Download European History Comp

European History Comp
Chapter 5: Ancient Greece
- bard- wondering poet
-epic- a long poem that tells the story of a historical or legendary hero
- pentathlon- supreme contest of athletic skill
- myth- a story about their god
- acropolis- fortified hilltop at the heart of a Greek city-state
- agora- marketplace
- phalanx- a disciplined body of heavily armed hoplites arranged in formations 8-16 and
up to 200 men wide
- polis- city state
- arete- the ideal of striving for excellence showing courage, and winning fame an honor
- Democracy- a gov't in which the citizens hold the final power
- classical art- Greek values of order balance and proportion became the standards of
classical art
- tragedy- a play that portrays men and women of heroic character whose very strength
leads to their downfall
- hoplites- citizen-soldiers of ancient Greece who fought on foot with spear and shield
- tyrants- those who took over the gov't by force but usually supported the interests of the
common people
- colonies- settlements in new territory by people of a city-state
- aristocracy- a gov't dominated by a small group of noble families
- philosopher- one who loves wisdom; saw orderly universe that could be understood
through reason
- hellenism- a common culture in the lands conquered by Alexander, strongly influenced
by Greek civ
--People and Important Ideas-- Sparta- largest city-state, controlled about 4000 sq. miles located in southern part of
Greece
- Messenia- a city-state neighboring Sparta, were conquered by Sparta in 725 BCRevolted in 600 BC, but unsuccessful
- Archimedes- levers, pulleys etc.
- Hero- steam engine on paper
- Artistarchus- heliocentrism
- Eratosthenes- diameter of earth
- Euclid- helped to develop the science of geometry, wrote The Elements
- Athena- Goddess of wisdom, she protected Athens, statue of her was put in the
Parthenon
- Herodotus- wrote the History of the Persian Wars, a Greek scholar, 1st Greek historian
- Homer- blind poet, bard, wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey-(2 greatest Greek epics)
- Pericles- led Athens in its Golden Age, great talent for public speaking;
- Parthenon- a building built with the money of the Delian League
- Socrates- Greek Philosopher questioned the values of Athens; questioned democracy,
patriotism, religion
- Solon- started reforms that made Athens a democracy, a poet, philosopher and merchant
- Cleisthenes- an Athenian leader, he convinced the Athenians to form a full democracy
- Plato- the Academy which is a school; The Republic
- Aristotle- syllogism (3 logically related statements); definitions and classifications; one
of the most brightest students of Plato's Academy, a physician,
- Philip of Macedon- 359 BC; ruler of Macedon, will conquer and unite Greece
- Philip II- shrewdest of all Macedonians- aimed to unite Greece under his leadership,
meant invading the Persian empire, controlled Greece after a victory at Chaeronea
- Alexander the Great- conquered Asia Minor, the eastern Med, Egypt, the entire Persian
empire, and the Indus River valley
- Heinrich Schliemann- archeologist, discovered Troy-1871
- Code of Lycurgus- a harsh set of laws adopted by t the Spartans to prevent Helot
uprisings
- Darius- Persian king, invaded the plain of Marathon in 490 BC-- trying to conquer
Athens
- Marathon- the plain where 10,000 Athenians waited for the Persian army
- Pheidippides- 26 mile run from Marathon to Athens
- Thermopylae- a narrow mountain pass is located here, Greeks and Spartans blocked the
way- - battle between Greeks and Persians occurred here
- Xerxes- son of Darius; led the 2nd invasion in 480 BC to conquer Athens- determined
to crush Greece, assembled an army many times larger than the Greeks, defeated the
Greeks at Thermopylae
- Gulf of Salamis- Place where the Greeks and Persians fought on water-- Greeks won
- Plataea- a plain where the 3rd great battle took place, the remaining 1/2 of the Persian
Army was defeated here by Spartans- ended 2nd Persian invasion of Greece
- Leonidas- with 300 spartans fought for 3 days trying to hold off the invading Persians
- Themistocles- of Athens calls for a naval battle, 310 Greek ships vs. Persian fleet;
Greeks defeat Persians at Battle of Salamis
- Delian League- a 140 different city-state united economically and militarily under
Athens comes to dominate the league then all the city-states,
- Phidias- main builder for Pericles 2 statues of Athena and one of Zeus, sculptor in
charge to work on the temple and statue of Athena
- Aeschylus- 80 plays including Agamemnon (greek hero of Trojan War and ruler of
Mycenae)
- Sophocles- 100 plays including Oedipus, a dramatist who won his 1st dramatic contest
in 468
- Pelopponnesian War- a war in which Athens was destroyed
- Thucydides- an Athenian who wrote about the war in a journal
- Aristophanes- playwright, wrote the 1st great comedies; The Cloud
- Seleueus- took control of Asia Minor and Fertile Crescent after Alexander's death
- Antigonus- took control of Macedon after Alexander's death
Chapter 6: The Roman Republic
- republic- a gov't under which citizens with the right to vote choose their leaders
- gravitas- a roman virtue of weightiness or seriousness related to the qualities of
discipline, strength and loyalty
- pater- father
- toga- an uncomfortable garment
- patricians- a member of the privileged upper class; wealthy landowners founders of
Rome,, predominant influence over society
- plebian- a common farmer, artisan, or merchant in ancient Rome, a free citizen with the
right to vote;
- legion- a mass of soldiers divided into 60 groups; the basic military formation; a massed
formation of well armed infantry soldiers
- century- one group of the legion
- consul- a powerful official in the Roman Republic who commanded the army and
directed the gov't;
- veto- to overrule another's decision
- senate- the aristocratic branch of gov't
- assembly- branch of gov't
- dictator- political leader elected for a limited time and given absolute power to make
laws and commands the army; any political leader who takes on such powers usually
without legal basis
- mercenary- a soldier who fights in any country's army for pay
- latifundia- a huge estate
- proletariat- the poorest class in ancient Rome
- gladiator- a person who fought other warriors or wild beasts as a form of entertainment
- tribune- a roman official elected by the assembly to speak on behalf of the plebians
- triumvirate- a group of 3 political leaders who ruled Rome
--People and Important Ideas-- Rome- a city in central Italy, also capital of present-day Italy and capital or Roman Repfought Carthage in the Punic Wars
- Etruscans- group of settlers that entered N. Italy between 1200-800 BC- Latin settlers
adopted the Etruscan alphabet
- pater familias- "father of the family"- head of the household of the dominant families of
Rome
- Carthage- former Phoenician colony- had the advantage of a location near the midpoint
of the Med sea, fought Rome in the Punic Wars
- Twelve Tablets- tablets with the law carved in them, they were hung in the Forum,
foundation of Roman law
- Punic Wars- war between Carthage and Rome for control of Sicily and other lands in
the Med Sea
- Romulus- a man who built a wall around a hill in 753 BC (around Rome)
- Palatine Hill- place where Rome began by Latin shepherds
- Forum- heart of Roman political life- in a valley below the Palatine Hill
- Cincinnatus- named dictator by senate, he defeated Rome's enemies and stepped down
as dictator all in 15 days
- Gauls- people from the Po River valley- later sacked Rome
- Pyrrhus- a king in western Greece, a brilliant general brought 20,000 soldiers to fight
Romans-- "You can win every battle and still lose the war."
- Hannibal- (2nd Punic War)- Carthaginian leader, 1 of the great military leaders of all
time- led an army to capture Rome--but failed
- Battle of Zama- Carthage was beaten here, ended the 2nd Punic War
- Scipio Africanus- led Roman army in Battle of Zama--conqueror of Africa
- Scipio Aemilianus- grandson of Scipio Africanus- broke into Carthage and it on fire
- Spartacus- led a demonstration and many slaves throughout the Italian provinces
revolted against the Romans 73-71 BC
- the Gracchi- 2 army leaders that muscled their way to power;
- Marius- and his army saved Rome from an invasion of Germanic tribes in 105 BCelected 5 times in a row to consul- excellent military commander; converted his
volunteers into a professional army made up of soldiers serving for long terms, carefully
trained; seizes power while Sulla is away crushing a rebellion
- Sulla- strong-armed champion of the senate- returned to power in 821 BC- named
himself dictator; commander under Marius; commanded an army that was needed to end
an uprising by the Italian Allies who were repeatedly rebuffed by the citizen body; who
refused to share the benefits of citizenship with the Italians
- Julius Caesar- governor of a province in Spain; his life was spared 2x by Sulla b/c he
was related to Marius through marriage; (100-44 BC); marries the grand-daughter of
Sulla; loved her but she died giving birth to his daughter Julia; 1 of 3 in the First
Triumvirate
- The First Triumvirate- Caesar, Crassus and Pompey--"rule of three"
- Cleopatra- wife of Caesar under Persian law; falls in love with Mark Antony
- Brutus- one of the men who killed Caesar; Caesar's friend
- Octavian- grandnephew of Caesar and his adopted son, 1 of 3 in the Second Triumvirate
- Second Triumvirate- Octavian, Antony and Lepidus
- Mark Antony- mature leader and experiencec general ; Octavian's chief rival; was
Caesar's trusted advisor and military commander; a general and politician; married
Octavian's sister
- Cicero- the greatest orator- murdered; was an opponent of Caesar but did not plot to kill
him
- Sosigenes- an egyptian astronomer who helped Caesar set the length of the year at 365
1/4 days--calendar
- Admiral Agrippa- help Octavian to defeat Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of
Actium
Chapter 7: The Roman Empire
- civil service- workers employed by a gov't to carry out its daily functions such as
repairing roads, delivering mail, collecting taxes and so on; set up by Augustus, salaried
experienced workers to take care of Rome's grain supply etc.
