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Chapter 18 planets Lesson 1 What Makes up the Universe? • The universe is all of space and everything in it. • A Galaxy is a system of dust, gas, and many millions of stars held together by gravity. • We live in the Milky Way Galaxy. The Milky Way is shaped like a flat spiral. • Astronomy is the study of the Sun, Moon, stars, and the other objects in space. The Solar System • The Solar System includes the Sun, the planets, their moons, and other objects. • Gravity is the force that keeps Earth and other objects in their orbits • The Sun is so massive that its gravity pulls the planets toward it. • gravity video Inner Planets The 4 closest planets to the sun. They are all small and rocky. Inner Planets Video Mercury • Closest plant to the Sun. • Covered with craters or dents shaped like bowls • Mercury is extremely hot during the day and is very cold at night because there is not an atmosphere to keep in the heat. • The Mariner 10 is a space probe that visited Mercury in 1974. A space probe is a vehicle that carries cameras and other tools for studying different objects in space. • If you weighed 100lbs on Earth, you would weigh 38lbs on Mercury! Mercury Video Venus • Venus rotates in the opposite direction than Earth. • Venus has an atmosphere, but the clouds are poisonous. • The clouds reflect the Sun’s light which makes it one of the brightest objects in the sky. • If you weighed 100 lbs on Earth, you would weigh 91 lbs on Venus (you would be heavier on Venus because the pull of gravity is stronger) Earth • 3rd planet from the sun • Earth is the solar system’s largest Rocky Planet. • Most of Earth’s surface is covered in water. • Only planet in the solar system known to support life. Mars • 4th planet from the Sun • Soil contains iron oxide, which gives it a reddish-brown color. Called the “Red Planet” • Has 2 moons • If you weighed 100 lbs on Earth, you would weigh 38lbs on Mars. • It has large canyons and volcanoes. Mars video 10 minutes Gas Giants aka Outer Planets Gas gaint- a planet made of mostly gases These planets are all behind the asteroid belt. They have many moons. Gas Giants Video 26 minutes Jupiter Planets • 5th planet from the Sun • Largest planet in our solar system • It is so large that if it was hollow inside all the other planets would fit inside. • Jupiter has many moons, Galileo was the first person to see the four largest moons through his telescope in 1610. (They are about the size of Earth’s moon) • Has a large red spot which is actually a large storm. (The storm is more than 3 times the size of Earth!) • Has rings that are very dark and can not be seen from Earth. • If you weighed 100 lbs on Earth, you would weigh 214 lbs on Jupiter! Jupiter Video Saturn • 6th planet from the Sun • Has large rings. The rings are made up of everything from dust to large boulders. • Galileo saw the rings from earth and thought they were handles in the 1600’s • Has 34 moons. • If you weighed 100lbs on Earth, you would weigh 74 lbs on Saturn Mystery of Saturn’s Rings Uranus • 7th Planet from the Sun • Rotates on its side • This is the largest planet you can see from earth with out a telescope. • Atmosphere is made up of methane which is a liquid and gives Uranus its fuzzy blue-green look • It has dark rings that cannot be seen by telescopes on Earth • Has at least 27 moons • If you weighed 100lbs on Earth, you would weigh 86 lbs on Uranus. Uranus Neptune • 8th Planet • Smallest of the gas planets, but it is still very large. It could hold 60 Earths inside if it was hollow. • Has strong winds that blow huge storms across the planet. • Has at least 13 moons. Triton is the largest of its moons and is the coldest body in our entire Solar System • If you weighed 100 lbs on Earth, you would weigh 110 lbs on Neptune! • Mysteries of Neptune and Uranus Our little “Dwarf Planet” - PLUTO • Not considered a Gas Giant, in fact, it is the smallest in the whole solar system (it’s even smaller that Earth’s moon) • It has an icy, solid surface • Pluto has an odd, tilted orbit • If you weighed 100 lbs on Earth, you would weigh 8 lbs on Pluto. Pluto's Orbit Planets in Order Planets Song Planets Song Mercury is the closest planet to the sun Venus comes next it's the hottest one Earth comes third the only life that we know Mars has the largest canyon and volcano Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune The gassy planet Jupiter, the largest you will find Saturn has rings around the outside Uranus is funny ‘cause it spins on its side Neptune looks blue, the coldest of its kind Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Okay get ready We're gonna say all the planets really, really, really fast Can you keep up? We're gonna say all the planets from the first to the last Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune