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Dar win’ s J our ney and R evolution BIO101 Fall 2011 Key Terms: Evolution Adaptation Natural Selection Evolutionary Tree Heritable Artificial Selection Key Questions: • How did Lyell’s ideas influence Darwin? • In what ways were Lamark’s ideas revolutionary? In what way do Lamark’s ideas fail? • Why is variation needed for evolution to happen? • Can descent with modification explain the diveristy of life? How? Lecture Outline: Descent with Modification Early ideas about living organisms Made by God; no changes or extinctions Georges Cuvier – extinctions and changes in fossil record Charles Lyell – changes in geology Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon & Erasmus Darwin proposed species changes in 1700s Thomas Malthus notes that human population increases geometrically Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck's ideas that species change over time “use and disuse” “inheritance of acquired characteristics” Charles Darwin and his voyage on the HMS Beagle, 1831-36 observations of many organisms in many places, notably the Galapagos islands hypothesis: islands were colonized by ancestral bird from S America that then diversified Alfred Russel Wallace proposed essentially the same ideas as Darwin Observation #1: There is variation within a species Observation #2: Many traits are inherited Observation #3: Populations have the capacity to increase exponentially Observation #4: Natural resources are limited, so populations maintain a fairly constant size Deduction #1: Individuals with helpful variations are more likely to survive and reproduce Deduction #2: Favorable traits accumulate over time. Deduction #3: Accumulation of variation over many generations is evolution Natural Selection over time, organism’s adaptations make it a better fit for the environment Artificial Selection Individuals don’t evolve; populations evolve No guiding “plan”