- succession- when an emperor died, who was to take his place
- Epicureanism- a philosophy to gain happiness through freeing the body from pain and
free the mind from fear
- Stoicism- a philosophy that gathered people on a porch (or stoa) it encouraged virtue,
duty and endurance
- satire- literature that mocks society for its foolishness and wickedness
- villa- a country estate
- disciple- follower of Jesus- spread his teachings- apostle
- messiah- savior- christos
- apostle- a disciple who spread Jesus' teachings
- martyr- people who sacrifice their lives for the sake of a cause or belief
- bishop- an official who set moral standards and supervised the finances of several local
churches
- pope- the bishop of Rome; head of the Roman Catholic Church
-inflation- an overall rise in the prices of goods and services
--People and Important Ideas-- Colesseum- Rome's new sports arena- largest building of its kind in the ancient world;
160 ft walls 50,000 spectators
- Pax Romana- a period of peace and prosperity in Rome- 207 years-- 27 BC- 180 AD
- Augustus- Rome's ablest emporer; encouraged trade, glorified Rome by a splendid
building program and created a system of gov't that survived for centuries
- the Julian emperors- Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero- descended from Julius Caesar
- the Good Emperors- (Adoptive Emperors) Nerva- Trajan- Hadrian- Antoninus PiusMarcus Aurelius
- Tiberius- (14-37) was forced to marry Julia, became Augustus' adopted son and
succeeded him in 14 AD
- Caligula- (37-41) was a madman; was assassinated
- Claudius- (41-54) was a timid, physically handicapped scholarly man, He conquered
Britain and added the province of Norcium (Austria) to strengthen the Danube frontier
- Nero- (54-68); cruel, vain, wasteful, he was eventually ousted from office, avoiding
assassination long enough to kill his mother and 2 wives and burned Rome
- Nerva- was chosen by the senate, he in turn chose Trajan
- Trajan- a native of Spain and a well known army leader; he expanded the empire to its
furthest limit; tried to safeguard the frontier from the Germans and Parthans by
conquering Dacia and the Tigris - Euphrates Valley
- Hadrian- reversed aggressive policy in favor of strong defenses and diplomacy;
- Antoninus- excellent character and intellect
- Marcus Aurelius- peace loving philosopher; spent much time fighting the Germans; his
death marked the end of the Pax Romana
- Epicurius- lived in Athens between 542- 270 BC- founder of Epicureanism- a way to
gain happiness
- Zeno- founder of Stoicism (336-263 BC) taught that the universe was controlled by a
superhuman power (Universal Law, Divine Reason)
- Meditations- a book that holds the collected daily settings of Marcus Aurelius
- Livy- wrote a book called The History of the Roman Republic - It covered the years
from founding to Augustus
- Virgil- author of the Aeneid; poet; spent 10 years writing the Aeneid
- Aeneid- an epic consciously modeled after the Greek masterpieces of Homer; it traces
Roman origins
- Juvenal- a poet (60-140 AD) lived during the height of Rome's glory; satire
- Tacitus- a historian, directed his scorn at the Roman Gov't- wrote the Annals
- The Pantheon- a majestic building dedicated to all gods - domed roof- used concreteDome; built in Rome in the 2nd century AD is the greatest round temple ever built
- Jerusalem- an altar to the Greedk god Zeus was almost built here- Jesus visited on
Passover
- Nerod- Ruler around Jerusalem
- Jesus- Jew and Roman subject- later became a prophet and teacher- later arrested for
blasphemy- crucified at Calvary
- Gospels- story of Jesus' life- "good news"
- Pontius Pilate- Roman Governor
- Paul (Saul)- an apostle- dedicated his life to spreading the teachings of Jesus
- Zealots- jewish revolutionaries
- Masada- last stronghold, a fortress near the Dead Sea
- Petrine Doctrine- an argument about bishops outranking other bishops claiming Peter
was the 1st pope
- Commodus- Marcus Aurelius' son; Roman empire began its decline under him; vain and
irresponsible- gladiator
- Diocletian- a strong-willed army leader and son of a slave became emperor in 284 ADsix major reforms; (1) increased the army to secure the frontiers (2) sons had to follow
their father's occupation (3) Edict of Prices- price and wages control (4) persecution of
Christians to restore the traditional religion (5) drops title of Princeps (6) divide the
empire in 2 with co-emperors to rule their respected empire- Eastern and Western
- Constantine- a rival for power after the death of Diocletian; dashing young commander312 AD marched to the Tiber River the fight chief rival, Maxentius, 313 AD announced
an end to the persecution of Christians- ; moved the capital from Rome to the greek city
of Byzantium- Constantinople
- eastern empire- center of the empire- capital became Constantinople- greek speaking
- western empire- more prosperous than eastern- Latin speaking
- Battle of Milvian Bridge- Constantine scored a victory- he marched into Rome and
became emperor of the western half
- Edict of Milan- Constantine changed Christianity from an outlawed sect into a religion
approved by the emperor;granted to Christians and all free men the freedom to choose
and practice their own religion
- Constantinople- city of Constantine- capital city of eastern half
- Germanic peoples- 3rd phase of Rome's decline
- Huns- nomadic people from central Asia
- Alaric- King of the Visigoths, sacked Rome
- Gaiseric- ruthless leader and king of the Vandals, sacked Rome
- Attila- new leader of the Huns, terrifying leader
- Leo I- 1st truly powerful pope of Rome, persuaded Attila to withdraw his forces
- Romulus Augustuslus- last Roman emperor 14 years old
- Odacer- won the throne from Romulus in 176 AD- a barbarian emperor
Chapter 9: The Early Middle Ages 450-1000
- ordeal- trials like the one the priests used
- medieval- learning and civilization declined
- literacy- ability to read
- monastery- a religious community of men or women who give up all their possessions
and devote their lives to worship and prayer
- monk- men in a monastery
- nun- women in a monastery
- abbot- monastic leader
- knight- an armored warrior who fought on horseback
- count- a powerful landowner who ruled a country in a king's name, administered justice,
and raised armies
- missi dominici- the king's emissaries; checked that these countries were ruled fairly
- feudalism- a political and military system based on the holding of land, with an
emphasis on local protection, local gov't, and local self- sufficiency
- lord- in the feudal sys, the person who makes a grant of land to another person (the
vassal)
- vassal- a person who receives land from a lord and pleges military service in return
- investiture- a feudal ceremony in which a vassal receives land or a bishop takes office
- fief- the piece of land given to a vassal by a lord
- aid- a grant of money that a vassal gives to a lord
- manor- a small estate from which a lord's family gained its livelihood
- serf- a peasant who was bound to a manor and owed duties to the lord of the manor
- "three field system"- each year, 2 fields are plowed and 1 field is left fallow
--People and Important Ideas-- Patrick- a christian missionary --became bishop established churches on Ireland
- Clovis- ruthless Frankish king that ruled Gaul
- Arianism- Branch of Christianity
- Benedict- a monk that set a pattern for monastic living- established a set of rules for
monks
- Scholastica- Benedict's sister- opened a convent
- Gregory I- became pope in 590; negotiated treaties, raised armies, repaired roads,
serviced the poor and acted as mayor of Rome; wrote Dialogues and Pastoral Care
- Lombards- menacing group of people
- Christendom- a spiritual kingdom fanning out from Rome to the most distant churches
- Franks- the largest and strongest of Europe's kingdoms (the Roman province of Gaul)the foundations for this kingdom were laid by the Franks' first Christian king, Clovis
- Merovingian dynasty- Clovis and his successors, named after a legendary ancestor,
Merovech; also called "the long-haired kings"-- ruled for about 275 years;
- mayor of the palace- major domo; the most powerful person in the kingdom; was in
charge of the royal household and estate; was the power behind the throne; commaned
armies and made policy; governed the kingdom in the king's name
- Charles Martel- (the Hammer) took the position of mayor of the palace in 714; extended
power of the Franks to the north, south and east; defeated a Muslim raiding party from
Spain at the Battle of Tours in 732; passed his power on to his son, Pepin the Short
- Pepin the Short- son of Charles Martel; received when his father died; he wrote to the
pope a and asked to be king, since he already had power; in 751 the Merovingians were
desposed and he was crowned king in 754 by the popel; he defeated the Lombards in
