Download References 1-Jin Koryta et al., Principles of Electrochemistry

References
1-Jin Koryta et al., Principles of Electrochemistry, Second Edition, 1993.
2-Allen J. Bard et al., ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS Fundamentals and
Applications.2001.
3-Nestor Perez, Electrochemistry and Corrosion Science.2004.
Introduction
Two very important fields of natural science—chemistry and the science of
electricity—matured and grew vigorously during the first half of the nineteenth
century. Electro-chemistry developed simultaneously. From the very
beginning,electrochemistry wasnot merely a peripheral field but evolved with an
important degree of independence,andit also left very significant marks on the
development of chemistry and of the theory ofelectricity.The first electrochemical
device was the voltaic pile,built in 1800. For the first time,scientists had a sufficiently
stable and reliable source of electric current. Research intothe properties of this
current provided the basis for progress in electrodynamics andelectromagnetism.
The laws of interaction between electric currents (André-MarieAmpère,1820),of
proportionality between current and voltage (Georg Simon Ohm,1827),of
electromagnetic induction (Michael Faraday,1831),of heat evolution duringcurrent
flow (James Prescott Joule,1843),and others were discovered.Work involving the
electrolysis of aqueous solutions of salts and salt melts that wasperformed at the
same time led to the discovery and preparation of a number of newchemical
elements,such as potassium and sodium (Sir Humphry Davy,1807). Studiesof
current flow in solutions (Theodor von Grotthuss,1805) formed the starting pointfor
the concept that the molecular structure of water and other substances is
polar,andled to the electrochemical theory of the structure of matter formulated by
Jons JakobBerzelius (1820). The laws of electrolysis discovered in 1833 by Faraday
had an evengreater significance for knowledge concerning the structure of matter.
During the second half of the nineteenth century,the development of chemical
thermodynamicswas greatly facilitated by the analysis of phenomena occurring in
electrochemical cellsat equilibrium.Today,electrochemistry is a rigorous science
concerned with the quantitativerelations among the chemical,surface,and electrical
properties of systems.Electrochemistry has strong links to many other fields of
science. Electrochemicalconcepts proved particularly fruitful for studying and
interpreting a number of very important biological processes. Modern
electrochemistry has vast applications. Electrochemical processes formthe basis of
large-scale chemical and metallurgical production of a number of
materials.Electrochemical phenomena are responsible for metallic corrosion,which
causesuntold losses in the economy. Modern electrochemical power sources
(primary andsecondary batteries) are used in many fields of engineering,and their
productionfigures are measured in billions of units. Other electrochemical processes
and devicesare also used widely.A variety of definitions exist for electrochemistry as
a subject. Thus,electro-chemistry can be defined as the science concerned with the
mutual transformation ofchemical and electrical energy. According to another
definition,electrochemistrydeals with the structure of electrolyte solutions as well as
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with the phenomenaoccurring at the interfaces between metallic electrodes and
electrolyte solutions.These and similar definitions are incomplete and do not cover
all subject areastreated in electrochemistry. By the very general definition adopted
today by mostresearch workers,electrochemistry is the science concerned with the
physical andchemical properties of ionic conductors as well as with phenomena
occurring at theinterfaces between ionic conductors,on the one hand,and electronic
conductors orsemiconductors,other ionic conductors,and even insulators (including
gases andvacuum),on the other hand. All these properties and phenomena are
studied both underequilibrium conditions,when there is no current flow,and under
nonequilibrium conditions,when there is electric current flow in the system. In a
certain sense,electrochemistry can be contrasted to electronics and solid-state
theory,where theproperties of electronic conductors and electronic or hole-type
semiconductors aswell as the phenomena occurring at the interfaces between these
materials orbetween the materials and vacuum are examined.This definition of
electrochemistry disregards systems in which nonequilibriumcharged species are
produced by external action in insulators:for example,by electricdischarge in the
gas phase (electrochemistry of gases) or upon irradiation of liquid andsolid
dielectrics (radiation chemistry). At the same time,electrochemistry deals
withcertain problems often associated with other fields of science,such as the
structure andproperties of solid electrolytes and the kinetics of ionic reactions in
solutions.This book seeks essentially to provide a rigorous,yet lucid and
comprehensibleoutline of the basic concepts (phenomena,processes,and laws) that
form the subjectmatter of modern theoretical and applied electrochemistry.
Particular attention is given to electrochemical problems of fundamental
significance,yet those oftentreated in an obscure or even incorrect way in
monographs and texts. Among theseproblems are some,that appear elementary at
first glance,such as the mechanism ofcurrent flow in electrolyte solutions,the nature
of electrode potentials,and the valuesof the transport numbers in diffusion layers.By
considering the theoretical and applied aspects of electrochemistry jointly,one can
more readily comprehend their intimate correlation and gain a fuller insightinto
this science as a whole. The applied part of the book outlines the principles ofsome
processes and illustrates their practical significance but does not describetechnical
or engineering details or the design of specific equipment,as these can be found in
specialized treatises on applied electrochemistry.
As a rule,the mathematical tools used in electrochemistry are simple. However,in
books on electrochemistry,one often finds equations and relations that are
quiteunwieldy and not transparent enough. The author’s prime aim is that of
elucidatingthe physical ideas behind the laws and relations and of presenting all
equations in thesimplest possible,though still rigorous and general,form.There is a
great deal of diversity in the terminology and names used for electro-chemical
concepts in the literature. It is the author’s aim to introduce uniform termi-nology
in accordance with valid standards and recommendations. For a profitablereading
of the book and understanding of the material presented,the reader shouldknow
certain parts of physics (e.g.,electrostatics),the basics of higher
mathematics(differentiation and integration),and the basics of physical
chemistry,particularly chemical thermodynamics.
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