Download Period 3 Spring Exam Review Sheet

Period 3 Spring Exam Review Sheet
CLASSIFICATION
Terms:
Taxonomy: The study of classification, how things are classified
Classification: process of grouping things according to their similarities
Binomial: two names
Taxonomist: a scientist that studies how to classify an organism
Prokaryote: organisms that do not contain a nucleus
Content:
Levels of taxonomy (general to specific)
 Domain
 Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 Species
Three domains:
1. Bacteria- unicellular, prokaryote, autotrophs & heterotrophs
2. Archaea - different habitats, but has different structure and chemical makeup
- prokaryote
3. Eukarya - organisms that do contain a nucleus
Includes protists: not a fungus, plant, or animal, so can be unicellular or
multicellular, and can be an autotroph or heterotroph
Fungus: most are multicellular, all heterotrophs, absorb food from decaying/dead
organisms
Plants: multicellular autotrophs
Animals: multicellular heterotrophs
Binomial nomenclature: the naming system developed by Linnaes
Rules:
1. You must always capitalize the genus
2. Never capitalize the species
3. The name is always italicized
4. The name must be in Latin
Concepts/Skills: Know how to name the organisms according to the rules
Know the levels of taxonomy and what they are used for
-dichotomous key
Sample questions:
What are the levels of taxonomy from specific to general?
What are the two most used levels of taxonomy?
Which domain has protist, fungus, plants, and animals?
Who developed binomial nomenclature?
What does Binomial mean?
What are the rules of binomial nomenclature?
What language is used to group organisms?
What is bacteria?
Why do we classify?
What is a pneumonic device you can use to remember the domains?
CELL
Terms: rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth ER, ribosome, mitochondria, nucleus, nuclear envelope,
vacuole, lysosome, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleolus, chromatin, golgi body, chloroplast, cell wall,
and chlorophyll.
Content: What is the cell? Cell theory and scientists involved (Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow), and
organelles of animal and plant cell: appearance and function.
Concepts/Skills: be able to label cell diagrams, understand cell functions and organization of cells,
tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Sample Questions:
1. What is a ribosome and what does it do?
2. Which organelle is considered the “powerhouse” of the cell?
3. Which organelle carries waste, water, food, and other materials?
4. What is the “control center” of the cell?
5. Which cell has the chlorophyll; plant or animal?
6. What is the “mail room” of the cell?
7. What is the lysosome and what does it do?
8. What and when did Schielden, Schwann, and Virchow discover about cell theory?
9. What is the nucleolus and what does it do?
10. What are the differences between the animal and plant cells?
Diagrams:
CHEMISTRY
Terms:
 Chemical Symbols (Represent All the elements on periodic table)
 Chemical Formulas (Represent Compounds)
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Chemical Equations (Show reactions and how compounds mix and make other compounds)
Atom (Smallest unit of matter)
Molecule (Made of two or more different types of atoms-from different elements)
Compound (Made of molecules from different types of atoms)
Element (Substance that can’t be broken down any further-made of one type of element)
Subscript (Number that sits after and below a chemical symbol that states the number of one type
of atom in a molecule)
Coefficient (Numbers that are used to show how many molecules there are in a substance)
Reactant (All substances needed for reaction to take place; on left side of equation)
Product (All substances that are made from the reaction)
Macromolecule (An organic compound that make up the organelles of cells)
Lipid (A Macromolecule that helps store energy in the cells ex. Oils, Fats, and waxes)
Protein
Nucleic Acid
Diagrams:
Sample questions:
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What are the four types of Macromolecules?
Describe the functions of the four types of Macromolecules?
Explain what atoms, compounds, molecules, and elements are.
Explain the uses of subscripts and coefficients in chemical formulas
Explain the difference between chemical symbols, chemical formulas, and
chemical equations
6. Explain the basics of a chemical equation, including the yield arrow, reactants,
and products
7. What does the arrow mean in a chemical equation?
8. What are the basic elements and compounds and their chemical symbols and
formulas
9. Explain the breakdown of a cell, going from largest to smallest substance
10. Explain the difference between the two types of nucleic acids.
TRANSPORT
Terms:
Osmosis: The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.
Diffusion: The process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration.
Passive Transport: The movement of dissolved materials through a cell membrane without using cellular
energy.
Active Transport: The movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy.
Selectively Permeable: Some materials can pass through the cell while others can’t.
Content: Transport Proteins and Engulfing: Two ways by which the cell actively transports particles.
Osmosis and Diffusion: Two ways by which a cell passively transports particles.
Concepts/Skills: Know the differences between active and passive transport.
Know when passive and active transport occurs.
Know how concentration gradient and how it affects the movement of substances.