Italy; and in 756 gave the territory to the Pope; they became the Papal States- died in 768
- Papal States- formed in 756 when Pepin obtained territory from the Lombards and gave
it to the pope
- Charlemagne- son of Pepin the Short; became king in 768; defeated the Lombardism
Italy, Saxons in Germany, Muslims in the Pyrennes and the Avars in the Danube; was
made "Holy Roman Emperor" by the pope in 800; (The Holy Roman Emperor equals the
protector of all Christendom); established his court at Aix-le-chappel (Aachen); he
promoted education and learning in his court; invited many scholars to his palace;
encouraged the copying of ancient Latin manuscripts by monks; invited Jews into the
kingdom b/c they were literate and could help administer the kingdom; had a son and
heir, Louis of Pius, he died in 840 and civil war broke out between three sons of Louis
- Treaty of Verdun- divided the empire between the 3 sons of Louis of Pius---- Charles
the Bald got (west) France-- Louis the German got (east) Germany-- Lothair received the
title "emperor," ruled territory from the North Sea down to Northern Italy, By 870 the
kingdom is divided between Charles and Louis
- Vikings- skilled seafarers; from Scandanavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark); swift
vicious raids via sleek warships wide, shallow, and long- able to go up rivers-- No good
farming land >>raids for survival
- Scandanavia- present day Norway, Sweden and Denamark; home of the Vikings
- Iceland- Eric the Red sailed from here-- by 900 hundreds of Scandanavian families
made a perilous voyage to Iceland
- Eric the Red- a red beared outlaw, found and named Greenland
- Leif Ericson- son of Eric the Red, found Newfoundland, reached the Americas before
Columbus
- Feudal Justice- (1)Trial by Battle: loser was guilty, (2)Compurgation- oath taking,
groups of people would swear their man was truthful, (3)Ordeal: the innocent man would
be less hurt than another in a painful contest
Chapter 10: The High Middle Ages 1000-1300
- fallow- lant that was not planted
- two-field system- one field planted with crops, the other left fallow
- three-field system- 2 fields planted with crops, the other left fallow
- burgher- a person who lives in a walled town, orburgh
- bourgeoisie- in medival France, people who live in burghs or towns rather in rural areas
- fair- religious festivals
- guild- an association of people who work at the same occupation
- apprentice- a person who is learning a trade or craft from a master and who works
without pay except for room and board; a child whose parents paid a fee to a master to
train the child in the skill; 3-12 years old
- journeyman- a person who, after completing an apprenticeship, works at a craft for
wages under the supervision of a master; after apprentice, when made an article as good
that qualified as a "master piece" then considered a master
- charter- gave the town independence from the rule of lords and the feudal system
- cardinal- a leading bishop in the Roman Catholic Church
- simony- buying and selling of Church offices
- lay investiture- 3rd practice .....
- interdict- an order from the page prohibiting Church ceremonies in the lands of a ruler
who is disobedient to the pope
- legate- diplomats of the pope
- canon law- the law of the Roman Catholic Church
- heretic- a person whose ideas are incorrect in the opinion of the Church
- friar- a member of a Roman Catholic religious order who takes the same vows as a
monk but travels about preaching instead of living in a monastery
- jury- a group of people sworn to give a verdict based on evidence in a court of law in
medieval England, usually 12 neighbors who answered questions about the facts of a case
for a royal judge
- common law- the unified body of law that developed, case by case, from the ruling's of
England's royal judges and became common to the whole kingdom
- university- a group of scholars
- chivalry- a code of ideals demanding that a knight aid the poor, defend the weak and
fight bravely for his three masters- his earthly feudal lord, his heavenly lord, and his
chosen lady
- page- a boy who is taught to read- waiting on hosts and learning manners
- squire- a boy of 14 years, waited on a knight helping with armor and weaponspracticed own skills
- tournament- 2 armies of knights charged each other ,
- troubadour- poets who sang the praises of noble ladies and the knight who loved them
- crusader- a person who fights on behalf of a religious or moral cause
--People and Important Ideas-- Cluny- a monestary was founded here; it was founded by a nobleman, the Duke of
Aquitaine
- Listereian order- founded in 1098, vowed to build their monasteries only in the
wilderness
- Henry IV--Gregory VII
in 1073 a leading church reformer became Pope Gregory VII. He forbade lay investitures
(1075), married clergy. Emperor Henry IV of Germany opposed this decree. Gregory
withdrew Henry's title of emperor. German bishops and many princes supported the
Pope. Henry was forced to beg for forgiveness at Carnossa to regain his position.
- Concordat of Worms- established that only the church could appoint bishops, but king
kept power to grant lands
- Curia- a group of advisors, served as the pope's staff- ?????????
- Inquisition- the leading arm of the Church in the war against heresy; find and judge
heretics
- Dominic- a Spanish priest who barefoot through southern France preaching against
heresy
- Francis of Asisi- founded a 2nd order of friars; gave up wealth to preach--???
- Suger- an abbot of the monastery of Saint Denis, near Paris; saw 2 faults in
Romanesque churches: (1) looked heavy and earthbound (2) tiny windows set in thick
walls let in littlelight
- Romanesque- a style of architecture with brilliant colors
- Gothic- new style of architecture: -pointed vaults, - flying buttresses, -pointed arches
- William the Conquerer- (William I, Duke of Normandy), Edward I promised him the
throne of England, Defeated Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings (1066), Holds
1/6 of the land in England gives the rest to his Norman Nobles; assumed all rights
belonging to the Anglo-Saxon kings; introduced Feudalism to England;
- Harold Godwinson- was defeated by William the Conquerer, English Nobleman, named
king by council of English lords
- Battle of Hastings- battle that changed the course of English history, William the
Conquerer defeated Harold Godwinson
- Henry II- of England, Circuit Court Sys, Common Law, Jury Sys, replaced Curis Regis
with Central court of Westminster
- Hugh Capet- of France, elected by the French nobles to become king of France after the
death of the last Carolingian king Louis the Sluggard, Capetians controlled the territory
around Paris
- Otto the Great- of Germany, strongest ruler of medieval Germany, son of Henry the
Fowler, became king in 936, copied policies of Charlemagne, future German kings lost
power to the nobles
- Holy Roman Empire- the German-Italian empire treated by Otto was known first as the
Roman Empire of the German nation and later as the Holy Roman Empire- remained
strongest state in Europe until 1100
- Frederick Barbarossa- of Germany; Lost to the Lombard League at the Battle of
Legano, 1st time foot soldiers defeated mounted knights; Sys of electing kings limits their
power and Germany's ability to unite; Died while on the Third Crusade or Kings Crusade
with Richard I and Philip II, he fell off his horse and drowned
- Battle of Legano- Lombard League vs. Frederick Barbarossa; towns could exercise
military as well as economic power
- Thomas Aquinas- linked faith and reason; theologian and philosopher; a scholar who
believed that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument; wrote
Summa Theologiae, was about God and the universe
- Summa Theologiae- scholarly work by Aquinas; 21 volumes; attempted to answer 631
philosophical questions about God and the Universe
- Song of Roland- praised the courage of the band of French soldiers led by Roland; who
perished in battle during Charlemagne's reign
- Eleanor of Aquitaine- most celebrated woman of the age; later became queen of
England
- Urban II- claimed to be leader of all Christendom; hoped to reunite Byzantine and
Roman Christians
- Saladin- Muslim conquerer; conquered Jerusalem
- Richard the Lionheart- (Richard I); of England; Kings Crusade (3rd) with Philip II and
Frederick Barbarossa; spent 6 months of his 10 year reign in England
- Frederick II- Holy Roman Emperor; led army to Holy Land; negotiated for Jerusalem;
returned to Christian rule; excommunicated by Pope
- Innocent III- declared a crusade against emperor Frederick II
Chapter 11: The Origins of European Nations
- baron- all the nobles of England who were direct vassals of the king
- limited monarchy- underlying idea of Magna Carta
- burgers- middle class in England
- commoner- burgesses, nobles and lords
