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Human Body Systems Vocabulary characteristics DNA inherited likeness organism traits cell multicellular unicellular (single cell) permeable tissue direct evidence indirect evidence fitness quality of an organism material in life forms that transfers genetic characteristics characteristics from parents similarity individual living system distinguishing characteristics the basic unit of life composed of several or many cells composed of one cell able to pass through similar cells with a specific function evidence you collect yourself evidence that you do not collect yourself, but rely on evidence collected by others state of being healthy Skeletal System ball/socket joint joint that allows twisting and turning movements; example: hip joint bones cartilage cranium femur fracture framework gliding joint hinge joint humerus immovable joints mandible patella forms the substance of a skeleton, support the body flexible connective tissue skull longest, largest, and strongest bone in the human body; located in the leg to break or crack supports, i.e. human skeleton joint that allows to flat bones to slide over each other; example: foot, wrist joint that allows movement in a certain spot, like the opening and closing of a door; example: elbow, knee, ankle long bone in arm extending from the shoulder to the elbow not able to be moved place where two parts are joined or united to allow motion jaw bone flat moveable bone in the front of the knee, also known as the knee bone pelvis phalanges radius ribs scapula skeleton skull spine sternum tarsals tibia torso ulna vertebrae funnel-shaped, part of skeleton supporting lower limbs bones that make up the fingers or feet bone of forearm on the thumb side bones that support and protect organs such as the lungs shoulder blade framework that support the body head bone backbone breastbone bones in the feet shinbone upper part of the body forearm bone, located on the side opposite the thumb bones in the spine Muscular System bicep cardiac muscle contract endurance exertion extend flex involuntary ligaments muscles musculoskeletal resistance muscle at the front of the upper arm skeletal muscle smooth muscle tendons tricep voluntary atrophy muscle connected at either end with a bone type of muscle in the heart to draw together ability or strength to continue or last without becoming tired activity of using your muscles in various ways to keep fit to increase in length to bend muscle controlled without thinking about it (pumping heart) tissues that connect bones, hold organs in place tissues that cause motion in the body when contracted muscular and skeletal systems Exercise that involves working your muscles against free weights or your body's own weight (walking, running, pushups) found in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles connects muscle to bone muscle located at the back of the upper arm muscle whose action is controlled by the person (example: lifting an arm) to waste away or decrease in size Nervous System autonomic nervous system axon brain brain stem cerebellum cerebrum dendrites nerves neurons peripheral nervous system relay signals spinal cord spinal nerve stimuli system of nerves that control involuntary functions synapse place where nerve messages are sent and received part of neuron that takes information away from a cell body controls mental and physical actions, located in the cranium (skull) part of brain near spinal cord; controls reflexes, breathing, and heartbeat large portion of the brain, controls voluntary motions largest part of the brain, controls voluntary movements and mental actions part of a neuron that brings information to a cell body bundle of fibers that send impulses from the brain to other parts of the body specialized, impulse-conducting cells (composed of cell body, axon, dendrites) lies outside brain and spinal cord, includes nerves to arms, legs, and sense organs to transmit a signal messages sent from brain to nerves cord of nerve tissue extending through the spinal column nerves that start in the spinal cord something that causes an action (example-stimulus: hot stove, response: moving hand away from hot stove) Circulatory and Cardiovascular Systems blood cholesterol red blood cells white blood cells platelets plasma aerobic exercise anaerobic exercise aorta arteries atrium blood vessels capillaries cardiac circulation heart heart rate pulmonary artery pulse veins ventricles a fluid that circulates throughout the body to sustain life found in animal tissues, too much can lead to heart disease blood cells constantly traveling through your body delivering oxygen and removing waste blood cells that help protect the body by fighting off infections and diseases smallest blood cells to help form clots if you have an injury liquid part of the blood; contains blood's proteins, suspends blood cells exercise that increases the need for oxygen exercise that builds muscles through tension part of the heart, circulates blood from the heart to all of the body (except the lungs) blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart two upper chambers on each side of the heart, receives blood from veins and forces blood into ventricles any of the vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) through which the blood circulates small blood vessels between the ending of the arteries and the beginning of the veins relating to the heart flowing (such as the flow of blood throughout the body) organ (consisting of four chambers) that circulates blood, divided into four chambers (valves) number of heartbeats in one minute transports blood from the heart to the lungs regular throbbing of arteries caused by heart contractions blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart located in the heart, left and right, pumps blood to the entire body Respiratory System air-filled spaces in the body air sac very small air sacs; where air breathed in goes alveoli bronchial tubes two tubes at the end of the trachea, brings in air from trachea and helps clean lungs; one tube goes to right lung, one to left diaphragm exhale inhale larynx lungs nasal passages (nasal cavity) pharynx respiration ribs sinuses trachea sheet-like muscle separating the chest from the abdominal cavity; creates suction to draw in air and expand lungs to breathe out to breathe in voice box two respiratory organs helps with inhaling and exhaling of air through the nose throat; collects incoming air from the nose and passes air to the trachea inhaling and exhaling air, breathing bones that protect and support the chest hollow spaces in the bones of the head, helps regulate temperature of air breathed in windpipe; passage from pharynx to lungs Digestive and Excretory Systems anus appendix bile duct digestion epiglottis esophagus large intestine liver where solid waste exits through the body mouth pancreas rectum saliva salivary glands small intestine stomach tongue where digestion begins located near the small and large intestine, purpose unknown stores bile (yellow, green liquid from the liver) processing food in the body located in the back of the mouth; prevents food and drink from entering the larynx muscular passage connecting the mouth and the stomach, rhythmic motion where stool (solid waste) accumulates filters blood coming from the digestive tract, releases bile, helps take toxins (poisons) from chemicals in the body about 6" long, located behind the stomach, secretes insulin straight section of the intestine, ending in the anus, stores solid waste watery fluid for tasting and swallowing food, chewing, keeping mouth moist secretes (releases) saliva helps in the passage of food that comes from the stomach organ in the digestive system that stores and digests food organ in the mouth; functions include eating, tasting, speaking