Diagrams:
Sample questions:
1. During Osmosis if there was a high concentration of molecules outside the cell and there was a low
concentration inside the cell what would happen?
2. What are two ways you can carry out active and passive transport?
3. What are transport proteins?
4. What is the purpose of transport proteins?
5. What is engulfing and what is its purpose?
6. Materials will continue to move through a cell membrane until _________________ is reached.
7. What is the difference of active and passive transport?
8. Why would a cell use active transport?
9. How are osmosis and diffusion related?
10. The cell membrane is _____________________ which means it can let through what it wants and rejects
what it does not want.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION
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Terms:
Photosynthesis
Products and reactants of photosynthesis
Balanced chemical equation
Cellular respiration
Products and reactants of cellular respiration
How to do photosynthesis and cellular respiration complete a cycle
Fermentation (alcohol and yeast)
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Content:
Photosynthesis is the process in which a plant cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food.
Any plant that uses photosynthesis would be autotroph.
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Nearly all living things obtain energy either directly or indirectly from the energy from sunlight captured
by photosynthesis
An organism that can make its own food is called an autotroph
An organism that can’t make its own food is a heterotroph
Chloroplasts capture the sunlight on the plant
The green color of leaves comes from pigments located on the plant
The main pigment in plants are called chlorophyll
Two stages of photosynthesis, first capture the sunlight, then convert it into energy
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose
Two stages of cellular respiration, in the cytoplasm and one in the mitochondria
Fermentation is another form of cellular respiration
Concepts/Skills: Know both equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration and stages.
Diagrams:
Sample questions:
 What is respiration?
 What is photosynthesis?
 What is chlorophyll?
 What is a heterotroph?
 Where do gases enter plants
 Explain respiration?
 What is a key component for photosynthesis?
 What is fermentation?
 What are the two types of fermentation?
 Compare photosynthesis and respiration.
MITOSIS
Terms: ???
Content:
Purpose is to create new cells to grow
Phases: Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Animal Cell Mitosis vs. Plant Cell Mitosis
-different in cytokinesis
-(animal) cytoplasm pinches into 2 different cell
-(plant) ridged cell wall can’t squeeze the same way animal cell membrane can squeeze
-(plant) cell plate develops into new cell membranes between the 2 daughter cells
DNA Replication in Interphase:
-DNA has to replicate so daughter cells have correct amount of DNA
Structure of a DNA Molecule:
- rungs are made of Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine
- Adenine pairs with Thymine
-Guanine pairs with Cytosine
- sides are made of deoxyribose and phosphate
-rungs are always on deoxyribose which is sugar
Concepts/Skills: -know the order of the phases of mitosis
Diagrams: ???
Sample questions:
-What does Thymine pair with?
- Which part of the sides are the rungs on?
- What happens in interphase?
-Which phase come after Anaphase in Mitosis?
- Which stage comes first in mitosis?
-What happens in Metaphase?
-What is a chromatid?
-What happens in Telophase?
- Why is replication of DNA important?
- What is the cell cycle?
MEIOSIS
Terms:
Meiosis: The process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex
cells-sperm and eggs.
Content: The process of the division of cells.
Concepts/Skills: Interphase 1, Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2,
Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2.
Diagrams:
Sample questions:
1. What happens during Meiosis?
- During Meiosis, the chromosome pairs separate and are distribute to two different cells. The resulting
sex cells have only half as many chromosomes as the other cells in the organism.
2. What is Interphase?
-A regular diploid cell that has 46 chromosomes equals 2N. All DNA is replicated just like it is in
Mitosis leaving the cell with 4N, or 96 chromosomes.
3. What happens during Prophase 1
- Chromosomes condense and get organized. Crossing over occurs here.
4. What happens during Metaphase 1?
-During metaphase one, tetrads line up along the center of the cell. Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres
of the tetrads.
5. What happens during Anaphase 1?
- Tetrads pull apart. Pairs separate to opposite sides of the cell and the spindle fibers shorten.
6. What happens during Telophase/Cytokineisis?
- the nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decondense and then cytoplasm divides making forming
2N cells.
7. What happens at the end of Meiosis?
-Four sex cells have been produced. Each cell has only half of the number or chromosomes that the parent
cell has had at the beginning of Meiosis.
8. What happens before Meiosis?
- Every chromosome in the parent cell is copied. Centromeres hold the two chromatids together.
9. What happens when sex cells combine to form an organism?
- Each sex cell contributes half the normal number of chromosomes. Thus, the offspring gets the normal
number of chromosomes-half from each parent.
10. What happens during Prophase 2?
- The chromosomes with their two chromatids move to the center of the cell.