- bailiff- royal officials
- nation state- a group of people who occupy a definite territory and are united under on
gov't
- papal bull- statements by the pope
- schism- breaking apart of something; out of the ordinary
- excommunicate- to cut off from the church
- heretic- a person whose ideas are incorrect in the opinion of the Church
- nationalism- a feeling of loyalty to one's own land and people
- dauphin- title give to the eldest son of a French King
- new monarch- strong rulers that arose between 1450 and 1500 that did not base their
power of feudalism
- feudal aids- vassals of the king
- taille- a tax on land
- gabelle- a tax on salt
- czar- the russian emperor
- boyars- a russian noble who owns a large estate
- oprichniki- "separate class"
--People and Important Ideas-- Henry II- king of England from 1154 to 1189; feudal lord of more than half of France;
inherited Normandy and added more by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine; was the vassal of
France's Capetian's king, Louis VII; (same Henry II as in Chapter 10)
- John- (Softsword); younger brother of Richard the Lionheart; ruled from 1199-1216;
failure as a military leader; won the nickname John Softsword; lost most of his lands in
France to Philip II (Augustus) of France; was excommunicated and England put under
inderdict by Pope Innocent III; June 15, 1215 signed the Magna Carta; England was now
a limited monarchy; king had to consult the Great Council to demand new taxes
- Philip II- (Augustus); became king in 1180 to 1223; returns from the 3rd Crusade; used
trained officials not feudal lords; creates Kings Council, Chamber of Accounts, and
Bailiffs
- Magna Carta- signed on June 15, 1215; guaranteed Basic Rights; contained 63 clauses
meant to protect the Barons from unjust taxes and to safeguard their feudal rights and
privileges; -- Clause 12: No Taxation without Representation-- Clause 39: A person had
the right to a jury trial and the protection of the law, Due Process;
- Edward I- (Longshanks); recognized the growing importance of the middle class; 1295
Model Parliament: --brought together the Church leaders, nobles, knights, and burgesses;
1st time middle class is included in decision making
- Model Parliament- Knights, Burgesses, Bishops, and Lords all met at Westminster--Knights and Burgesses--> House of Commons and----- Nobles and Bishops ---- > House
of Lords;
- Louis IX- (1226-1270); established Parlement of Paris- Supreme Court of France; very
pius, became a saint in the Church
- Philip IV- Created the Estates General: 1st Estate- Church leaders, 2nd Estate- Great
nobles and lords, 3rd Estate- Middle class, Bourgeoisie
- Clement V- French archbishop that became the new pope, moved the home of the pope
to Avignon
- Urban VI- was chosen to be pope in 1378 but was pope for only a few months
- Great Schism- Urban Vi chosen to be pope in 1378; 13 French cardinals chose a new
pope; both popes excommuncate each other; the Schism (or 2 pope sys) lasted from
1378- 1417; council of Constance (1414-1417) forced all 3 popes to resign and it chose a
new pope Martin V- end of schism
- John Wycliffe- anti-pope; Bible is only guide, not
the Church
- John Huss- of Bohemia- Bible more important that pope; preached in Czech, not Latin
(inspired Czech national feelings); excommunicated and burned as a heretic
- Black Death- struck in 1347- 4 Genoses ships from Sicily with cargo from Asia; Black
swellings and high fever- many dies within 24 hours of contagion; due to flees from
infected rats- poor sanitary conditions; Between 1347 and 1352, 25 million people or 1/3
of Europe's population died from the plague
- Hundred Years' War- Between England and France; 1337-1453; was fought over
English king's claim to land in France; Four stages: 1337-60 England's Edward III
captured French king's and gained much French land, 1361-91 French reconquered their
lost lands, 1397-1420 English conquer northern half of France-- Battle of AgincourtHenry V forces French king (Charles VI) to sign the humiliaion, Treaty of Troyes, 142153 in 1429 Joan of Arc gradually pushed the English out of all France except Calais
- Henry V- symbol of English nationalism; Battle of Agincourt 8,000 English vs. 50,000
French; use of cannons at Harfleur and Crecy make castles obsolete; Treaty of Troyes
1416- (1)Henry V will marry Catherine Charles' daughter (2) at Charles VI death, Henry
V or his heir will become king of France
- Joan of Arc- peasant girl, became symbol of French Nationalism; defeated the English
at the Battle of Orleans; Persuaded Charles the Dauphin (eldest son) to become king
Charles VII
- Charles VII- reconquers all French lands by the English except for Calais; set up Royal
Council, and established the 1st standing, permenent army; 2 taxes: taille and gabelle
- Louis XI- 1461-1483; "Spider-King"; acquired Burgundy with the death of Duke
Charles the Bold in 1477; called Estates General only once; did not need subjects consent
to collect taxes
- War of the Roses- (English Civil War); Dukes of York (white rose) vs. Dukes of
Lancaster (red rose); 1455-1485; Battle of Bosworth Field- Henry Tudor beat Richard III
and started the Tudor dynasty (Aug. 22, 1485) Henry Tudor= Henry VII
- Reconquista- (1063-1400s); Christian attempt to reconquer Spain from the Muslims
(moors)
- Ferdinand and Isabella- Aragon Castile, and Spain; were married in 1469; Reconquista;
1492: (1)Spanish defeated the last moorish stronghold in Granada (2)Colombus
discovered Americas (3)the Inquisition is begun against the Jews; leave or convert
- Ivan III- (The Great); prince of Moscow under the Mongols, becomes 1st Czar of
Russia
- Ivan IV- (The Terrible); had many victories against the Mongols; hated the boyarsRussian nobles; organized the Oprichniki- "separate class" a secret police force
Chapter 15: The Renaissance and Exploration
- fresco- technique of painting on wet plaster
- vernacular- the everyday language of a region or country
- Humanist- one who studies classical texts
- caravel- a ship developed in the 1400s with triangular sails for tacking into the wind and
square sails for running before the wind
--People and Important Ideas-- Leonardo da Vinci- Scientis and Artist; great Inventor; "Mona Lisa";
- Giotto di Bondone- 1304; added a whole new dimension to art; painted life-like, 3-D
figures in frescos
- Dante Alighieri- 1265; poet who wrote the Divine comedy in the vernacular; Father of
Modern Italian
- Francesco Petrarch- poet; 1304; italian sonnets to Laura; letters on classical Latin
- The Courtier- told young people how to become an accomplished person whom
everyone would admire; Baldassone Castiglione
- Isabella d'Este- very educated, sponsered many great artists, very talented
- Cosimo de Medici- fortune from trade and banking; controlled Florence's city council
for 30 yrs; built western Europe's 1st public library
- Lorenzo de Medici- (the Magnificent) grandson of Cosimo; ruled with absolute power
and futher beautified Florence
- Ghiberti- Bronze Doors for the Baptitry
- Brunelleschi- Dome
- Donatello- life-like sculpture; "David"
- Masaccio- developed perspective (Father of Modern Painting) 2 types of perspective:
(1)atmospheric (2)Linear
- Niccolo Machiavelli- author of The Prince; served as a diplomat for Florence; The
Prince is a book about how a ruler can gain and keep power through trickery
- Raphael- perfected painting; "The School of Athens" papal library
- Michelangelo- (1475-1564) painter and sculpter; the "Pieta" surpassed Donatelloin
sculpting; "David" 16 feet tall, symbolizes the "Renaissance Man"; "Sistine Chapel
Ceiling" commissioned by Pope Julius II, took from 1508 to 1512 to complete
- Columbus- thought he discovered a quick way to reach Asia when he reached the
Caribbean 1492; sponsered by Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain; "the Columbian
Exchange" was the mingling of culture started by Columbus;
- Henry the Navigator- prince who sponsered Portuguese voyages along the west coast of
Africa; 1394-1460
- Bartholemeau Dias- reached Africa's southern- most point, the Cape of Good Hope
- Vasco de Gama- reached India and returned with Indian spices, long a monopoly held
by Arab traders
- Amerigo Vespucci- Florentine merchant who reached Brazil in 1501 and said that this
land was not India but a new continent (America named after him)
- Vasco Nunez de Balboa- Spanish explorer who reached Panama (1513); and claimed
the Pacific Ocean for Spain
- Line of Demarcation- 1493; made by Pope Alexander VI; east-Portuguese territory;
west-Spanish territory
- Magellan- circumnavigated the glove; 1519-1522; reached the Philippines where he was
killed
Chapter 16: The Reformation and Scientific Revolution
- heretic- a person whose ideas are incorrect in the opinion of the Church
- excommunicate- to cut off from the church
- indulgence- a pardon from the Church for certain sins
