hand Who saith, “A whole I
planned, Youth shows but half:
trust God: see all, nor be
afraid!”—Robert Browning
1922
“Life is so damned hard, so
damned hard... It just hurts
people and hurts people, until
finally it hurts them so that
they can't be hurt ever any
more. That's the last and worst
thing it does.”—F. Scott
Fitzgerald
Artists Rebel
• Dadaism: bold colors and distorted images
• Cubism: sharp angles and edges, images
appear broken
– Pablo Picasso
• Surrealism: eerie, unrealistic, and dream-like
– Salvador Dali
• Existentialism
– “The Lost Generation”
Recap - Europe
• Fall-out of WWI
– Europe is in debt
– Financial crisis –
• worsened by U.S. Great Depression.
– Political unrest
– Cultural changes
– New political movements emerge and
gain traction.
• Communism
• Socialism
• Fascism – allies with previous political
party against communists and socialists
and then betrays them.
Italy and Mussolini
• Following WWI Italy has problems
– Economic problems
– Over population
– Loss of territory
– Lack of regional influence
• POLITICAL UNREST - Fighting between the old
regime and socialist/communist movements.
– Citizens still angry at old regime
• Fascist party is both traditional and revolutionary,
they brand themselves
– "The Third Way"
Italy cont.
• Government continues to bolster Mussolini's power
and control in a series of new laws from 1925-1927
• Mussolini personally took over the ministries of the
interior, foreign affairs, colonies, corporations,
defense, and public works at different times during
his reign
– Complete control of all aspects of society.
– Cult of Personality
• Economic Policies
– Battle for Wheat - 5,000 new farms were established
and five new agricultural towns
– "Battle for Land“ – land redistribution
March on Rome
• October 27th-29th 1922
• coup d'état
– Mussolini's National Fascist Party came to power
in Italy
– ousted Prime Minister Luigi Facta.
• King Victor Emmanuel III
– Refuses to declare martial law
– Facta steps down
– King Emmanuel III hands power over to Mussolini
Textbook (Document A)
The following is an excerpt from YOUR textbook explaining Fascism.
“Fascism was a new, militant political movement that emphasized
loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader. Unlike communism,
fascism had no clearly defined theory or program. Nevertheless, most
Fascists shared several ideas. They preached an extreme form of
nationalism, or loyalty to one’s country. Fascists believed that nations
must struggle—peaceful states were doomed to be conquered. They
pledged loyalty to an authoritarian leader (dictator) who guided and
brought order to the state. In each nation, Fascists wore uniforms of a
certain color, used special salutes, and held mass rallies.”
Source: McDougal Littel, Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction.
Published 2006.
Guiding Questions Textbook
(Document A)
1.) Identify: How does the textbook define Fascism?
2.) Summarize: According to the textbook, what are
the main ideas of Fascism?
3.) Analyze: Based on the information presented in
the textbook, how might Fascism have contributed
to the outbreak of WWII?
Happy Block Day Sophomores!
Please find:
1. A partner that you work really well with.
Then comes see me with your partner.
Today:
1. Finish Fascism OUT
2. Break
3. Discussion on Fascism
1.
2.
Key tenants
Differences in Italian and German
Fascism
4. Write-up: How did Fascism contribute
to the outbreak of WWII.
FASCISM OUT
EQ: What is Fascism and how might it have
contributed to the outbreak of WWII?
Answer the WHOLE question.
Your answers should be just as long as the question.
Explain WHY you believe what you believe.
Explain quotes you use. Why do they say what you
think they are saying.
WORK WITH YOUR GROUP AND ASK QUESTIONS!
Fascism Continued.
• Write out your own definition of fascism in your
notebook.
• Explain any differences between Italian Fascism
and German Fascism you see in the documents.
– Use quotes
• Talk with your group members, come up with a
definition you all agree on – write it up on one of
the whiteboards.
• Finally, in your notebook, using two quotes
minimum, explain, how might Fascism have
contributed to the outbreak of WWII?
Discussion
What do all the definitions have in common?
Do you see any differences in definitions? Where might
those differences come from?
How are fascists different from other types of
authoritarian leaders? According to the textbook?
According to the additional sources?
How might Fascism have contributed to the outbreak of
WWII?
TGIF! Woot!
Get ready:
1. Your note book
2. Glue Stick
3. Appeasement SAC – don’t
glue it in yet, we’re going
to take a few notes first.
Today:
1. Mini-lecture: Hitler’s rise to
power and Appeasement in
Europe.
2. Start Appeasement SAC
EQ: Was Appeasement the
right policy for Europe to
follow?
Fascism
• Political ideology popularized after WWI
– Invented by Benito Mussolini
– Adopted by Adolf Hitler
– Practiced Emperor Hirohito
• Fascists believed in Social Darwinism.
• Economic potential of a country was based on its
territorial size, and that political and economic
success came through war and conquest.
– Use Propaganda to control the citizens
Hitler and Germany
• Hitler joins the Nazi party in 1919
– Rose to place of prominence
– Appoints people with similar visions/loyalties
– Hosts lectures on
• Fascism • Treaty of Versailles – “Victorious Violence”
• The Jews – appeals to anti-Semitism in Germany
Expansion of Nazi Party
• 1922 and 1923
– Nazi Party continues to grow
– Hitler forms
• Hitler Youth
• SS – Personal paramilitary police force
Beer Hall Putsch
• Inspired by Mussolini's march on Rome
• Attempts to lead a coup d'état Nov. 1923
– Fails
• 16 Nazis and 3 Police killed
• Hitler is Arrested
– Writes Mein Kampf while in prison
• Outlines his political and philosophical views
– Gaining popularity
• Sentenced to 5 years serves 9 months.