GENETICS I
Terms:
Heredity
Trait
Genetics
Fertilization
Pure bread
Genotype
Phenotype
Gene
Allele
Dominant
Recessive
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Hybrid
Content:
A. Mendel’s experiments
1.cross pollinated 2 pure bread pea plants.
a. One pink pure bread pea plant and 1 pure bread white pea plant.
b. the F1 generation was all pink.
c. lead to discovery how genes lead to physical characteristics.
B. genes alleles and heredity
1. genes are a segment of a dna on a chrosome that determines a physical trait. Allele is a
form of a gene that you get form each parent. It’s represented by a letter.
2.dominant alleles represented by a capital letter. Recessive alleles are represented by a
lowercase letter.
a. a dominant allele hides the recessive allele so that the gene is always the
dominant form, but if there is 2 recessive alleles then the recessive form is shown.
b. ex. Bb-dominant, BB-dominant, bb-recessive.
C. Genotypes vs. Phenotypes
1. Genotype is the actual allele. Ex. Ww
2. Phenotype is the physical characteristic, ex. Widows peak.
D. Homozygous vs. heterozygous
1. Homozygous is a trait with the same allele dominant or recessive. Ex HH or hh
2. Heterozygous is a trait with two alleles dominant and recessive ex Hh.
Concepts/Skills: be able to identify homozygous and heterozygous, and the difference between
genotypes and phenotypes.
Sample questions:
1. What plant did Mendel cross pollinate?
2. using the alleles Ww show all three combinations of the genotypes.
3. explain heredity and give an example
4. using this combination of alleles Ww explain if ti is dominant or recessive and explain why.
5. widows peak, show the possible dominant combinations using Ww.
6. explain the difference between homozygous and heterozygous
7. Think of a trait, show the genotype and phenotype of both dominant and recessive in all possible
ways.
8.What did Mendel discover.
9. define genetics.
10. tell whether these genotypes are homozygous or heterozygous.
Bb
tt
Yy
PP
gg
GENETICS II
Terms: dominant allele: (one whose trait always shows up in the organism when it is present)recessive
allele, codominance, incomplete dominance, punnett squares, gene (factors that control a trait) alleles (the
different forms of a gene), heredity (the passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring), trait (a
different form of a characteristic), genetics, fertilization, hybrid, phenotype, purebred, heterozygous, genotype,
homozygous, probability
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Content:
Dominant/recessive vs. codominance vs. incomplete dominance
Punnett squares and probability
Mutations in genes and chromosomes
Genetic disorders from genetic mutations
Karyotype
Concepts/Skills: steps to writing a punnett square, how to determine if a trait is dominant/recessive,
incomplete dominance, or codominance and how to show it.
Diagrams:
Sample questions: What is trisomy?
Make a punnett square that has Cc and a mom that has CC.
What is the difference between co and incomplete dominance?
Write a punnett square for a mom who has Ll and a dad that has ll. The trait is pinkie size. Tell what phenotypes
the kids have.
List 3 mutations.
How do you write the alleles for a codominant gene?
How many chromosomes are there in the human body?
Make a punnett square of a dad that has normal fingers and a mom that has short fingers. It is incomplete
dominance. Use S and L.
How do karyotypes help doctors?
What is probability?
MODERN GENETICS
Terms:
Pedigree,
Autosomal chromosomes,
Sex-linked pedigrees,
Polygenic inheritance,
Dominant / recessive,
Genotype / phenotype,
Stem cell,
Coning,
Gene therapy,
Carrier,
Patterns of inheritance
Content:
Sex-Linked traits
Multiple Alleles and Polygenic Inheritance
Pedigrees
Genetic engineering (stem cells, cloning and gene therapy)
Concepts/Skills:
Symbols used in a pedigree (male/female/children/mates/siblings)
How to draw a pedigree and a key,
How to identify the genotypes of individuals in a pedigree,
How to identify whether or not the trait is dominant or recessive, and why,
How to identify if the trait is autosomal or X-linked,
How to write the genotypes of X-linked pedigrees,
Punnett squares to predict blood type,
Examples of all patterns of inheritance discussed in class,
Punnett Square to predict X-linked inheritance,
The basics of DNA technology, such as Stem cells, Cloning, and Gene therapy (What is it? How
Is it preformed? What are some examples? How is it useful?)
Sample questions:
1. Fill in genotypes of pedigrees below. Disregard the titles. This is autosomal. Is it dominant or recessive?
2. why is Stem Cell Research, Cloning, Gene Therapy controversial?
3. Write all of the blood types.
4. What is polygenic inheritance
5. What are the 4 types of inheritance
6. Write all of the symbols used in pedigrees.