- minister- town priests that dressed in ordinary clothes
- elect- the few people who will be saved from sin
- predestination- the doctrine that God has known since the beginning of time who will be
saved
- theocracy- a gov't controlled by church leaders
- presbyters- small group of laymen or elders
--People and Important Ideas-- Martin Luther- scrupulous monk; 95 Theses on Church door in Wittenberg-1517;
criticized Johann Tetzel who sold indulgences to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral; begun the
Reformation
- Savonarola- seized control of Florence from Piero de Medici
- Erasmus- Holland (1466-1536) wrote In Praise of Folly which poked fun at greedy
merchants, heartsick lovers, pompous priests etc
- Thomas More- England; in 1516 wrote Utopia a book on a nearly perfect society based
on reason and mercy and void of war, crime, greed and corruption
- Johann Gutenberg- printed the Bible- 1st full size book printed with movable type
- Charles V- Holy Roman Emperor in 1521; issused the Edict of Worms- declared Luther
a heretic and an outlaw
- Hapsburg family- risen to power in Austria (Charles V); after 1400s most Holy Roman
Emperors were chosen from this family
- Henry VIII- King of England; detested Luther- "a great limb of the Devil"; pope gave
him title "Defender of the Faith"
- Catherine of Aragon- wife of Henry VII; failed to bear a son that survived infancy had
one daughter, Mary
- Anne Boleyn- 2nd wife of Henry VII; had a daughter named Elizabeth 1533
- Reformation Parliament- 1529; stripped away the pope's power in England and
legalized Henry's divorce from Catherine
- Edward VI- son of Henry VII; protestants gained power during his reign; 1st to rule
after death of Henry VII
- Mary Tudor- 1/2 sister of Edward VI; daughter of Henry VIII; 2nd to rule after death of
Henry VIII; returned England to the pope
- Elizabeth I- daughter of Henry VIII; returned England to Protestantism
- John Calvin- studied law and philosophy; published "Institutes of the Christian
Religion"; believed in a theocracy; set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland
- John Knox- Scottish preacher brought Calvinism to Scotland and made it the official
religion; each community church was run by a small group of elders or Presbyters
- Ignatius of Loyola- wrote "Spirtual Exercises"- plan of prayer meditation and study;
Founded the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits); concentrated on 3 areas: education, missionary
activity, preventing Protestantism from spreading in southern Germany and Poland
- Council of Trent- a council of Catholic bishops and cardinals; pope's interpretation of
the Bible was final; Christians saved by faith and good works; Bible and Church tradition
were both guides to Christian life
- Index of Forbidden Books- list of books that were considered dangerous to the Catholic
Faith
- Peace of Augsburg- At a meeting in Augsburg, German princes agreed that the religion
of each German state was to be decided by its ruler
- Ptolemy- Alexandrian Greek Astronomer believed that the Earth was the center of the
solar system; scholars accepted this idea for 1,400 years
- Copernicus- Polish scholar; 1543 published a book: On The Revolutions of Heavenly
Bodies,It argued that the earth and other planets moved around the sun not the earth;
earth is constantly spinning and rotating; his arguements were based on logic
- Kepler- 1571-1630; German Scientist; made careful observations of the planets and
concurred with Copernicus that the earth did in fact revolve around the sun; Kepler's
Laws of Planetary Motion: 3 principal mathematical equations that described how each
planet moved around the sun
- Galileo- 1564-1642; observations of the heavens; 1610 published a book called Starry
Messenger; he is the 1st astronomer to use a telescope to observe the stars; discovered
that the moon's surface was rough, like earth's and not smooth as was thought; the sun
had spots therefore not a perfect yellow orb
- Leeuwenhoek- 1st to use microscope to observe bacteria; describe the Red Blood Cell
- Fahrenheit- 1st thermometer with mercury-- boiling and freezing points
- Celsius- created another scale for mercury thermometer
- Torricelli- Mercury barometer
- Vesalius- diagrams of human anatomy
- William Harvey- in 1628 published Essay on the Motion of the Human Heart and
Blood;
- Francis Bacon- 1561-1626- The Advancement of Learning; tried to classify the sciences
in logical order
- Rene Descartes- 1596-1650; Discourse on Method; successful of application of his
system analysis; "I think, therefore I am."; System of deduction based on four rules: (1)to
accept as true nothing that is not self evident (2)to break each problem into as many parts
as possible (3)to reason always from the simple to the complex (4)to make exhaustive
notes of all the data to make sure that nothing is omitted
Chapter 17: The Spanish Empire and Shifts in European Power
- conquistador- Spanish conquerors hunting for fortune in the New World
- viceroy- a person who governs an behalf of a king in Spain's empire, a noble who
governed a part of Spain's territory in the Americas
- encomienda- large estate granted to Spanish settlers on which indians were worked
- inflation- an overall rise in the prices of goods and services
- republic- a gov't under which citizens with the right to vote choose their leaders
- capitalism- an economic system characterized by the investment of money in business
ventures with the goal of making a profit
- capital- large sums of money
- profit- additional money made in a business venture
- Commercial Revolution- the beginning of the present day economic system known as
capitalism which is based on trade, profit and investment started by Dutch
- politiques- French Catholic leaders who wanted peace for France
- intendants- officials who collected taxes and administered justice
- essay- a short written work on a single topic
--People and Important Ideas-- Montezuma- Aztec ruler; thought Cortes was Quetzalcoatl
- Tenochtitlan- capital city of the Aztecs
- Cortes- conquered the Aztecs with 1600 Spanish soldiers; thought to be Quetzalcoatl by
Montezuma
- Pizarro- conquered the Incas of Peru and controlled Cuzco
- Atahualpa- the Inca ruler
- de Soto- claimed Florida and the Mississippi River for Spain
- Coronado- explored near the Rio Grande
- Valdivia- founded the city of Santiago- conquered Chile for Spain
- Philip II- inherited the Netherlands from his father Holy Roman Emperor Charles V;
sent his sister Margaret to govern the Netherlands in 1559; sent 20,000 troops under the
Spanish Duke of Alva to destroy Protestantism in the Netherlands
- Escorial- nerve center of the Spanish Empire designed by Philip II; included a
monestery
- Battle of Lepanto- Spanish-Venetian ships crushed Ottoman Turkish navy; Philip II's
half brother Don John of Austria was the Christian navy's commander
- The Armada- a fleet of 130 ships with 31,000 men assembled by Philip II; but they lost
- El Greco- painted saints with long limbs and intense colors
- Velazquez- painted Spanish royal families
- Cervantes- author of Don Quixote de la Mancha, a satire of chivalric values -1st modern
European novel
- "Sea Beggers"- angry Calvinists; violently protesting Margaret's rule destroyed many
churches in the Netherlands
- William of Orange- William the Silent; led the revolt against Spain; he opened the
floodgates of Alkmar to drive out the Spanish
- Dutch East India Company- 1602; resulted from Amsterdam's richest merchants pooling
their money together; its well-armed fleet helped the company to displace within 20 years
the Portuguese from the East Indies, Ceylon, and the Cape of Good Hope and to get the
profitable spice trade for itself
- Amsterdam- largest city in Holland; financial and commercial capital of Europe
- Rembrandt- 1609-1669; "Night Watch" group portrait; mastery of light and shadow
- Catherine de Medici- Henry II's wife, ruled in their 4 sons names after Henry II's death
in 1559;
- Huguenots- French followers of Calvinism; in 1559 1/2 of French population; 12,000
were killed on St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre
- St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre- Aug. 24, 1572; Catherine de Medici had Admiral de
Coligny killed and inpired the Catholic mob attacks on Huguenots
- Henry IV- hugeunot; Prince Henry of Navarre; heir to the French throne and of the
house of Bourbon; gained support as king of both the Protestants and Catholic politques
- Edict of Nantes- religious toleration for Hugeunots; Protestants allowed one house of
worship per city; allowed to fortify Protestant cities except for Paris
- Richelieu- Catholic Cardinal; brought to rule by Louis XIII to rule for him and
strengthen the French monarchy from 1624-1642; 2 goals: (1)to increase the power of the
