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Transcript
Biology 1 Ecology Name: ____________________________ Period: ________ Matter and Energy Flow through the biosphere and through ecosystems via biotic and abiotic processes. Organisms both cooperate and compete in ecosystems, and these interrelationships and interdependencies lead to ecosystem stability. The Guiding Questions 1. How does matter and energy flow through an ecosystem? 2. What are some common relationships between organisms in ecosystem? 3. How do humans modify ecosystems? 4. How can people thoughtfully manage ecosystem resources they are sustainable? an so Learning Outcomes By the end of this topic, you should be able to: explain the terms population, community, habitat, ecosystem, biome, biosphere and give relevant examples describe examples of variation among species and within species identify examples of niches and describe the role of variation in helping closely related living things to survive and in the same ecosystem describe biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem and explain their affects on one another Identify and give examples of relationships in ecosystems: predation, herbivory, symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism Use quadrats to measure biotic factors in a habitat, and analyze data using t-tests Explain and construct food chains, food webs, and trophic level diagrams Describe the transfer of matter and energy along a food chain, including the 10% rule 1 Biology 1 Ecology Describe the global effects of tropical rainforest deforestation, including leaching, soil erosion, disturbance of the water cycle and balance of atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide, loss of habitat and loss of biodiversity Vocabulary Pages By the end of this topic, you should be able to define and correctly use the following terms: Get a head start and write in the definitions for all the terms. Biotic Abiotic Population Community Habitat ecosystem Biome Biosphere Niche Species Predation Herbivory Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Symbiosis Quadrat 2 Biology 1 Ecology t-test Food chain Food Web Trophic Level Diagrams Producer Consumer Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer Decomposer Saprotrophs Detritivores Biodiversity Leaching Ecological footprint Sustainability Eco-Tipping Points Autotroph Heterotroph Omnivore 3 Biology 1 Ecology Define the following: Ecology: The study of the interactions btn living orgs and between living organism their env’t. led Biotic Factors: The living part of an environment; (organisms and their interactions) Abiotic Factors: The non-living part of an environment; (water, rocks / soil / air) Label the biotic and abiotic factors of this grassland ecosystem: Definition of SPECIES: The term is the most specific ranking in the taxonomy of a living organism (Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and then species). Organisms of the same species are similar in characteristics and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. Distinguish between habitat and niche. Give an example for a particular organism. Habitat – the area where an organism lives. E.g. a tadpole lives in a pond Niche – the role that an organism plays in its ecosystem. The specific set of conditions surrounding an organism is it habitat. Each species in an ecosystem defines its activities in specific ways such as: 4 Biology 1 Ecology where it lives what feeds on it when and how it reproduces when it feeds and where what it feeds on climatic conditions it favours The functional role of each individual is termed its ecological niche. No two niches within a given ecosystem are identical and no 2 organisms can occupy exactly the same exact niche, but there can be overlap. . For example: Two closely related warblers, the cerulean warbler and the black-throated warbler, live in the mixed forests of the northern U.S. Both are incest eaters, and they may nest very near one another but the cerulean warbler searches for insects in the upper leaves of the deciduous trees (trees that lose their leaves in winter), whereas the black-throated warbler feeds only in the upper branches of the hemlocks (coniferous; trees with needles as leaves). How is an animal’s niche related to variation and adaptation? Every living organism is adapted to the conditions in which it lives. For example: Desert plants have thick, waxy cuticles in order to help reflect sunlight. They also have spikes in order to protect the plant from predators. Can you think of another example? Include it here. The effects of an abiotic factor on a biotic factor. Organisms will adapt in order to survive their abiotic conditions. The individuals that are better adapted to the conditions will be the ones that are healthier and stronger and will be the ones that breed and pass along their genes (natural selection and survival of the fittest). Natural Selection and adaptive traits (the bird game) Levels of Life Organism (any single living thing) 5 Biology 1 ____________________(members of same species living in one