Download GASTANDARDSPractice 3rd

SB1a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes cells, including cell membrane, in maintaining
homeostasis and cell reproduction. Kiara & Emeka
1) Describe the function of 5 individual cell organelles within cells. 1. Lysosomes: break down waste & worn-out cell parts;
2. Chloroplast: uses the sun to make food through photosynthesis; only found in plant cells; 3. Cell wall: structure and
protection to the plant cells; 4. Cell Membrane: controls what enters and leaves the cell; 5. Mitochondria: turns food
into energy.
2) Explain how 3 organelles in a cell, function together to maintain homeostasis ex.(energy production, transport of
molecules, waste disposal, protein synthesis , storage of genetic material and movement)
The golgi body, cell membrane and lysosome all work together to maintain homeostasis because they get rid of things
that are old and worn out, and that aren’t needed inside the cell. They also send things outside the cell to stable
inside and outside the cell.
3) Describe how the cell membrane helps the cell maintain homeostasis.
It controls what enters and leaves the cell. So, not everything stays inside or leaves.
4) Why do bacteria and humans go through cell division?(mitosis)
To pass genetic information to new cells.
5) Why are cells small?
So that substances can move around more easily.
SB1b. Explain how enzymes function as catalysts. Zaniyyah & Kierra
1)
2)
3)
4)
What do enzymes do within cells? Enzymes speed up the rates of chemical reaction in biological processes.
What environmental conditions affect the rate of enzyme function? Temperature & pH
What macromolecule is an enzyme an example of? Proteins
Describe 2 functions of enzymes within the human body. Saliva- helps to break down food; stomach- helps to digest
foods
5) Describe the lock-and-key structure of enzymes and their substrates The enzymes are the key, the keyhole is the
active site, and the lock is the substrate. Only certain enzymes will bind with specific substrates.
SB1c. Identify the function of the four macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) TaJuan &
Calandria
1) Identify the functions of the four macromolecules 1. Carbohydrates: stores energy, provides structural support; 2.
Lipids: provides long term energy, provides insulation; 3. Proteins: transfers substances; speeds reactions, provides
structure, makes hormones; 4. Nucleic Acids: supplies genetic information
2) Identify the monomers of each of the four macromolecules 1. Carbohydrates: monosaccharides; 2. Lipids: 1 glycerol, 3
fatty acids; 3. Proteins: amino acids; 4. Nucleic Acids: nucleotides
3) Identify dietary sources (foods) of macromolecules 1. Carbohydrates: bread, rice & pasta; 2. Lipids: fats, oils, &
waxes; 3. Proteins: meats, fish, milk, and beans; 4. Nucleic Acids: all things that were once living
4) Identify the importance of each of the 4 macromolecules see number 1
SB1d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e. osmosis, diffusion) Angel & Leslie
1) Why is water considered a polar molecule? Because it is both positive and negative; Hydrogen is slightly positive and
oxygen is slightly negative.
2) Describe what elements make up water and what its shape looks like. 2 Hydrogen & 1 Oxygen; Mickey Mouse Head
3) Why is water called a universal solvent? Because many substances dissolve in it.
4) How do living things use water to get nutrients and get rid of wastes? Through the cell membrane, nutrients are
allowed to enter and waste exits.
5) Explain how the characteristics of water affect the movement of water in and out or within an organism (Explain
capillary action in plants) Capillary Action is when water travels up thin tubes in plants and roots delivering nutrients
and water to the plant.
SB2a. Distinguish between DNA and RNA. Kimberly & Chris
1) What are 3 structural similarities between DNA and RNA? They both have a sugar, phosphate & nitrogenous base
2) What are 3 differences between DNA and RNA? 1. RNA has ribose, DNA has deoxyribose; 2. RNA is single stranded,
DNA is double stranded; 3. RNA has the base Uracil; DNA has the base Thymine
3) What are the functions of DNA and RNA? RNA helps decode genetic messages and DNA gives the instructions for all
living things.