Bourban Monarchy (2)Make France the strongest nation in Europe
-Rabelais- 1483-1553; 2 satires on European society; Gargantes and Pantagruel; "Do as
you wish"
- Montaigne- 1533-1592; essays- about himself and friendship
- Rene Descartes- mathematician and philosopher; the founder of modern philosophy
- Ferdinand II- of Bohemia; Austrian, Catholic, Hapsburg; nephew of Charles V and
cousin of Philip II; Holy Roman Emperor in 1619 ; seen as a threat to Lutheran princes;
sent army to crush protestant mob riot in Prague
- Thirty Years' War- 1618-1648; two major phases of the war: Hapsburg Triumphand
Hapsburg Defeats; Results: (1)population declined to 13.5 million people (2)economy
was destroyed (3)Germany lost what little unity it once had (4)Hapsburg- both Spain and
Austria declined (5)France became the strongest European nation
- Wallenstein- hired by Ferdinand, raised an 125,000 men army and plundered German
villages to pay his troops
- Gustavus Adophus- with 13,000 men drove Hapsburgs out of North Germany;
protestant leader;
- Treaty of Westphalia- Ended the Thirty Years' War; France too Alsace; Sweden took
parts of North Germany; German princes independent of the Holy Roman Empire;
Calvinism was permitted in Germany; The Dutch Republic won recognition as an
independent state
Chapter 18: England: Tudor Queens and Stuart Kings
- joint stock company- a business arrangement in which many investors together raise
money for a venture too large for any of them to undertake alone; they share the profits in
proportion to the amount they invested
- divine right- the idea that rulers receive their authority from God and are anserable to
God
--People and Important Ideas-- Elizbeth I- ascended the throne after her 1/2 sister, Mary Tudor died in 1558; created
the Act of Uniformity and Act of Supremacy; started the church in England; daughter of
Henry VIII
- Act of Uniformity- people would attend church of England services or pay a fine
- Act of Supremacy- Elizabeth would govern both Church and State
- Mary Stuart- of Scotland; had a claim to the throne of England but later was beheaded
by Elizabeth
- Francis Drake- the greatest "sea dog"- circumnavigated the world
- English East India Company- most successful of England's joint stock companies;
received its charter from the queen in 1600; goal was to carve out a share of the rich East
Indies spice trade
- James I- James Stuart; started the Stuart Dynasty; ruled by the divine right; King James
Bible
- Jamestown- 1st community in Virginia in 1607; named in honor of King James;
- Charles I- son of James I; 2nd Stuart King; Petition of Right- restored Parliament in
exchange for money to continue wars;
- Petition of Right- Promised: (1)no imprisonment without cause (2)no new loans or taxes
without Parliament's consent (3)no quartering of soldiers in private homes without
owners consent (4)no martial law in peacetime; signed by Charles I
- William Laud- Archbishop of the church of England; chosen by Charles I
- Cavalier- (Royalists); supporters of King Charles I were mostly English nobles and high
church officials
- Roundhead- Puritan townspeople, who supported Parliament, mostly merchants
- Oliver Cromwell- General of the New Model Army; later became the Lord Protector of
England after leading the Army against Parliament
- New Model Army- Oliver Cromwell was General; defeated Parliament and thus made
Cromwell Lord Protector
- Charles II- 1660-1685; Restoration; restored the monarchy; son of Charles II; became
king of England at the request of Parliament; "Merry Monarch"
- Restoration- Prince Charles Stuart is invited by Parliament to restore the monarchy and
rule as Charles II from 1660-1685; symbolizing the restored merry-making
- Habeas Corpus- law which says that all prisoners must be brought to trial to set free if
no evidence indicating he is guilty; an important guarantee of personal freedom - 1679
- Tory- James II's supporters; want strong king with a weak Parliament
- Whig- James II's opponents; want weak king with strong Parliament
- James II- son of Charles II; dissolved Parliament; opened gov't posts to Catholics and
Protestants; stationed 13,000 troops outside London; had a son-> Protestants fear of line
of Catholic kings-- overthrown by William and Mary-- Mary is his daughter
- William and Mary- overthrew James II; signed Bill of Rights; Parliament and William
and Mary rule jointly; Glorious Revolution
- Glorious Revolution- (William and Mary); Bloodless Revolution; 1688; William's army
faces no opposition
- Bill of Rights- listed the things a ruler could and could not do
- Thomas Hobbes- author of Leviathan; philosopher; gov'ts were created to protect
people from their own selfishness; absolute monarchy is best
- John Locke- Gift of Reason; right to life; liberty and property; ideas published in
Treaties of Government; served to justify the overthrow of James II
Chapter 19: Europe in the Age of the Absolute Monarchs
- absolute monarch- a ruler with unlimited power
- mercantilism- an economic theory under which a country increases its wealth by
exporting more goods than it imports
- balance of trade- the difference in value between a country's imports and its exports
- tariff- a tax on goods imported from another country
- boyar- a Russian noble who owns a large estate
- serf- a peasant who was bound to a manor and owed duties to the land of the manor
- junker- Prussia's landowning nobility
--People and Important Ideas-- Louis XIV- ruler of France from 1643 to 1715; the most powerful monarch in French
history; "Sun King"; "I am the State"; all France centered around him and Versailles
- Jean-Baptiste Colbert- finance minister for Louis XIV; encouraged mercantilism;
encourage French manufacturing with tax breaks and subsidies;
- Versailles- Louis XIV had his grand palace here; officially moved his court from Paris
to her in 1682
- Peter the Great- Peter I; modernized Russia; Great Northern War; New capital of St.
Petersberg
-Treaty of Nystadt- Russia gained Livonia, Estonia, Tngria, Karelin; 1721
- Hohenzollern- family of Austria
- Pragmatic Sanction- document saying that other rulers would not challenge the heir of
Charles VI (Maria Theresa)
- Frederick William- Great Elector; built up Brandenberg's army
- Frederick I- son of the Great Elector; shared his father's faith in military might and
increased army to 40,000; lent Emperor Leopold 8,000 troops in the War of Spanish
Succession; in return Leopold issued the Treaty of Utrecht
- Treaty of Utrecht- recognized East Prussia as a kingdom and recognized Frederick as
king in Prussia
- Frederick William I- "Sergeant King"; 1713-1740; became king at age 25; doubled the
size of the army; founded Prussian militarism and despotism
- Frederick the Great- Frederick II- established Prussia as a great power; 1740-1786; took
Prussia into the War of Austrian succession
- Maria Theresa- daughter of Charles VI; ruler of Austria through Pragmatic Sanction
- Balance of Power- weak nations join against a stronger nation; each nation is a check on
another nation
- War of Austrian Succession- took place when Maria Theresa took power in Austria;
1740- 48; Austria lost Silesia to Prussia
- Great Northern War- 1700-1721; Sweden vs. Russia; Russia gained many lands as a
result
- Seven Years' War- 1756-1763; 1st true world war; France vs. Britain over North
America and Asia; Results-- France lost Canada and India to Britain- Partitions of Poland- 1792: Prussia, Austria and Russia take part of Poland; 1793:
Prussia and Russia take more of Poland; 1795: Prussia, Russia and Austria split the rest
Chapter 20: Enlightenment In Europe
- philosophe- a group of thinkers in the early 1700s; who believed in reason, liberty,
natural law, progress and human happiness
- salon- social gatherings where poets and conversationalists were invited to a mansion
for a conversation; intellectual gatherings
- executive- having to do with the branch of gov't that carries out the laws
- judicial- having to do with the branch of gov't that interprets the laws
- legislative- having to do with the branch of gov't that makes the laws
- separation of powers- the idea that governmental power should be divided among 3
branches- executive, legislative, and judicial- so that no single branch can become a
threat to liberty
- enlightened despot- absolute rulers who supposedly used their great power for the
people's good
--People and Important Ideas-- Age of Enlightenment- 1720-1790; brought Renaissance, Age of Reason and the
Scientific Revolution Ideas together
- Newton- "If I have seen further than others, it is because I have stood on the shoulders
of giants."; 1687- Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy- discussed his laws of
gravity; also author of Natural Philosophy
- Voltaire- fought Predjudice and Intolerance; real name was Francois Marie Arouet;
author of Candide; "Crush the infamous thing."