place) Ecology ____________________ (different populations living in an area) __________________ (community living in a similar habitat) __________________ (ecosystems covering wide areas) types of biomes World Biomes Map ___________________ (all the living and non-living things on earth) Population Ecology Population Ecology: the interactions within one population, especially relating to population size. Factors that increase population size: size: Factors that decrease population What are some factors that would influence natality and mortality rates? Immigration and emigration? For animals other than humans For Humans ???? are all the things available to living organisms that they used / need to survive. For example: land, forests, mineral deposits, water, food, clean air, etc. ????? (environmental resistance): These are things that prevent a population from growing any larger. For example, there is enough grass to feed 20 deer, enough water to support 50 deer and enough space for 75 deer. The limiting factor in this case is the food supply so the population of deer will be kept in check. ????? = the maximum population that an environment can sustainably support. 6 Biology 1 Ecology Population Graphs: From the graph to the left, discuss what is happening in terms of amount of available resources and population size. 1.) Growth (Exponential) Phase – ??? 2.) Transitional (Log) Phase – ??? 3.) Stationary (Plateau) Phase – ????. Community Interactions: Name of Interaction Type of Interaction Examples Mutualism 7 Biology 1 Ecology Commensalism Parasitism amoeba eating Predation Competition Energy Flow in Ecosystems Trophic Levels: The level at which an organism obtains energy (its food). Producers: Define the prefix and base word of the term “autotroph” and discuss their role in nature. Auto = ???? troph = ???? Autotrophs are ????? There are 2 types of autotrophs; ???? (uses light) and ?????? (uses chemicals) ????? are ????; they capture light energy from the sun and through a series of amazing reactions they produce sugars that they will use as their food source. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight + Chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2 In words: ?????????????????? ???? (uses chemicals) to synthesize / make their own food. Video: Chemoautotrphs Consumers: Define the prefix and base word of the term “heterotroph” and discuss their role in nature. Hetero = ???? troph = ???? Heterotrophs ????? Define these examples of consumers in terms of how they obtain their food: 8 Biology 1 Ecology Herbivore – ???? Carnivore – ????? Decomposer – ?????? To the left, define (in terms of how they obtain their energy); To the right, list the trophic level Special Heterotrophs: The Decomposers (nutrient recyclers!) How they get their energy Examples Detritivores Saprotrophs Fill in the circles on the diagram below (Use the diagram in your paper packet) 9 Biology 1 Ecology 10 Biology 1 Ecology Food Chains vs Food Webs What is the definition of a food chain? What does it show? Food chain ??? These show the sequence by which energy in the form of food passes from a plant to an animal and then to another animal. Each of these levels is called a trophic level. Trophic means feeding. leaf ------ > snail ------ > blackbird (3 energy levels) leaf ----- > aphid ----- > ladybug ----- > small bird ----- > large bird (5 levels) What do the arrows on the diagram represent? ??? Food chains are usually short because as the energy is passed along the chain each organism uses some of it. Also, at every level some of the initial energy (from the sun) is lost to the chain. It is lost through waste, death and the production of heat. So the further along the chain you go, the less initial energy there is. The loss of energy along the chain limits the length to 5 levels (rarely more this). There is just not enough energy left to supply the next link. 11 Biology 1 Ecology Feeding at different trophic levels algae ---- > human humans are feeding at the ??? - are ??? - are ??? algae ----- > prawn ----- > human at the ??? - are ??? - are ??? algae ----- > prawn ----- > fish ----- > human at the ??? - are ??? - are ??? Many living organisms consume both plant and animal matter; these animals are called omnivores How does a food web differ from a food chain? What does it show that a chain doesn’t? Food Webs ????? Handout: Food Web analysis 12 Biology 1 Ecology Energy Transfer in Ecosystems On average, how much energy is transferred on to the next trophic level? ~???% Notice what’s happening at the first trophic level. What percentage of light energy can plants capture through photosynthesis? How much more food would the world have if we all ate one trophic level down? How is this an argument for becoming a vegetarian?? A law of physics says that energy cannot be created nor destroyed it is transferred or transformed. So why doesn't all the energy from one trophic level get transferred to the next trophic level? Where does the ‘lost’ energy go? Why can only 10% of energy be transferred to the next trophic level? 13 Biology 1 Ecology 14