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Shifting Sands: Balancing U.S. Interests in the Middle East The Choices Program for the 21st Century, Brown University. Part One: The Creation of the Modern Middle East I. An Historical Overview The Middle East as the cradle of civilization Birthplace of Judaism Birthplace of Christianity Birthplace of Islam The Ottoman Empire By 1500 the Ottoman Empire had created a huge empire that stretched from the Persian Gulf to the western end of North Africa. Decline of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire was in decline by the beginning of the 19th century. By the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire was known as “the sick old man of Europe”. The empire ultimately collapsed in the aftermath of the First World War. Breakup of the Ottoman Empire Colonial Control The 1916 Sykes-Picot Accord – British and French mandates in the Middle East The 1917 Balfour Declaration – British pledge to help establish a “national home” for Jews League of Nations Mandates Palestine at the time of the British Mandate II. The Politics of Oil U.S. involvement in oil politics of the Middle East World War II and the Middle East The birth of modern Israel (1948) The 1947 UN Partition III. The Cold War in the Middle East Soviet The interests in the Middle East Truman Doctrine and the Middle East Conflict U.S. resulting from the creation of Israel involvement and peace initiatives Israel and Palestine, 1947-1967 Egypt-Israeli conflicts, 1956, 1967, 1973 Area occupied by Israel after the Six Day War, 1967 Return of Sinai to Egypt, 1974-1982 IV. Rise of Radical Islamists ► The Iranian Revolution The Iran-Iraq War V. The First Persian Gulf War Reshapes U.S. Policy The U.S. response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait Part Two: Weighing U.S. Priorities in the Middle East I. Regional Security Iraq Iran II. Political Islam The shaping of U.S. relations with allies in the Middle East III. Resolving the Arab-Israeli Conflict Challenges facing the Palestinian Liberation Organization The involvement of Jordan and Syria The U.S. role in peacekeeping IV. Oil Trends