- Marie Theresa Geoffrin- most influential salon hostess in the 1700s
- Diderot- developed the Encyclopedia; 1751-1772
- Priestly- discovered Oxygen
- Lavoisier- discovered Oxygen and named it
- Ben Franklin- discovered electricity
- James Cook- English navigator and cartographer, charted the Pacific Ocean
- Johann Sebastian Bach- 1685-1750; greatest composer of the Baroque
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart- The Marriage of Figaro; Don Giovanni; The Magic Flute;
one of the most famous composers of the Classical Period
- Beethoven- 1770-1827; Began the Romantic period
- physiocrat- French economists who argued that mercantilist ideas about wealth were
wrong; argued that tariffs and gov't regulation and intervention hurt business
- laissez faire- "leave alone"
- Adam Smith- supported free trade; author of The Wealth of Nations; believed in laissez
faire
- Montesquieu- advocated separation of powers; author of On the Spirit of Laws-1748power should be a check to power
- Rousseau- championed freedom; author of The Social Contract; "Man is born free, yet
everywhere he is in chains."; argued for people's consent with any rule
- Walpole- 1st prime minister- to George I and II
- Jenner- innoculation for small pox
Chapter 21: The French Revolution and Napolean
- estates- social classes
- bourgeoisie- a city-dwelling middle class
- sanculottes- urban workers
- corvee- a form of tax that was paid with work rather than money
- emigres- nobles who fled during the peasant uprising
- guillotine- a machine used for beheading
- coalition- a temporary alliance between groups who are usually on different sides
- coup- a sudden takeover of a country's gov't
- plebiscite- an election in which all citizens vote yes or no on an issue
- concordat- an agreement
- guerilla- spanish word meaning "little war" bands of fighters who are not a part of a
formal army and they usually attack by suprise and withdraw swiftly
--People and Important Ideas-- Bastille- on June 14, 1789 Parisians stormed the Bastille; the use of force by the
Parisians at the Bastille was the beginning of the French Revolution
- Louis XVI- 1774-1797; married Marie Antoinette of Austria; on May 1789 he called the
Estates General into session in order to gain the nobles' approval to tax them; raised
prices of many goods; later many of the people demanded that he change things; he tried
to flee to Austria but was caught; later was guillotined (beheaded) for being guilty of
treason on Jan 17, 1793
- Old Regime- had 3 Estates-- 1st estate: Roman Catholic Clergy 1%-- 2nd estate:
nobility 1%-- 3rd estate: commoners, bourgeoisie, proletariat, peasantry 96%-98%
- National Assembly- created on June 17, 1789; was originally the 3rd estate; declared by
Abbe Sieyes; they took the Tennis Court Oath on June 20th vowing never to disband
until France had a constitution
- Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen- Sug 27, 1789; adopted by the National
Assembly; Natual rights: "liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression";
followed English Bill of Rights and American Bill of Rights; guaranteed basic rights and
freedoms
- Jacobin Club- the most radical of the Parisians bourgeoisie political clubs; it favored an
end to monarchy and establishment of a Republic
- Danton- a leader of the Paris Commune
- Marat- editor of a radical newspaper called the Friend of the People
- Robespierre- "The Incorruptible"; formed the Committee of Public Safety; from July
1793-July1794 he governed France nearly as a dictator; leader of the Jacobin Club;
- Reign of Terror- the name given to Robespierre's period of rule;
- Thermadorian Reaction- named after the July 27 which was 9 Themidor on the new
calendar: members of the National Convention accused Robespierre of tyranny and
guillotined him in July 27 , 1794
- Napoleon Bonaparte- defended the convention against invading royalists; 1796 receive
the army of Italy-French --defeated the Austrians and Sardinians; coup d'etat with the
help of Abbe Sieyes overthrow the Directory; making him "1st consul" or dictator;
proclaimed emperor in May 1804 by the Consulate after a plebicite; Napoleanic code;
won battle of Ulm, Austerlitz, Jena, Eylau, Friedland-- lose at Trafalgar; slowly lost
power--how????
- Napoleanic Code- a comprehensive code of laws and increased centralization of
authority to gov't; civil code-governed marital and familial relations; code of civil
procedure; commercial code; code of criminal procedure; penal code
- Nelson- commander of the British fleet at Trafalgar
- Continental system- French blockade of British goods entering Europe designed to
destroy the British economy
- Peninsular War- 1808-1813; a French army moved in to guard the spanish coast, Spain
was allied with France since 1797 but did not enforce the Continental sys.
- the Hundred days- name to Napolean's last bid for power
Chapter 22: The Industrial Revolution
- Richard Arkwright- 1769-invented the water frame
- Samuel Crompton- 1779-invented the spinning mule
- John Kay- 1733-invented the flying shuttle
- Jethro Tull- 1721-invented the Seed Drill
- James Watt- invented the Steam engine
- Eli Whitney- invented the cotton gin
Chapter 23: Restoration, Romanticism and Revolution
- legitimacy- (principle of) those rulers whom Napolean had driven from their thrones
should be restored to power
- conservative- goal was to protect or conserve traditional forms of gov't
- liberal- wanted power given to the elected parliaments- limited parliaments
- radical- supporters of democratic gov't; believed that the ideals of the French
Revolutino should be put into practice by governments
- nationalism- the belief that one's greatest loyalty should be to a nation-state
- nation-state-- a group of people who share similar traditions, history, and language who
occupy a definite territory and who are united under one gov't
--People and Important Ideas-- Congress of Vienna- 1814-1815; sought to restore the old way of ruling (prior to
Napolean) in Europe and to create such a stability that revolution would not be possible
- Metternich- Austrian chief minister; dominated the congress; his impact in establishing
a structure for peace from 1815-1848 was so great that this period is known as the "Age
of Metternich"; 3 goals-- strengthen the nations bordering France (to prevent further
French aggression); restore the balance of power in Europe; restore royal families who
held thrones before Napolean to power legitimacy; represented Austria at the Congress of
Vienna
- German Confederation- 39 nations were joined and dominated by Austria
- Holy Alliance- between Russia and Austria and Prussia; to prevent reform/revolution in
any of their nations
- Louis XVIII- king of France; shared some power in France with an elected Chamber of
Deputies
- Battle of Navarino- 1827; joint British, French and Russian fleets destroyed Ottoman
fleet
- Mazzini- argued for a united Italy pointing to common language, history, geography,
literature etc; formed Young Italy
- Charles X- last Bourbon king of France; overthrown in 1830; tried to rule as an absolute
monarchy by stripping Chamber of Deputies of its few powers
- Louis Philippe- "Citizen king"; offered crown by liberal leaders; agreed to share power
with the Chamber of Deputies
- Reform Bill of 1832- established new election districts which were more representative
of where people lived; doubled the number of British voters to wealthy renters of
property/merchants
- 1848- year of revolutions
- Lamartine- headed a group of people who only wanted political reform in the new
republic
- Blanc- headed a group of people who wanted economic reform
Chapter 24: Economice Expansion and Nationalism
- stock- a share in the ownership of a business
- corporation- a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not
personally responsible for its debts
- monopoly- the situation in which a single company controls an entire industry
- emigration- the departure from a country to live elsewhere
- immigration- the act of entering and settling in a country other than one's native country
- socialism- the belief that the wealth of a country should be shared equally among all its
citizens
- bourgeoisie- according to Marx, the factory-owning middle-class
- proletariat- according to Marx, the urban working class
- suffrage- right to vote
- realpolitik- "the politics of reality"
- dual monarchy- 2 independent and equal states with one ruler
- kaiser- emperor
--People and Important Ideas-- Fulton- 1st practical steamboat- 1807
- Morse- morse code
- Proudhon and Owen- "Utopian Socialists"
- Karl Marx- felt workers should own the "means of production"; 1848 Communist
Manifesto- "workers of the world..."; Das Kapital- Marx's economic and political theories
- Cavour- prime minister of Sardinia; alliance with France; war with Austria- United
Northern Italy
- Victor Emmanuel II- king of Sardinia; appointed Cavour PM; became king of a united
Italy in 1861
- Garibaldi- with 1,000 red shirted volunteers sets sail from Piedmont for southern Italy;
secretly supported by Cavour; fought with spirit; gives southern land to Emmanuel II to
unite Italy
- Bismarck- chosen as Chancellor; with the backing of the king and army he defied the
liberal opposition in the Langtag, "Iron Chancellor"; united Germany;
- Zollverein- a free trae area which included all the major German states except Austria
- Seven Weeks' War- Prussia beats Austria and takes control of Northern Germany; 1866
- Franco-Prussian War- 1870-1871; provoked war with France in order to gain the
support of the Catholic; 1868- Spain's Queen Isabella was overthrown and throne was
offered to Leopold of Hohenzollern; France vs.Prussia; Prussia won; France had to pay
huge indemnity
- Second Reich- Jan 18, 1871- King William I of Prussia is crowned kaiser of the German
empire;
Chapter 25: Age of Imperialism
- imperialism- the policy of extending one country's rule over many lands
Chapter 26: The Turn of the Century
- pogrom- mob attacks in which many were killed and still more had their homes and
businesses destroyed
- anarchist- a person who believes that all governments are evil and therefore should be
overthrown
--People and Important Ideas-- Reichstag- lower house of the German Parliament
- Bundesrat- upper house of the German Parliament
- William II- kaiser; 1886-1914; forced Bismarck to resign in 1890; Alienation of
England
- Reform Bill of 1867- voting rights to most of the Proletariat
- Reform Bill of 1884- voting rights for most rural men
