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Transcript
Third Rock From the Sun Notes Plate Tectonics Chapter Overview Questions What major geologic processes occur within the earth and on its surface? What are nonrenewable mineral resources and where are they found? What are rocks, and how are they recycled by the rock cycle? How do we find and extract mineral resources from the earth’s crust, and what harmful environmental effects result from removing and using these minerals? Chapter Overview Questions Will there be enough nonrenewable mineral resources for future generations? Can we find substitutes for scarce nonrenewable mineral resources? How can we shift to more sustainable use of nonrenewable mineral resources? Chapter Overview Questions What are the advantages and disadvantages of conventional oil and nonconventional heavy oils? What are the advantages and disadvantages of natural gas? What are the advantages and disadvantages of coal and the conversion of coal to gaseous and liquid fuels? Chapter Overview Questions What are the advantages and disadvantages of conventional nuclear fission, breeder nuclear fission, and nuclear fusion? Chapter Overview Questions How can we improve energy efficiency and what are the advantages of doing so? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using solar energy to heat buildings and water and to produce electricity? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using flowing water to produce electricity? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using wind to produce electricity? Chapter Overview Questions What are the advantages and disadvantages of burning plant material (biomass) to heat buildings and water, produce electricity, and propel vehicles? What are the advantages and disadvantages of extracting heat from the earth’s interior (geothermal energy) and using it to heat buildings and water, and produce electricity? Chapter Overview Questions What are the advantages and disadvantages of producing hydrogen gas and using it in fuel cells to produce electricity, heat buildings and water, and propel vehicles? How can we make a transition to a more sustainable energy future? Description Plate tectonics is the theory explaining the movement of the plates and the processes that occur at their boundaries. GEOLOGIC PROCESSES The earth is made up of a core, mantle, and crust and is constantly changing as a result of processes taking place on and below its surface. The earth’s interior consists of: Core: innermost zone with solid inner core and molten outer core that is extremely hot. Mantle: solid rock with a rigid outer part (asthenosphere) that is melted pliable rock. Crust: Outermost zone which underlies the continents. Volcanoes Abyssal hills Oceanic crust (lithosphere) Abyssal Oceanic floor ridge Abyssal floor Trench Folded mountain belt Abyssal plain Craton Continental shelf Continental slope Continental rise Continental crust (lithosphere) Mantle (lithosphere) Fig. 15-2, p. 336 Spreading center Collision between two continents Subduction zone Continental crust Oceanic crust Ocean trench Oceanic crust Continental crust Material cools Cold dense as it reaches material falls the outer back through mantle mantle Hot Mantle material convection rising cell through the mantle Two plates move towards each other. One is subducted back into the mantle on a falling convection current. Mantle Hot outer core Inner core Fig. 15-3, p. 337 GEOLOGIC PROCESSES Huge volumes of heated and molten rack moving around the earth’s interior form massive solid plates that move extremely slowly across the earth’s surface. Tectonic plates: huge rigid plates that are moved with convection cells or currents by floating on magma or molten rock. The Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates The extremely slow movements of these plates cause them to grind into one another at convergent plate boundaries, move apart at divergent plate boundaries and slide past at transform plate boundaries. Figure 15-4 Fig. 15-4, p. 338 JUAN DE FUCA PLATE EURASIAN PLATE NORTH AMERICAN PLATE ANATOLIAN PLATE CARIBBEAN PLATE ARABIAN AFRICAN PLATE PLATE PACIFIC PLATE SOUTH AMERICAN NAZCA PLATE PLATE SOMALIAN SUBPLATE CHINA SUBPLATE PHILIPPINE PLATE INDIAAUSTRALIAN PLATE ANTARCTIC PLATE Divergent plate boundaries Convergent plate boundaries Transform faults Fig. 15-4a, p. 338 Trench Volcanic island arc Craton Transform fault Lithosphere Asthenosphere Divergent plate boundaries Lithosphere Rising magma Asthenosphere Convergent plate boundaries Lithosphere Asthenosphere Transform faults Fig. 15-4b, p. 338 Pacific Plate The Pacific plate is off the coast of California. Lots of volcanoes and earthquakes occur here. “California will fall into the ocean” idea. It is the largest plate and the location of the ring of fire. Boundaries Divergent – the plates move apart in opposite directions. – the plates push together by internal forces. At most convergent plate boundaries, the oceanic lithosphere is carried downward under the island or continent. Earthquakes are common here. It also forms an ocean ridge or a mountain range. Convergent Boundaries (Continued) Transform – plates slide next or past each other in opposite directions along a fracture. California will not fall into the ocean! GEOLOGIC PROCESSES The San Andreas Fault is an example of a transform fault. Figure 15-5 Importance Plate movement adds new land at boundaries, produces mountains, trenches, earthquakes and volcanoes. The Rock Cycle – the interaction of processes that change rocks from one type to another Rock Cycle Figure 15-8 Erosion Transportation Weathering Deposition Igneous rock Granite, pumice, basalt Sedimentary rock Sandstone, limestone Heat, pressure Cooling Heat, pressure, stress Magma (molten rock) Melting Metamorphic rock Slate, marble, gneiss, quartzite Fig. 15-8, p. 343 Steps Oxygen The most abundant element in Earth’s crust. Nitrogen The most abundant element in the Earth’s atmosphere. Iron The most abundant element in the Earth’s core. Aluminum The element commercially extracted from bauxite Relationships Between All Three Rocks All three rocks are being recycled and converted to all of the classes Rock Classification Igneous Description – forms the bulk of the earth’s crust. It is the main source of many non-fuel mineral resources. Classification – Intrusive Igneous Rocks – formed from the solidification of magma below ground Extrusive Igneous Rocks – formed from the solidification of lava above ground Igneous (Continued) Examples – Granite, Pumice, Basalt, Diamond, Tourmaline, Garnet, Ruby, Sapphire Sedimentary Description – rock formed from sediments. Most form when rocks are weathered and eroded into small pieces, transported, and deposited in a body of surface water. – pieces that are cemented together by quartz and calcium carbonate (Calcite). Examples: sandstone (sand stuck together), Conglomerate (rounded & concrete-looking) and Breccia (like conglomerate but w/ angular pieces) Clastic Sedimentary (Continued) Nonclastic – Chemical Precipitates – limestone precipitates out and oozes to the bottom of the ocean (this is why there is a lot of limestone in S.A.) Biochemical Sediments – like peat & coal Petrified wood & opalized wood Metamorphic Description – when preexisting rock is subjected to high temperatures (which may cause it to partially melt), high pressures, chemically active fluids, or a combination of these Location – deep within the earth Examples: Contact Metamorphism- rock that is next to a body of magma Ex. limestone under heat becomes marble through crystallization Limestone -> marble sandstone -> quartzite shale -> hornfelds (slate) Dynamic Metamorphism – earth movement crushes & breaks rocks along a fault. Rocks may be brittle- (rock and mineral grains are broken and crushed) or it may be ductile(plastic behavior occurs.) Rocks formed along fault zones are called mylonites. Metamorphic (Continued) Regional Metamorphism – during mountain building; great quantities of rock are subject to intense stresses and heat Ex. cont. shelves ram together Metamorphism – One form of rock changing into another Progressive shale->slate->schist->gneiss coal->graphite granite->gneiss