4) Why is DNA considered to be a genetic code? Because it gives the instructions for genes and appearance.
SB2b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular information. Lili & Turiya
1) Describe where DNA is organized in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic-nucleus; Prokaryotic- floating in the
cytoplasm
2) Why does DNA have to replicate? So that the genetic information is copied and passed on to new cells
3) What are the steps in DNA replication? 1. Enzymes unwind and unzip double helix 2. Each strand serves as a template
for building a new DNA molecule 3. Free nucleotides bond to the template strand A-T & C-G forming a complementary
strand 4. Two new identical DNA molecules.
4) What other process is DNA used in? mitosis & meiosis
SB2c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability. Andy & Jamardis
1. What is the law of segregation? States that two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis
2. How does meiosis maintain the correct number of chromosomes? By producing gametes that contain 23
chromosomes each
3. Explain the function of meiosis. a reduction cell division process
4. What is the law of independent assortment? States that a random distribution of alleles occurring during the
formation of gametes
5. How does meiosis contribute to genetic variability? Crossing Over which happens in Prophase I
6. Describe how mendelian laws can be used to explain genetic variability based on his laws there is 8 million
different possibilities of an offspring each time fertilization occurs in humans.
SB2d.
Isaac
1.
2.
3.
Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits including: Courtney &
What are mutations? Permanent changes in a DNA sequence
What can cause mutations to occur? When cells make mistakes in the order of the DNA base sequence
List and describe 3 examples of mutations. 1. Deletion: when one base is deleted from the sequence; 2.
Duplication: when a base is copied twice; 3. Insertion: when one base is inserted in the sequence
4. How do mutations cause changes in organisms? It leads to genetic disorders which can be harmful, helpful or
neither.
SB2e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations. Xavier & Nyla
1. What is sexual reproduction and how does it lead to genetic diversity? Meiosis; crossing over
2. What is asexual reproduction and what types of organisms does it produce? Mitosis- when organisms inherit all
genetic information from a single parent; bacteria, archaebacteria, protists, eubacteria, some animals
3. What types of organisms go through the process of asexual reproduction? Yeast, some plants, bacteria & fungi
4. What are 2 types of asexual reproduction? Binary fission, budding, fragmentation
5. Explain why sexual or asexual reproduction would be advantageous under different environmental conditions.
Sexual reproduction is advantageous because it produces more varieties of offspring that asexual reproduction.
SB2f. Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics, medicine, and agriculture. Explain that DNA technology is a useful
tool in forensics, medical treatments and the production of medicine as well as world-wide food production. Cydney &
Iman
1. What are 3 ways that DNA technology is used? Genetic Engineering, Identifying Genes for specific genes,
Tranferring genes from one organism to another.
2. What is DNA fingerprinting and what is it used for? Immigration verification, crime scenes, & paternity tests
3. How can DNA technology determine possible evolutionary relationships between different species? Based on the
closeness of the DNA sequences, the organisms will be more closely related or not.
4. What are 2 different methods used to change the DNA of plants and animals? Isolation of genes to produce
recombinant DNA by combining the isolated gene with the bacterial plasmid.
SB3a. Explain the cycling of energy through the process of photosynthesis and respiration
1. Why is energy needed by all living things? To do work
2. What are the different ways organisms obtain energy? Some eat others to obtain energy while others make
their own food using the sun.
3. What is the ultimate source of energy? What process is it used in? The sun. Photosynthesis
4. How do we release energy contained in food? It’s released by doing work, lost to the atmosphere as heat or
passed on to another consumer
5. What 2 gases are cycled through photosynthesis and respiration? Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide
6. What is the form of energy used to do work? ATP, Mechanical Energy
SB3b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi,
Plants, and Animals).
1. Explain how all living things carry out common life processes differently. Describe some of the ways that
cellular structure determines function. They carry out common life processes such as adapting & evolving,
reproduction, and growing & developing. i.e a plant and human do not reproduce the same way.
2. Describe how organisms have specific cellular characteristics that determine how they are classified and how
they carry out life processes. See number 1
3. How are organisms classified into a kingdom? (HINT: based on specific structural cellular characteristics such
as cell type, presence or absence of cell walls and the presence of certain organelles or membranes that
determine mode of obtaining energy, methods of reproduction) the more classification levels two organisms have
in common the more closely related they are. The less they have in common, the more distantly related they are.
4. What are the differences between unicellular and multicellular organisms? Unicellular= one cell; Multi cellular =
multiple cells.
SB3c Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems.
1. Explain the theory of endosymbiosis. It explains that eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells.
2. Analyze the evolutionary basis of the six kingdom system.
3. Explain how shared characteristics within a common classification may indicate a common ancestor. The closer
they are on a cladogram the more closely related they are.
4. Describe how modern classification systems are based upon biochemical(amino acids and proteins) and genetic
evidence(DNA) that indicates evolutionary relationships.
5. How are cladograms and phylogenetic trees used to interpret evolutionary relationships? They are used to
classify organisms based on evolutionary evidence that includes homologous structures as well as DNA
comparisons.
SB3d Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms.
1. Describe the similarities and differences between viruses and living organisms. Living organisms exhibit the
characteristics of movement, respiration, reproduction & growth. Viruses replicate inside a host cell. Similarities
are reproduction, some are eukaryotic, and both have either RNA or DNA but not both.
2. Why are viruses not considered living things? They do not have cells yet they can reproduce.
3. Describe the structure of viruses. Viruses are a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat and a tail.
4. Can viruses be cured? Why or why not? No bc the human immune system is strong enough to kill certain viruses.
They also mutate rapidly which makes it hard to find medicinal cures.
SB4a Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes.
1. Describe how organisms both cooperate and compete in ecosystems. Organisms cooperate & compete through symbiotic
relationships such as mutualism, parasitism, predation, & commensalism.
2. Explain how environmental factors (abiotic) influence the distribution and relationships of organisms (biotic) within
ecosystems. Organisms that live in the same geographical area might share the same biotic factors. Organisms depend on
abiotic factors for survival.
3. Describe the ecological hierarchy of the levels of organization within a biome. From smallest to largest: Organisms 
Population  Community  Ecosystem  Biosphere
4. Explain how the availability of resources (number and types) determines the number/type of organisms that survive in
an ecosystem. When resources are plentiful competition is not as bad but when there aren’t as many resources, the strong
eat the weak. Survival of the fittest
SB4b. Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems by
1. How does a food chain show energy flow? Arrows represent the one way energy flow which typically starts with
autotrophs and moves to heterotrophs
2. How does the amount of energy change in the steps of an energy pyramid? With each step up there is an energy loss of
90%
3. Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients (C, O, H, N, P) For energy & survival, the cycling of resources.
4. Explain how energy flows through ecosystems in one direction from photosynthetic organisms to herbivores to
carnivores and decomposers. The photosynthetic gets 100% energy from the sun, the herbivore eats the producer and
gets 10% energy, the carnivores eat herbivores and get 1% energy, and decomposers eat carnivores and get 0.1% energy.
SB4c. Relate environmental condition to successional changes in ecosystems.
1. Describe how human activities and natural phenomena disrupt the homeostatic nature of the environment(changes the
environment) Deforestation, Floods, and Natural Disasters all disrupt the homeostatic nature by causing life to restart.
2. Describe the stages of primary succession on a new piece of land without land present. Pioneer Species  grasses 
small shrubs  small trees  animals & large trees.
3. What are the causes of secondary succession? Fire, floods, or natural disasters
4. What are the differences between primary and secondary succession? Primary life starts from scratch and secondary
is caused by natural disasters leaving some life in the area.
SB4d. Assess and explain human activities that influence and modify the environment such as global warming, population
growth, pesticide use, and water and power consumption.