- Reform Bill of 1918/1928- women given right to vote
- Livingstone- famous missionary; helped to abolish the slave trade in East Africa
- Ben Desralli- British Conservative Prime Minister; created the Reform Bill of 1867
- Parliamentry Reform Act of 1911- took away power from the House of Lords and gave
power to the House of Commons
- David Lloyd George- British Finance Minister; 1906 gains control of Liberal party;
Champion of liberal class
- Dreyfuss Case- 1890s; strengthed the Republic; changed their feelings of the 3rd
Republic;
Chapter 27: World War I
- entente- friendly understanding
- militarism- glorification of armed strength
- ultimatum- a final demand that, if not met, will end negotiation and lead to war
- moblize- to postion an army for war
- elan- spirit in battle
- no man's land- grim space between 2 sets of trenches where no man would go
- propaganda- one sided information designed to convince people of a certain point of
war
- armistice- an agreement to stop fighting
- self determination- free choice of people in a territory to decide under what gov't they
wish to live
- mandate- a territory that was administered on behalf of the League of Nations until it
was judged ready for independence
- reparations- compensation paid after a war by a defeated nation for the damages it
caused other nations
--People and Important Ideas-- Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (1879-1882); trys to keep France
Isolated; keep good relations with England and Russia
- Triple Entente- Britain, France and Russia; defensive alliance
- "Reinsurance Treaty"- Germany and Russia; maintain neutral relations ; limit German
Army and Navy
- Causes of WWI- *1871-Dual Alliance (Germany and Austria-Hungary) *1882-Triple
Alliance *1887-"Reinsurance Treaty" with Russia and Germany *1890-Kaiser lets
Reinsurance Treaty lapse *1894-France and Russia ally *1904-France and Britain ally
*1907-Triple Entente vs. Triple Alliance *1914-Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of
Austria
- von Schlieffen Plan- 1890s; Germany's plan to fight a 2 front war; destroy France
quickly; then hit Russia before she can fully mobilize; movement and time were
essential; Germany invaded neutral Belgium to get to France b/c speed was essential if
this plan had any chance of succeeding; Aug 4, 1914-Germany invades Belgium--plan
failed
- Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary,
- Allies- Great Britain, France and Russia
- Battle of the Marne- (Sept 6-12, 1914); 1st major clash on the "Western Front"; stopped
the German advance and saved Paris; made the Sclieffen Plan impossible to carry out
- Battle of Verdun- German offensive designed to end the war; French motto "They shall
not pass"; French and German losses 300,000 during 5 month battle; German advances 4
miles
- Gallipoli Campaign- 1915; Allies attempt to open up the Bosporus and the Dardenelles
straits to supply the Russians; the sea and later land invasions both fail miserably after a
year the Allies pull out
- Woodrow Wilson- president of the US during WWI; sent protest to Germany about the
sinking of the Lusitania- reason why US entered the war
- Treaty of Brest Litovsk- Germany and Russia; 1918; to end war and Germany gets 1/4
of Russia's European territory
- Zimmerman Telegraph- Jan 19, 1917; message from Germany asking Mexico to attack
the US
- Battle of Amiens- Aug-Sept 1918; US, British, and French troops push the Germans
back and start to advance into Germany; Nov 9,1918 Kaiser William II abidicates; New
German gov't signs armistice with French
- Wilson's 14 points- Plan to end the war; (1)self determination; (1-5)allowing people to
decide for themselves what gov't they wish to live (11)League of Nations; etc
- Versailles Conference- conference in which to end the war; Britain, France and US
dominated the conference
- Big Three- Wilson of US, Lloyd George of Britain, Clemenceau of France
- League of Nations- 5 permanent members of the executive council: US, France, Britain,
Italy and Japan; General assembly of 42 members; Germany and Russia were left out
- Turkish Treaty- Ottoman Empire was reduced to Turkey: old Ottoman territories
became mandates between Britain and France
Chapter 30: The Year Between the Wars
- Weimer republic- new democratic gov't set up in Germany in 1919; Many Germans
viewed the Weimer gov't and its supporters as traitors; Germans blamed the Weimer gov't
and its weak leaders for Germany's problems
- Dawes Plan- the plan provided a $200 million loan from American banks to stabilize
German currency; set a mor realisitc schedule for Germany's reparations payments; Led
to German economy to "bounce-back"; postwar ; 1929 producing as much as before the
war
- Kellogg Briand Pact- a peace pact formed in 1928; between France and the US; the
treaty pledged "to renounce war as an instrument of national policy" eventually every
country signed
- Benito Mussolini- the leader of Italy; Il Duce; favored a monarchy and facism; allied
with Germany in WWII; founded the Fasci di Combattmento (political party); conquered
Ethiopia in 1935
- Hitler- leader of the Nazi party in Germany; became chancellor in 1933; demanded the
return of Danzig; led Germany into WWII
- Mein Kampf- (My Struggle); by Hitler; became the guidebook of Nazism
- Third Reich- proposed by Hitler, was the German empire that was to last 1,000 years
- Rhineland- area in which Hitler had sent troops in 1936
- Neville Chamberlain- Britain's Prime Minister who allowed Hitler to position his troops
in the Rhineland
- Francisco Franco- Spanish general supported by the Facist powers who led a revolt
against the elected gov't
- Munich Conference- meeting of Germany, Britain, France and Italy in which the
nations agreed to let Germany take Sudetenland
Chapter 31: World War II
- appeasement- the policy of making concessions in the hope of avoiding war
- blitzbrieg- "lightning war"
- genocide- the intentional killing of an entire people
- kamikaze- Japanese pilots that volunteered to suicied missions crashed their explosive
filled planes into Allied ships
--People and Important Ideas-- Polish Corridor- strip of land that has been out from Germany after WWI to give Poland
access to the sea; Hilter wanted the seaport of Danzig within the Corridor to be returned
to Germany; Hitler invaded Poland to get the Corridor
- Churchill- successor of Chamberlain; becam Prime Minister in 1940; warned that
Britain must make a stand against Hitler
- Maginot Line- a elaborate ser of fortifications along the France-Germany border
- Dunkirk- (Operation Dynamo); Britain and France had fought alongside the Belgium's
but were pushed back; Between May 27 and June 4 340,000 men were evacuated to Great
Britain in boats from here
- Vichy Regime- Henri Petain Prime Minister of Franc and his followers moved his gov't
to the city of Vichy
- Anschluss- Union
- Munich Pact- the Nazis sought to regain the Sudentanland form Czechoslovakia to
protect the 3 million Germans there; to ease tensions, Hitler proposed a meeting in
Munich; Chamberlain and Daladier accepted Hitler's demands in an act of appeasement;
1938
- Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact- (Stalin Pact) Aug 23, 1939; secretly agree to divide
Poland and Europe into Spheres of Influence; Germany receives the West ; Russia
receives the East
- Invasion of Poland- Hitler demanded the return of Danzig plus across to the Polish
Corridor; Sept 1939 Hitler annexed Danzig and attacked Poland
- Henri Petain- Hero of Verdunin WWI; signs an armistice; NW France occupied by the
Germans; June 25, He signs the armistice ; Vichy France; Free France and Charles de
Gaulle
- Battle of Britain- (summer 1940-fall 1949); Britain battles the Luftwaff of Germany in
the greatest air battle up to that point in history; Germany planned to invade England with
Operation Sea Lion; British RADAR helps the Britiah RAF defeat the Germans
- Destroyer-Bases Deal- FDR agreed to supply Britain with war materil in exchange for
access to new bases ; Sept 2,1940 FDR trades Destroyers (50 from WWI) to British for
bases
- Lend-Lease Act- March 11, 1941; US congress passed the Act: authorized the President
to sell/lend/lease/give any comoditie to any nation whose defense, the presiden demed
necessary for the safety to the US
- December 7, 1941- Bombing of Pearl Harbor
- December 8, 1941- US declares war on Japan
- Isoroku Yamato- created the plan to bomb Pearl Harbor
- Erwin Rommel- "Desert Fox"; German General; had begun an offensive in N Africa;
pushed British forces east across Egypt; is stopped at El Alamein on summer 1942;
- Operation Torch- Allied forces invade N Africa
- Benard Montgomery- General; took command of British forces in the N African desert;
did not defent but attacked; spent 2 months amassing artillery and tanks ; overwhelmed
Rommel
- Eisenhower- led Allied troops through Morocco and Algeria; helped to gain N Africa
for the Allies
- Zhukov- Soviet commander; his army closed around Stalingrad; trapping the Germans
in the city and cutting off their supplies
- Italian Campaign- July 1943-Allies invade Sicily (Operation Husky) German and Italian
forces are ablt to retreat back to Italy; Sept Italy surrenders; Mussolini resigns
- D Day- Invasion of France; June 6, 1944; Operation Overlord; invasion of France at the
Normandy beaches, night of June 5 British 6th, American 101st and 82nd Airborne drop
behind enemy lines; Beaches-- Utah and Omaha (US), Sword and Gold (GB), Juno
(Can); Patton commanding US Third Army will lead the break out from Normandy and
race across France to the Moselle River; lack of supplies (used for Montgomery's
invasion of Holland) will stip Patton from invading Germany; Breakout from Normandy
was Operation Cobra
- Battle of the Bulge- Battle of the Ardennes- Hitler committs all his reserves to re-enact
his 1940 push through the Ardennes and capture Antuerp; uses all of his remaining
equipment and uses his finest troops SS and 5th, 6th, and 7th Panzer army for the assault;
General McAuliffe and the 101st hold Bastogne a key cross roads in the Ardennes,
slowing German supplies and reinforcements; response to Germans "NUTS"; Patton and
Third Army will pull out of positioins south and march for 3 days engagin the enemy
from the south flank breaking through to Bastogne and cutting the German flank;
- VE Day - May 8, 1945; Allies defeat Gemany in WWII; Victory in Europe
- August 6, 1945- Bomb on Hiroshima
- August 9, 1945- Bomb on Nagasaki