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Differences • Plant: Plant cell mitosis is similar to animal cell mitosis, but there are differences. – Plant cells form spindle fibers during mitosis but do not have centrioles. – A structure called a cell plate forms between the two new nuclei. • New cell walls forms along the cell plate, then, a new cell membrane develops inside the cell walls. Living Things Reproduce All living things reproduce in one of the following ways: Asexual reproduction - Producing offspring without the use of gametes. BOP: Give two examplesSexual reproduction - Producing offspring by the joining of sex cells. • Fertilization: is a type of sexual reproduction where there is a fusion of male (sperm) and female (egg) sex cells. • Gene: A gene is a segment of DNA that controls the protein production and the cell cycle. Meiosis The process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells-egg & sperm. Meiosis takes place in 5 stages, stages 2 & 4 have 4 phases during each stage. Stage 1: Interphase Stage 2: Meiosis I Stage 3: Cytokinesis I Stage 4: Meiosis II Stage 5: Cytokinesis II Stage 1: Interphase The cell grows to its mature size. The DNA in the cell makes a copy of itself. 2 cylindrical structures called centrioles are also copied. • Stage 2: Meiosis I (there are four phases) – Prophase I: • Chromatin in the nucleus condenses to form 23 chromosome pairs. • Centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus. • Spindle fibers form a bridge between the ends of the cell. • Nuclear envelope breaks down. – Metaphase I: • Chromosome pairs line up across the center of the cell. • Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers. – Anaphase I: • • • • Centromere’s split. The chromosome pairs separate in half. Each chromosome pair is pulled into different half of cell. Cell stretches out as the opposite ends are pushed apart. – Telophase I: • • • • Cytoplasm divides. Cell splits. A new cell membrane forms around the newly created cells. At the end of Telophase I, 2 cells have been created. • Stage 3: Cytokinesis I – The cell divides into 2 new cells. • Stage 4: Meiosis II – Prophase II: • Centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus. • Spindle fibers form a bridge between the ends of the cell. – Metaphase II: • Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. • Each chromosome attaches to a spindle fiber at its centromere. – Anaphase II: • The centromere split. • The 2 chromatids separate. – Chromatid: ½ of a chromosome • 1 chromatid is drawn by its spindle fiber to 1 end of the cell. • The other chromatid moves to the opposite end. • Cell stretches out as the opposite ends are pushed apart. – Telophase II • Chromosomes begin to stretch out & lose their rod like appearance. • A new nuclear envelope forms around each region of chromosomes. • Stage 5: Cytokinesis II • The cytoplasm divides. • 4 new cell membranes form around the 4 new cells. • The new cells have ½ of the chromosomes found in regular body cells. Video: http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120074/bi o19.swf::Stages%20of%20Meiosis References: CMAPP http://www.citruscollege.edu/lc/archive/biology/Pages/Chapter09-Rabitoy.aspx