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Unit 2 – Cells and Systems Study Guide Topic 4 - Fluid Movement in Cells Cell Membrane: Is like a border crossing. The Membrane is selectively permeable meaning that it lets some things across but not others. Permeable: lets everything through Impermeable: lets nothing through Diffusion: the random movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration. Diffusion in cells: cells burn oxygen and make carbon dioxide so there is a high concentration of CO2 inside a cell (wanting to diffuse out) and a low concentration of oxygen (therefore oxygen wants to diffuse in). Diffusion in many cases allows for a movement of particles through a membrane without a cost of energy from the cell. Osmosis: a type of diffusion involving water that moves through a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves from a high concentration to a low concentration. Plant Structures Root Hairs two functions: - increase surface area - anchor the plant Stoma: (stomata) are openings in the bottom of leaves that let air in and out. Controlled by the guard cells. Transpiration: Loss of water from a plant through evaporation from the leaves and stem. *Know diagram Page 136 figure 2.19 Pushing and Pulling in the plant All the water in a plant is connected from cell to cell, water taken in by roots pushes water up (through osmosis) and water evaporating off of leaves pulls water (also through osmosis). Topic 5 - Cell Specialization and Organization Cells need to be specialized to meet different needs just like band needs to have different instruments to play a variety of songs. Cells in multi-cellular organisms are said to be specialized for different jobs. *Be able to identify the different types of cells Pg. 138, 139. The disadvantage of being unicellular -Unicellular organisms have to be able to move, eat, reproduce and respond to environments. Because they depend on cell membranes they can only live in watery, food rich environments. Multi-cellular can live in a wide variety of environments; by specializing they can be much more efficient. Cells with the same structure and function grouped into tissues. Groups made of different tissues form organs. Organs working together form systems. All of these things working together form different levels of organization in living things. 4 main types of tissues found in animals Muscle tissue: move the parts of the body Nerve tissue: carries signals between the brain and other body parts to coordinate activities. Epithelial tissues: protects the outside of the body and covers the internal structures, such as intestines Connective tissue: connects and supports different parts of the body, Maybe solid like bone or fluid like blood. 3 Main types of tissues found in plants Epidermal tissue: (skin) protects the outside of the plant. Xylem tissue: vessels transport water absorbed by the roots, throughout the plant. Phloem tissue: vessels transport the glucose to other parts of the cell. Organs: distinct structures in your body that perform particular functions. E.g. Brain, eyes, kidneys etc. Systems: Organs form systems that help plants and animals function as a whole. E.g. Roots and shoot system in plants. Topic 6 - Body Systems in Humans Digestive System: used to take in food and break it down into usable energy then, pass the waste out of the body. Know Figure 2.26 on Pg. 146 Respiratory system: used to take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide in the lungs. Know figure 2.27 on Pg. 146 Circulatory System: transports food and oxygen to different parts of the body and carries waste products out of the body Know figures 2.28 from pg. 147 How Respiratory and Circulatory systems Connect To put it simply, the respiratory system moves the air in and out of the lungs and the circulatory system picks up oxygen from the lungs while dropping off carbon dioxide. It then carries the oxygen to the parts of the body that need it. The amazing part, most of this takes place using diffusion. Know the diagrams of alveoli on figure 2.30A, and 2.30B Your lungs from big to small: Bronchus tube Bronchioles Alveoli Capillaries Digestive and Circulatory Systems After food is broken down in the stomach it enters the small intestine. The transfer of Food from the digestive to the circulatory system takes place in the small intestine. Villi: (Villus, plural) each villi contains a network of capillaries which absorb the digested food into the blood stream, much the same way as the alveoli. They are similar to root hairs in the plant because they increase the surface area for absorption. Know diagram of small intestine Figure 2.31 Kidneys: Part of the excretory system, filters out the blood. Nervous System- monitors the body from the inside and outside sending signals to the brain. Topic 7 – Body Systems and Your Health Blood- In multi-cellular organisms most cells are not in direct contact with the external environment. Cells are therefore supplied by the circulatory system. Red Blood Cells: contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen. Hemoglobin: iron rich chemical found in blood that attracts oxygen. This helps the blood carry more oxygen than it otherwise would. Plasma: liquid portion of the blood. Blood Vessel: part of a complex network of tubes/passageways that serve to bring things from the external environment to the internal environment. If this system does not function properly the whole body is at risk. Common Problems with Circulatory System -Hypertension (high blood pressure) -Strokes -Heart attacks Sphygmomanometer: a device used to measure blood pressure (blood pressure cuff) Blood Pressure- indicates several things about the health of circulatory system Volume of Blood- If a person has lost a lot of blood through injury, blood pressure will be low Heart Rate- a fast beating heart pushes blood rapidly through the arteries, building up blood pressure. Artery size- large open arteries conduct larger volumes of blood, producing low blood pressure. Small narrow and slightly clogged arteries produce high blood pressure. Artery Elasticity: Loss of flexibility in arteries produces a higher blood pressure. Blood Viscosity (thickness of blood): a measure of the balance between red blood cells and plasma. Things that put you at a high risk to disorders -Cigarette smoking -Poor diet -Lack of exercise A Healthy Digestive System Food provides Nutrients in the form of Carbohydrates, Fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water that provide Energy and materials used for Growth, Development, and Repair. Carbohydrates: provide the body with its main source of energy. Fats: are essential, provide energy and cushion our vital organs Proteins: found in foods such as meat, fish, and eggs. Essential for growth and repair of tissue. Causes of Digestive System disorders -Low fibre over a prolonged time (skipping meals or eating high sugars) can be a cause of colon cancer -Long term stress, smoking or excessive use of aspirin and alcohol can lead to ulcers. Disorders of the Respiratory System Cilia: small hair-like projections that remove airborne particles in the lungs Poison in cigarettes and pollution irritates the lining of the respiratory system causing extra mucus to be produced, which is removed by coughing. Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchial tubes, if prolonged over time can cause emphysema. Lung Cancer: caused by tar in smoke, which makes certain cells grow out of control. The bottom Line *live a healthy lifestyle*