1. What do humans do to damage the environment? Pollution, littering, air pollution from cars, cutting trees down,
deforestation. Identify and assess the impact of human activities on the environment. Factories, cars, coal mines and the
impact causes harm to plants and animals and pollutes our air.
2. Explain the human activities that contribute to global warming and describe the impact it has on the environment. See
number 1
3. Explain the impact of increasing human populations on the environment. The more people we have, the more resources
we use up.
4. How can we improve our environment? Recycling, using less electricity, hybrid or electric cars to minimize gas,
carpooling,
SB4e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions.
1. Describe how adaptations of plants increase their ability to survive.(HINT: vascular tissue, pollen, flowers, tropisms,
seeds) Waxy coats on leaves to retain water, xylem and phloem allow them to grow taller and still get nutrients, cacti have
needles to protect them.
SB4f. Relate animal adaptations, including behaviors, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions.
1. Describe how adaptations of animals increase their ability to survive. Camouflage, Wings, Beak sizes, Claws, etc.
2. Describe adaptations of animals that lead to survival in major terrestrial biomes. Turtle shells for protection,
Hibernation in winter, lungs to breathe, camouflage, bright colors to warn for poison, fur for warmth, etc.
SB5a. Trace the history of the theory.
1. Describe the development of the theory of evolution with the emphasis on how the mechanism of natural selection was
developed. Darwin traveled to Galapagos islands and studied finches and their beak sizes which led him to the theory of
evolution and natural selection.
2. Describe how a change in the environment leads to a change in those who are best fit for that environment. Organisms
have to adapt with best traits for the new environment, they will leave to another environment, or they will die.
3. Explain the differences between Darwin and Lamarck’s theories of how life changes. Darwin’s theory stated that
variation are genetically passed down from parent to offspring, Lamarck believed that un-natural changes will be passed
from parent to offspring.
SB5b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution.
1. How do genetic mutations cause adaptations and lead to natural selection? Genetic mutations are passed on from parent
to offspring which eventually makes offspring best fitted for the environment (natural selection)
2. Explain that the millions of different species of life forms that live on earth today are related by descent from
common ancestors. Based on the theory of evolution, all organisms have evolved in order to best fit the environment. All
organisms today came from common ancestors.
3. Explain that the biodiversity of organisms is the result of more than 3.5 billion years of environmental change, genetic
mutations and natural selection. See number 2.
4. Explain that evolution is a gradual process Evolution- the gradual change in an organism over a long period of time.
SB5c. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory.
1. Describe the use of scientific evidence, such as the fossil record, in explaining the evolution of organisms. The fossil
record shows connection in DNA and biochemical evidence, when comparing bone structures, it shows the evolution and
change in related organisms.
2. How do different species structures(homologous, analogous, vestigial) show evidence of evolution? Define the different
types of structures.
3. Explain how molecular evidence( DNA) supports anatomical evidence from fossils about the sequence of descent. See
number 1.
SB5d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms
1. Describe why natural selection occurs. When environments change, organisms have to adapt to the traits that best fit
the environment which causes natural selection to occur.
2. Explain how favorable variations among individuals lead to an increased survival rate. Any organism with favorable
conditions will be able to better survive in the environment.
3. Explain how mutations may produce adaptations that are the basis of natural selection. With genetic mutations, it could
be a change in skin, hair, beak type, etc which will cause animals to best adapt to their environment.
4. Identify the characteristics that influence the “fitness” of a species within an environment.
5. Relate adaptation to natural selection. Adaaptation and natural selection go together because organisms have to adapt
in order to be naturally selected to their environment.
SB5e. Recognize the role of evolution to biological resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance)
1. Explain how biological resistance (antibiotic resistance) may impact the evolution of a species of bacteria.
2. Describe how bacteria become biologically resistant to antibiotics.
3. Describe how antibiotic resistance is an example of evolution in a species.