Political Legitimacy
• Weimar Republic is Weak
– Hated because of WWI
– Fighting against the Communists
• Nazi’s gain seats in 1924 election
• By 1930, Nazi’s will be largest party in
Reichstag
• Violent tensions between Communists, Nazi’s
and Weimar Republic growing.
Hitler Takes Power
– Violence against Jews and Communists continues –
Nazis create chaos by perpetuating violence and
blaming the Jews/communists.
– Franz von Papen, Chancellor of Germany
• Offers to make Hitler Chancellor if Papen can be Vice
Chancellor
• Hoping to quell violence of SS and SA officers under Hitler’s
control.
– Hitler moves to consolidate power through a series of
laws made by the Nazi dominated Reichstag
• Reichstag Fire Decree
• Enabling Act of 1933
– Consolidate Hitler’s Power and end Weimar Republic
Nuremburg Laws (1935)
• Hitler and the Nazi party passes a series of antiSemitic (anti Jewish) laws.
• Outlines who is considered Jewish by lineage.
• Jews must identify themselves.
• Forbids marriages between Jews and Germans
• Forbids sex between Jews and Germans
• Jews cannot employ German women.
• Jews are forbidden from flying German flag.
Reoccupation of the Rhineland
• March 1936 – Hitler sends troops back into
the disputed territory of the Rhineland.
• His advisor’s opposed it
• Hitler hoped war weary France and Britain
would ignore him.
• Only Russia suggested sanctions.
• France and Great Britain decided on a policy
of appeasement. Hoping to not engage in a
larger conflict.
The Anschluss
• 1938 Hitler orders the re-integration of Austria and
Germany.
• Directly forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles.
• Reaction from the international community was still
mild.
• In the House of Commons Chamberlain said that
– "The hard fact is that nothing could have arrested what has
actually happened [in Austria] unless this country and other
countries had been prepared to use force.“
• Europe is still not ready to engage militarily with Hitler.
• The United States is no mood to go to war again over
European "squabbles" over boundaries or ethnic
governments.
Good Morning Historians!!
Please get ready:
1. Your notebook
2. A whiteboard for you
and your partner.
Today:
1. Review lecture
2. Appeasement SAC
3. Discussion and Debate
Hitler baby says, DO YOUR WORK!
Review Questions:
1. Define Disillusionment. How does it relate to post
WWI Europe?
2. What is Fascism?
3. How did Fascism contribute to the outbreak of
WWII?
4. How did Hitler consolidate his power in Germany?
A. What party is Hitler the leader of?
B. What was the Anschluss?
C. What are three ways Hitler violated the treaty of
Versailles?
D. What was Appeasement?
E. Example of a Primary source we have looked at this
semester. Example of a secondary source we have
looked at this semester.
Appeasement: What do you think?
• Complete your side – find three pieces of
evidence and explain in a short paragraph why
your side is correct. You don’t have to integrate
quotes but you do have to references them – see
evidence 1.
• Then discuss with your group and get their
evidence addressing the other side of the
argument. Discuss until you reach a consensus.
• Then write your consensus paragraph. You must
use 2 quotes in favor of your position and one
quote from the opposite position that you refute.
Here you must integrate the quotes.
TGIF!!!
Get ready:
1 Notebook.
2. Glue in Blitzkrieg
handout.
Today:
1. Start of WWII.
2. Blitzkrieg Simulation
Appeasement in the 1930s
Hitler begins violating the terms of the treaty of
Versailles almost immediately once he becomes
Chancellor of Germany.
First and foremost he expands the German
military and restarts the production of military
weaponry.
Invasion of Czechoslovakia
• Hitler continues his movement towards
expansion and imperialism invading the
Sudetenland, part of Czechoslovakia.
• Czechoslovakia was created by the doctrine of
self-determination in the Treaty of Versailles.
• Chamberlin (PM of GB) goes to negotiate
directly with Hitler.
• Hitler says that if he is not given the
Sudetenland it will mean war.
• Chamberlin signs the Munich Agreement in an
attempts to avoid “War in our Time”.
Hitler Plans for War
• Reflections from WWI
– Two front war was a mistake
• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
– Hitler and Stalin meet in August 1939
– Economic agreement as well as peace agreement
• Economic agreement would help Germany during the
first few years of the war – avoid British blockade.
– Germany would give the Soviets the Baltic States –
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and part of Poland.
To the chancellor of the German Reich, Herr A. Hitler.
I thank you for your letter. I hope that the German-Soviet
Nonaggression Pact will mark a decisive turn for the better in the political
relations between our two countries.
J. Stalin
Invasion of Poland
• Hoped to take Poland as he had taken Austria,
without fighting.
• Differed from other movements because Poland
had alliances with Great Britain and France.
• September 1st 1939- October 6th 1939
– September Campaign
– Blitzkrieg tactic made it successful
– Ended with the division of Poland between Germany
and the Soviet Union
– The Declaration of War by Great Britain and France on
September 3rd
Blitzkrieg
• “Lightning War”
• Effective strategy in Germany’s attack on Poland
• Reflected some learning from WWI.
– Straight lines and running at each other did not work!
• Armored tanks break through the weak point in a
line.
• Come from behind and surround the enemy
• Backed with heavy air support
Blitzkrieg
Luftwaffe – Air force and Artillery
 Bombs a specific point in the enemy line to
weaken that point.
German Panzers – Tanks
 Break through weakened point in enemy line
followed by mechanized unites and infantry
Tanks and infantry Break through and then begin to encircle the
enemy.
Start of WWII
• France and Great Britain declare war on
Germany on September 3rd 1939.
• Slow to mobilize forces and thus Poland falls
to the Nazis and the Soviets.
• No major attacks were launched until April
1940.
• Until then Britain would attempt a economic
blockade of Germany to weaken their
mobilization abilities.